Learning from Learning from ggNanggroe Aceh DarussalamNanggroe Aceh Darussalam

Some Notes on PostSome Notes on Post--Tsunami Rehabilitation Tsunami Rehabilitation in Calang, Aceh Jayain Calang, Aceh Jaya

Dr Widjaja MartokusumoDr Widjaja MartokusumoDr. Widjaja MartokusumoDr. Widjaja MartokusumoSchool of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development

Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB)Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB)

International Symposium on “Restoration and International Symposium on “Restoration and DevelopmentDevelopment of Tsunami Affected Areas in of Tsunami Affected Areas in Indonesia” at the University of Applied Sciences Erfurt, Germany, January 30Indonesia” at the University of Applied Sciences Erfurt, Germany, January 30--31, 2007.31, 2007.

Damage Assessment Approach Damage Assessment Approach (After pre(After pre--survey)survey)(After pre(After pre survey)survey)

DestroyedShoreline/Town

N Banda Aceh

Flooded

FloodedAreasRING 1RING 1 RING 1RING 1

FloodedAreas

FloodedAreas

Extensive Amounts OfDebris/Damage

Areas3.3km

FloodedAreas

Grand Mosque

RING 2RING 2 RING 2RING 2g

RING 3RING 3

Quick Bird Natural Color Image28 December 2004

RING 3RING 3RING 3RING 3

Ulee LheeUlee LheeUlee LheeUlee Lhee

BeforeBefore

AfterAfter

Meulaboh

EarthquakeEarthquake--generated tsunamigenerated tsunamiEarthquakeEarthquake generated tsunamigenerated tsunami

Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (Aceh) was hit Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (Aceh) was hit gg ( )gg ( )by earthquake generated tsunami in by earthquake generated tsunami in December 26, 2004 (2 years later the last December 26, 2004 (2 years later the last earthquake in Taiwan, December 26, 2006 earthquake in Taiwan, December 26, 2006 ea qua e a a , ece be 6, 006 ea qua e a a , ece be 6, 006 with 7,1 Ms at 20.26 local time)with 7,1 Ms at 20.26 local time)Casualties more than 200.000 people Casualties more than 200.000 people Ph i l d d h l i l h kPh i l d d h l i l h kPhysical damages and psychological shockPhysical damages and psychological shockThe longThe long--drawndrawn--out postout post--tsunami handling, tsunami handling, ranging from cleaning up the ruins, debris ranging from cleaning up the ruins, debris a g g o c ea g up e u s, deb s a g g o c ea g up e u s, deb s and corpses, providing water and food and corpses, providing water and food supply until temporary shelter, triggers supply until temporary shelter, triggers increasing of diseasesincreasing of diseasesincreasing of diseasesincreasing of diseases

The Coastal Town CalangThe Coastal Town CalangCalang, a coastal Calang, a coastal town at West Aceh, town at West Aceh, mostly a flat area mostly a flat area yy(slope less than 15%) (slope less than 15%) known for its fishery known for its fishery and marine tourismand marine tourism

The total length of The total length of road area was 139 road area was 139 kmkm

Surrounded with 20Surrounded with 20--30 m hills, but daily 30 m hills, but daily activities and activities and routines take place routines take place along the coastal along the coastal along the coastal along the coastal area close to the area close to the sea (10sea (10--15 m), 15 m),

Centre of economic Centre of economic Centre of economic Centre of economic activities of the activities of the region Aceh Jayaregion Aceh Jaya

Figure 1: The coastal town Calang, Nanggroe Aceh DarussalamSource: (Darmoyono/Har/Octaviana, 2005)

Calang, Aceh JayaCalang, Aceh JayaCalang, Aceh JayaCalang, Aceh Jaya

BeforeBefore

AfterAfter

Calang, Aceh JayaCalang, Aceh JayaCalang, Aceh JayaCalang, Aceh Jaya

About 70About 70--80% Aceh Jaya’s coastal area 80% Aceh Jaya’s coastal area yywith the height below 25 m suffers a total with the height below 25 m suffers a total destruction. destruction. The horizontal inundation distance is The horizontal inundation distance is The horizontal inundation distance is The horizontal inundation distance is measured up to 2measured up to 2--4 km from shore line. 4 km from shore line. Five villages with their 3205 inhabitants were Five villages with their 3205 inhabitants were d t d d t d destroyed. destroyed. According to collected data (2004), the According to collected data (2004), the town of Calang have 11,000town of Calang have 11,000--14,000 citizens, 14,000 citizens, o o Ca a g a e ,000o o Ca a g a e ,000 ,000 c e s, ,000 c e s, and 70% of them due to tsunami disaster and 70% of them due to tsunami disaster have been reported diedhave been reported died

Calang , Aceh JayaCalang , Aceh JayaCalang , Aceh JayaCalang , Aceh Jaya

A small island A small island C l C l near Calang, near Calang,

Aceh Jaya, Aceh Jaya, which was used which was used to be part of to be part of th i l d th i l d the main land, the main land, this picture was this picture was taken after the taken after the tsunami disaster tsunami disaster

Destruction zonesDestruction zonesZones 1 (Shore area, 7 m altitude and 0 - 2% slope)

Zones 2: (7-12 m altitude and 0 - 8% slope)

Zones 3 (above 12 m altitude and 0 - 8% slope)

• All fishermen houses are completely

• Structural damage

• Infrastructures & Public

• Minor destruction area

dissapeared• Flooded area• Salty under-ground

t

• Infrastructures & Public Buildings, not only destroyed, but also swept away by Tsunami

water• Watery ground• Unstable ground

Settlement Settlement RelocationRelocationExisting condition (Easy washed-up by Tsunami because too close to coast)

Extremed proposing condition by transfering city to deep

village (note that the citizen must be voluntary relocate)

Alt 1

City Relocation

Moderate proposing condition, with anticipative used-order area fordisaster. Living zones are placed away from coastal-line.Alt 2 g p y

Shore Zone

Buffer Zone

Civic Zone

Commercial Zone

Living Zone

Based on Calang Spatial Planning (RUTRK) by National Development Planning Based on Calang Spatial Planning (RUTRK) by National Development Planning (BAPPENAS) and Public Works Departments, Calang is divided into 9 different zones (BAPPENAS) and Public Works Departments, Calang is divided into 9 different zones to keep the city most activities at remote distance from the sea. to keep the city most activities at remote distance from the sea.

The fishermen kampong located 1 km offThe fishermen kampong located 1 km off--shore. The area of 300shore. The area of 300--400 m from coast400 m from coast--line is planned for mangrove forest, and the next 500line is planned for mangrove forest, and the next 500--700 m is dedicated as a 700 m is dedicated as a tourism area tourism area

FactsFacts

Those concepts are considered ideal, and Those concepts are considered ideal, and ppsurely they do not fit to the sociosurely they do not fit to the socio--cultural cultural context. context. Only a week after Tsunami some local Only a week after Tsunami some local Only a week after Tsunami some local Only a week after Tsunami some local fishermen have already rebuilt their houses fishermen have already rebuilt their houses next to the shore line without waiting for any next to the shore line without waiting for any formal master plan formal master plan formal master plan. formal master plan. Just like the nature of fishermen’s tradition, Just like the nature of fishermen’s tradition, their settlement can not be separated from their settlement can not be separated from th h li / th h li / the shore line/sea. the shore line/sea. The question is, how far should be the The question is, how far should be the distance from the shore line? distance from the shore line? distance from the shore line? distance from the shore line?

Seven Principles of Design Seven Principles of Design for Tsunami Resistantfor Tsunami Resistant

According to National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program According to National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP 2001) there are seven principles in designing built(NTHMP 2001) there are seven principles in designing built up up (NTHMP, 2001), there are seven principles in designing built(NTHMP, 2001), there are seven principles in designing built--up up environment for tsunami resistant:environment for tsunami resistant:

Understanding the risk of tsunamiUnderstanding the risk of tsunamiggAvoid new development in tsunami runAvoid new development in tsunami run--up areas to minimize up areas to minimize future tsunami lossesfuture tsunami lossesLocate and configure new development that occurs in tsunami Locate and configure new development that occurs in tsunami runrun--up areas to minimize future tsunami lossesup areas to minimize future tsunami lossesppDesign and construct new buildings to minimize tsunami damageDesign and construct new buildings to minimize tsunami damageProtect existing development from tsunami losses through Protect existing development from tsunami losses through redevelopment, retrofit, and land reuse plans and projectsredevelopment, retrofit, and land reuse plans and projectsTake special precautions in locating and designing infrastructure Take special precautions in locating and designing infrastructure Take special precautions in locating and designing infrastructure Take special precautions in locating and designing infrastructure and critical facilities to minimize tsunami damageand critical facilities to minimize tsunami damagePlan for evacuationPlan for evacuation

Four basic site planning techniques Four basic site planning techniques

Avoiding inundation areas, using a raised Avoiding inundation areas, using a raised structures above tsunami inundation levels or pier structures above tsunami inundation levels or pier structures above tsunami inundation levels or pier structures above tsunami inundation levels or pier or hardened podiumsor hardened podiums

Sl i t t i b lt dit h Sl i t t i b lt dit h Slowing water current, using green belt, ditches, Slowing water current, using green belt, ditches, slopes to strain the debris from the slopes to strain the debris from the

Steer water forces, implementing paved surfaces Steer water forces, implementing paved surfaces that create a lowthat create a low--friction path for water to followfriction path for water to follow

Block water forces, using hardened structures, Block water forces, using hardened structures, terraces berms or parking structures or rigid terraces berms or parking structures or rigid terraces, berms or parking structures or rigid terraces, berms or parking structures or rigid structuresstructures

General Concept on General Concept on Ph i l R h bilit tiPh i l R h bilit tiPhysical RehabilitationPhysical Rehabilitation

the rehabilitation concept of Calang should be the rehabilitation concept of Calang should be b d d i id ti th t id d b d d i id ti th t id d based on design considerations that avoid and based on design considerations that avoid and minimise the destruction of tsunami minimise the destruction of tsunami (Darmoyono/Har/Octaviana, 2005): (Darmoyono/Har/Octaviana, 2005): P idi i di t / b t P idi i di t / b t Providing a maximum distance/space between Providing a maximum distance/space between buildings (building with large lot)buildings (building with large lot)Locating buildings above the tsunami flood Locating buildings above the tsunami flood maximum height (vertical evacuation) maximum height (vertical evacuation) maximum height (vertical evacuation) maximum height (vertical evacuation) Locating dwelling areas behind greenLocating dwelling areas behind green--belt areas or belt areas or big and strong buildingsbig and strong buildingsPl i i / i l ti t id fl d Pl i i / i l ti t id fl d Placing main access/circulations outside flood area Placing main access/circulations outside flood area and supported/secondary access/ circulations at and supported/secondary access/ circulations at 90 degree angle to coast90 degree angle to coast--line.line.

Rehabilitation Rehabilitation

land use planningland use planning; the settlement should be located in a safe place, with ; the settlement should be located in a safe place, with accessible distance to the shore line, and supported by dwelling facilities, accessible distance to the shore line, and supported by dwelling facilities, accessible distance to the shore line, and supported by dwelling facilities, accessible distance to the shore line, and supported by dwelling facilities, commercial (shops, markets), social facilities (bale, meunasah), and public commercial (shops, markets), social facilities (bale, meunasah), and public (schools and clinic).(schools and clinic).circulationcirculation; this is a very important element for town development. Town ; this is a very important element for town development. Town with high accessibility can be wellwith high accessibility can be well--developed with good orientation. developed with good orientation. Ci l ti l d di t C l t hCi l ti l d di t C l t hCirculations are also made responding to Calang topography.Circulations are also made responding to Calang topography.greengreen--beltbelt; it will reduce the tsunami effect and prevent building ; it will reduce the tsunami effect and prevent building development on the shore line. With the width range from 100 to 200 m and development on the shore line. With the width range from 100 to 200 m and planted with mangroves along the shore the greenplanted with mangroves along the shore the green--belt area could be belt area could be functioned as a recreation parkfunctioned as a recreation parkfunctioned as a recreation park.functioned as a recreation park.early warning systemearly warning system; this is considered as the most important warning ; this is considered as the most important warning mechanism before disaster occurs. In general, citizens must be evacuated mechanism before disaster occurs. In general, citizens must be evacuated into safer place in relatively short time. Traditionally, the information is spread into safer place in relatively short time. Traditionally, the information is spread by by bedugbedug or or kentongankentongan in every housein every house--block (5block (5--10 houses), community 10 houses), community

t (t ( hh) hi h d ( hill b ildi ) Th ) hi h d ( hill b ildi ) Th centre (centre (meunasahmeunasah) or higher ground (escape hills, escape buildings). The ) or higher ground (escape hills, escape buildings). The traditional communication instruments are used and effectively acceptable traditional communication instruments are used and effectively acceptable as warning system. Certainly, they have to be adjusted with government as warning system. Certainly, they have to be adjusted with government earlyearly--warning system which can fastwarning system which can fast--detect and warn every detect and warn every bedugbedug//kentongankentongan post.post.

L i fi h C l i l i h j Land Use Planning Green BeltLocating temporary fishermen kampongs at radius 500 m from coast-line supported by dwelling, commercial (shops, markets), social (bale,

Calang circulation must have major evacuation lines straight to the escape-hill area. A linear-curve circulation pattern is made ( p , ), ( ,

meunasah) & public (clinic, school)facilities

presponding to Calang specific topography

mass evacuation systemmass evacuation system (horizontal and vertical evacuation); (horizontal and vertical evacuation); horizontal evacuation is transferring the inhabitants to safer horizontal evacuation is transferring the inhabitants to safer horizontal evacuation is transferring the inhabitants to safer horizontal evacuation is transferring the inhabitants to safer places that is more far and/or higher (escape hill), while places that is more far and/or higher (escape hill), while vertical evacuation is transferring the inhabitants to highvertical evacuation is transferring the inhabitants to high--buildings (escapebuildings (escape--buildings)buildings)

participatoryparticipatory; it is obviously clear that without community ; it is obviously clear that without community participation, the field implementation can cause chaos, and participation, the field implementation can cause chaos, and without government and social department involved, without government and social department involved, g p ,g p ,reconstruction could not be effective.reconstruction could not be effective.

Gampong (Kampong) Gampong (Kampong) dwelling designdwelling design; Gampong is Aceh’s ; Gampong is Aceh’s smallest community structure It consists of about 125 housing smallest community structure It consists of about 125 housing smallest community structure. It consists of about 125 housing smallest community structure. It consists of about 125 housing units, units, meunasahmeunasah, , lampoh jeuratlampoh jeurat (graveyard), (graveyard), deyandeyan(pesantren (pesantren –– Islamic traditional school), Islamic traditional school), krong padekrong pade (rice barn) (rice barn) and few and few balesbales. .

Horizontal and vertical evacuationHorizontal and vertical evacuationHorizontal and vertical evacuationHorizontal and vertical evacuation

Escape-hill Analysis, Andi SiswantoSource : Kompas, March 3rd 2005

1. Horizontal evacuation transferring the citizens to safer places 2. Vertical evacuation transferring the citizens to escape hills and

high-buildings (escape-buildings).

Shore Area PlanningShore Area PlanningShore Area PlanningShore Area Planning

‘Sea-wall’ as tsunami wave barrier like most of coastal cities in Japan, but expensive

Green-belt zone: coconut-trees/ coast pines or mangroves, can be utilized recreational

llzone as well

Concluding RemarksConcluding RemarksConcluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

PostPost--disaster recovery requires a disaster recovery requires a holistic approachholistic approach, , y qy q ppppsuch as involving consultation with all relevant such as involving consultation with all relevant stakeholders, taking into account local culture, and stakeholders, taking into account local culture, and environmental aspects including land issues. environmental aspects including land issues. p gp gPreventing the effects by understanding Preventing the effects by understanding the nature of the nature of

tsunamitsunami. For the case of Calang the implementation . For the case of Calang the implementation of greenof green--belt area along the shore line with minimum belt area along the shore line with minimum of greenof green belt area along the shore line with minimum belt area along the shore line with minimum width of 200 m.width of 200 m.Decreasing landDecreasing land--use for permanent activities on use for permanent activities on

coastal areacoastal area To some extent fishermen’s settlement To some extent fishermen’s settlement coastal areacoastal area. To some extent, fishermen s settlement . To some extent, fishermen s settlement on this area must be supported by proficient Earlyon this area must be supported by proficient Early--Warning System (EWS).Warning System (EWS).

Concluding RemarksConcluding RemarksConcluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

Building housing that Building housing that responds to responds to g gg g ppearthquake and/or tsunamiearthquake and/or tsunami disaster, with disaster, with spatial planning and building design, careful spatial planning and building design, careful infrastructure and material and structure infrastructure and material and structure infrastructure and material and structure. infrastructure and material and structure. The new reThe new re--arrangement of spatial pattern arrangement of spatial pattern should maintain existing traditional structure should maintain existing traditional structure ggand socioand socio--cultural pattern cultural pattern Accomplishing Accomplishing evacuation and earlyevacuation and early--

i ti t b i bi ti f b i bi ti f warning systemwarning system by using a combination of by using a combination of escapeescape--hills (horizontal evacuation) and hills (horizontal evacuation) and escape buildings (vertical evacuation).escape buildings (vertical evacuation).escape buildings (vertical evacuation).escape buildings (vertical evacuation).

Activating shore area/waterfront through attractive public activities in Shanghai.