some topics opn the environment
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Group workTRANSCRIPT
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Escola Secundária com 3º Ciclo do E.B. de Montejunto – Cadaval
Trabalho de Inglês – Módulo 6
Nome: André António Martins Rústico Nº1 Turma: 11º1
Eurico António Rosa Romão Nº6 Turma: 11º1
Hugo Daniel Correia Fidalgo Nº9 Turma: 11º1
Daniel Lopes Silva Nº3 Turma: 11º1
Tiago Filipe Trindade Santos Nº16 Turma: 11º1
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Index Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 3
Natural Floods: ......................................................................................................................... 4
What are floods?................................................................................................................... 4
Causes of floods: ................................................................................................................... 4
Floods Consequences: ........................................................................................................... 4
Natural Earthquakes: ................................................................................................................ 5
Causes of earthquakes .......................................................................................................... 5
Earthquake fault types: ....................................................................................................... 5
Human origin water pollution: .................................................................................................. 6
Water resource shortage: ..................................................................................................... 7
Human origin soil degradation and food production: ................................................................ 7
Soils retrogression and degradation: ..................................................................................... 7
Global Consequences: ............................................................................................................... 7
Food processing: ................................................................................................................... 8
Renewable energy in Vila Real: ................................................................................................. 9
Renewable and nonrenewable energy: ................................................................................... 10
Renewable energy: ............................................................................................................. 10
Environmental organizations:.................................................................................................. 11
Food for vegetarians: ................................................................... Erro! Marcador não definido.
Vegetarianism ..................................................................................................................... 12
Urban agriculture .................................................................................................................... 13
Tsunamis ................................................................................................................................ 15
Causes ................................................................................................................................ 16
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Introduction
The topics chosen by our group are the natural Earthquakes, Human soil
degradation and food production, Renewable energy, Environmental
organizations, tsunamis, Urban Farming.
The reasons are that these topics are related to the environmental
problems and solutions.
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Natural Floods:
What are floods?
Basically a flood is a
when the water level in
an area rises where
there was normally little
or none before. Floods
can be dramatic and
quick or slow and
creeping.
Floods are natural
phenomena common in
many places around the world where either there is river nearby or the
local weather can dump large amount s of rain.
Causes of floods:
Many floods are directly related to changes in weather. The most common
cause of flooding is due to rain falling at extremely high rates or for an
unusually long period of time. Additionally, areas that experience a great
deal of snow in winter are prone to springtime flooding when the snow and
ice melt, especially if the thaw is relatively sudden. Furthermore, rainfall
and snowmelt can sometimes combine to cause floods.
Floods Consequences:
Flooding accounts for an estimated 40% of all natural disasters. Flash
flooding is the leading cause of weather-related mortality in the world,
caused through sudden, unexpected and significant rainfall or storm
system advancements.
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Natural Earthquakes:
Earthquakes are one of the most
costly natural hazards faced by
the Nation, posing a significant
risk to 75 million Americans in
39 States. The risks that
earthquakes pose to society,
including death, injury, and
economic loss, can be greatly
reduced by (1) better planning,
construction, and mitigation practices before earthquakes happen, and (2)
providing critical and timely information to improve response after they
occur.
Causes of earthquakes:
If seen broadly we can say that earthquakes are caused due to two major
reasons. The first reason is the eruption of volcanoes, which are sudden,
and as is known volcanoes are seat of inner disturbance and can effect the
plates which is the second cause of earthquakes. Earthquakes are caused
due to disturbance in the movement of plates, which again can be caused
due to various reasons like under crust waves or cracks in the plates.
Earthquake fault types:
There are three main types of fault that may
cause an earthquake: normal, reverse (thrust)
and strike-slip. Normal and reverse faulting
are examples of dip-slip, where the
displacement along the fault is in the direction
of dip and movement on them involves a
vertical component. Normal faults occur mainly
in areas where the crust is being extended
such as a divergent boundary. Reverse faults occur in areas where the
crust is being shortened such as at a convergent boundary. Strike-slip
faults are steep structures where the two sides of the fault slip
horizontally past each other; transform boundaries are a particular type of
strike-slip fault. Many earthquakes are caused by movement on faults that
have components of both dip-slip and strike-slip; this is known as oblique
slip.
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Human origin water pollution
Water pollution is the contamination
of water bodies such as lakes, rivers,
oceans, and groundwater. All water
pollution affects organisms and plants
that live in these water bodies and in
almost all cases the effect is
damaging either to individual species
and populations but also to the natural
biological communities. It occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or
indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful
constituents.
Acid rain is
rain or any
other form of
precipitation
that is
unusually
acidic, i.e.
elevated
levels of
hydrogen ions.
It has
harmful
effects on
plants,
aquatic animals, and infrastructure. Acid rain is mostly caused by emissions
of compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon which react with the water
molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. However, it can also be
caused naturally by the splitting of nitrogen compounds by the energy
produced by lightning strikes, or the release of sulfur dioxide into the
atmosphere by phenomena of volcano eruptions.
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Water resource shortage:
Means the trend that water is
becoming less supply than demand
due to great increase of human
water consumption. Water
resource issues include water
resource shortage and water
pollution. Water pollution means
that a large volume of waste or
polluted water is discharged to
surface drainage system without
any treatment causing bad water
quality.
Human origin soil degradation and food production:
Soils retrogression and degradation:
In the French school of pedology are two regressive evolution processes
associated with the loss of equilibrium of a stable soil. Retrogression is
primarily due to erosion and corresponds to a phenomenon where succession
reverts back to pioneer conditions (such as bare ground). Degradation is an
evolution, different of natural evolution, related to the locale climate and
vegetation. It is due to the replacement of the primitive vegetation (known
as climax) by secondary vegetation. This replacement modifies the humus
composition and amount, and
impacts the formation of the
soil. It is directly related to
human activity.
Global Consequences:
Land use has generally been
considered a local
environmental issue, but it is
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becoming a force of global importance. Worldwide changes to forests,
farmlands, waterways, and air are being driven by the need to provide food,
fiber, water, and shelter to more than six billion people. Global croplands,
pastures, plantations, and urban areas have expanded in recent decades,
accompanied by large increases in energy, water, and fertilizer
consumption, along with considerable losses of biodiversity.
Food Industry
The food industry is the complex,
global collective of diverse
businesses that together supply
much of the food energy consumed
by the world population. Only
subsistence farmers, those who
survive on what they grow, can be
considered outside of the scope of the modern food industry.
Food processing: Food processing is the methods and techniques used to
transform raw ingredients into food for human consumption. Food
processing takes clean, harvested or slaughtered and butchered
components and uses them to produce marketable food products. There are
several different ways in which food can be produced.
One Off Production - This method is used when customers make an order
for something to be made to their own specifications, for example a
wedding cake. The making of One Off Products could take days depending
on how intricate the design is and also the ability of the chef making the
product.
Batch Production - This method is used when the size of the market for a
product is not clear, and where there is a range within a product line. A
certain number of the same goods will be produced to make up a batch or
run, for example at Gregg’s Bakery they will bake a certain number of
chicken bakes. This method involves estimating the amount of customers
that will want to buy that product.
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Mass production - This method is used when there is a mass market for a
large number of identical products, for example, chocolate bars, ready
meals and canned food. The product passes from one stage of production to
another along a production line.
Just In Time - This method of production is mainly used in sandwich bars
such as Subway, it is when all the components of the product are there and
the customer chooses what they want in their product and it is made for
them fresh in front of them.
Renewable energy in Vila Real:
There are countless energy sources.
They can be renewable or non-
renewable. Most of the energy
sources are non-renewable, which,
unfortunately, are conventional
such as coal, natural gas, petrol,
nuclear energy. The non-
conventional energy sources are
alternative energies, which are still in a developing stage. Fall into this
category wind and solar energy, biomass and geothermic energy.
In 2001, the Portuguese government launched a new energy policy
instrument – the E4 Programme (Energy Efficiency and Endogenous
Energies), consisting of a set of multiple, diversified measures aimed at
promoting a consistent, integrated approach to energy supply and demand.
By promoting energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy
(endogenous) sources, the programme seeks to upgrade the
competitiveness of the Portuguese economy and to modernize the country’s
social fabric, while preserving the environment by reducing gas emissions,
especially the carbon dioxide responsible for climate change.
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Renewable and nonrenewable energy:
Energy sources are of two types: nonrenewable and renewable. Energy
sources are considered nonrenewable if they cannot be replenished (made
again) in a short period of time. On the other hand, renewable energy
sources such as solar and wind can be replenished naturally in a short
period of time.
Renewable energy:
Is energy generated from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain,
tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). In
2006, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewable,
with 13% coming from traditional
biomass, such as wood-burning and
3% from hydroelectricity. New
renewable (small hydro, modern
biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and
biofuels) accounted for 2.4% and are
growing very rapidly. The share of
renewable in electricity generation is
around 18%, with 15% of global
electricity coming from
hydroelectricity and 3.4% from new
renewable.
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Environmental organizations:
Friends of the Earth
International (FOEI) is an international network of environmental
organizations in 77 countries.
Friends of the Earth International are the world's largest grassroots
environmental network and they campaign on today's most urgent
environmental and social issues. They challenge the current model of
economic and corporate globalization, and promote solutions that will help
to create environmentally sustainable and socially just societies.
The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-
governmental organization working on issues regarding the conservation,
research and restoration of the environment, formerly named the World
Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in the United States and
Canada. It is the world's largest independent conservation organization
with over 5 million supporters worldwide, working in more than 90
countries, supporting around 1300 conservation and environmental projects
around the world. It is a charity, with approximately 60% of its funding
coming from voluntary donations by private individuals. 45% of the fund's
income comes from the United States, the United Kingdom, and the
Netherlands.
Greenpeace is a non-governmental organization for the protection and
conservation of the environment. Greenpeace uses direct action, lobbying
and research to achieve its goals. Greenpeace has a worldwide presence
with national and regional offices in 46 countries, which are affiliated to
the Amsterdam-based Greenpeace International. The global organization
receives its income through the individual contributions of an estimated 3
million financial supporters.
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Food for vegetarians:
It’s possible to eat a healthy, balanced diet without meat and fish or
without any animal products at all.
But if you’re vegetarian or vegan, you need to take a little extra care to
make sure you get all the nutrients you need.
Nutrition scientist Bridget Aisbitt from the British Nutrition Foundation
(see Useful links), gives the answers to some common questions about
healthy eating for vegetarians and vegans.
Vegetarianism is the practice of
following a diet based on plant-
based foods including fruits,
vegetables, cereal grains, nuts, and
seeds, with or without dairy
products and eggs. A vegetarian
does not eat meat, game, poultry,
fish, crustacea, shellfish, or
products of animal slaughter such
as animal-derived gelatin and
rennet. A vegan diet is a form of
vegetarian diet which excludes all
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animal products, including dairy products, eggs, and honey. A lacto-
vegetarian diet includes dairy products but excludes eggs, an ovo-
vegetarian diet includes eggs but not dairy products, and a lacto-ovo
vegetarian diet includes both eggs and dairy products. Vegetarianism may
be adopted for ethical, health, environmental, religious, political, cultural,
aesthetic, economic, or other reasons.
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Urban agriculture
Is the practice of
cultivating, processing and
distributing food in, or
around (peri-urban), a
village, town or city. Urban
agriculture in addition can
also involve animal
husbandry, aquaculture,
agro-forestry and
horticulture. These
activities also occur in peri-
urban areas as well.
Urban farming is generally
practiced for income-
earning or food-producing
activities though in some
communities the main
impetus is recreation and
relaxation Urban
agriculture contributes to
food security and food
safety in two ways: first, it
increases the amount of
food available to people
living in cities, and, second,
it allows fresh vegetables
and fruits and meat
products to be made
available to urban
consumers. A common and
efficient form of urban
agriculture is the bio-
intensive method. Because urban agriculture promotes energy-saving local
food production, urban and peri-urban agriculture are generally seen as
sustainable practice.
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Tsunami
A tsunami literally meaning harbor wave is
a wave or series of them that occur after
abrupt disturbances that move vertically
in the water column, such as an
earthquake, volcanic activity, sudden
displacement of land or ice or due to the
impact of a meteorite in or near the
sea. There are those who identify with
the term "tsunami" However, tsunami
refers to an earthquake under the sea,
like an earthquake on land and can
actually lead to a (the) tsunami.
The energy of a tsunami is a function of its scale and speed. Thus, as the
wave approaches land, its amplitude (the height of the wave) increases as
its speed decreases. Tsunamis can be characterized by waves of hundred
feet high, causing great destruction.
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Causes
A tsunami can be
generated by any
disturbance that
moves a large mass
of water, such as an
earthquake
(movement within
the earth), a shift
of the earth, a
volcanic eruption or
a meteor
impact. Tsunamis
can be generated
whenever the seabed suffers a sudden strain, vertically displacing the mass
of water. Tectonic earthquakes are a particular type of earthquake that
causes a deformation of the crust, where earthquakes occur in areas under
water, the body of water located on the area will be deformed away from
its equilibrium position. The waves are the result of the action of gravity on
the disturbance of the water body. The vertical movements of the crust
are very important at the boundaries between lithospheric plates. For
example, around the Pacific Ocean there are several places where plates
denser oceanic plates slip under continental less dense, a process that is
known as subduction. These areas originate easily tsunamis.
Underwater landslides, which often accompany large earthquakes and the
volcanic collapse of buildings can also disturb the water column, when large
volumes of sediment and rock moving and redistributed on the seabed. A
violent volcanic explosion can, likewise, raise the water column and generate
a tsunami. Large landslides and impacts of cosmic bodies can upset the
balance of the ocean, with transfer time. of the sea. The tsunamis
generated by these mechanisms dissipate more quickly than previous ones,
may affect less significantly the distant shore and so do the tsunami.
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