sound changes in cirebonese by didi sukyadi sri wulandari universitas pendidikan indonesia
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SOUND CHANGES IN SOUND CHANGES IN CIREBONESECIREBONESE
ByBy
Didi SukyadiDidi Sukyadi
Sri WulandariSri Wulandari
UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIAUNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA
Background:Background:Cirebonese is seen as a dialect by both Cirebonese is seen as a dialect by both
Sundanese and JavaneseSundanese and JavaneseNot all Cirebonese understand Javanese Not all Cirebonese understand Javanese
and Sundaneseand SundaneseCirebonese prefer to identify themselves Cirebonese prefer to identify themselves
as Cirebonese not Sundanese or as Cirebonese not Sundanese or JavaneseJavanese
Cirebonese want to create their own Cirebonese want to create their own dialectdialect
Cirebonese hasCirebonese has
carried out Cirebonese Language carried out Cirebonese Language Congress in 2007Congress in 2007
established Lembaga Basa lan Sastra established Lembaga Basa lan Sastra CerbonCerbon
already had “Kamus Bahasa Cirebon”already had “Kamus Bahasa Cirebon” literary works such as Purwaka Caruban literary works such as Purwaka Caruban
Nagari, Serat Catur KandaNagari, Serat Catur Kanda is taught at schoolsis taught at schools
Is Cirebonese a Language?Is Cirebonese a Language?
Language changesLanguage changesDoes Cirebonese change?Does Cirebonese change? If we can prove that Cirebonese changes, If we can prove that Cirebonese changes,
then we prove that it is a languagethen we prove that it is a language
Study ObjectivesStudy Objectives
(1) Identify sound changes in (1) Identify sound changes in CireboneseCirebonese
(2) Show that Cirebonese behaves as (2) Show that Cirebonese behaves as other languagesother languages
MethodologyMethodology
Corpus: Taken from Cirebonese classic Corpus: Taken from Cirebonese classic text “text “Serat Catur KandaSerat Catur Kanda””
Number of data: Number of data: 587 Cirebonese words 587 Cirebonese words experiencing changesexperiencing changes
Theoretical Framework: (Crowley, 1997 Theoretical Framework: (Crowley, 1997 and Murray, 1996). and Murray, 1996).
FindingsFindings Changes in Cirebonese:Changes in Cirebonese:- loss of affixes, loss of affixes, - vowel deletion, vowel deletion, - consonant omission, consonant omission, - sound change in vowel, sound change in vowel, - sound change in consonant, sound change in consonant, - omission of infix, omission of infix, - change of particle /–ing/ to /e/, change of particle /–ing/ to /e/, - omission of double nasalization, omission of double nasalization, - borrowing, borrowing, - word breaking word breaking - insertion. insertion.
Types of ChangesTypes of Changes AphaeresisAphaeresis SyncopeSyncope ApocopeApocope LenitionLenition FortitionFortition AssimilationAssimilation FusionFusion EpenthesisEpenthesis BorrowingBorrowing Word breakingWord breaking
Vowel DeletionVowel Deletion
AphaeresisAphaeresisSyncopeSyncope
AphaeresisAphaeresis The dropping of initial segmentsThe dropping of initial segments
OCOC MCMC IndonesianIndonesian EnglishEnglish
amaosamaos maosmaos membacamembaca readread
akersaakersa kersakersa sukasuka likelike
atampiatampi tampitampi nerimanerima receivereceive
asangetasanget sangetsanget sangatsangat veryvery
anarosanaros narosnaros nanyananya askask
SyncopeSyncope The loss of segments in the middle of the words The loss of segments in the middle of the words
resulting in consonant clustersresulting in consonant clusters
OCOC MCMC IndonesianIndonesian EnglishEnglish
karikil krikil kerikilkerikil stonestone
nyalondho nylondho bersandarbersandar lyinglying
sambarani sembrani (sejenis (sejenis kuda)kuda)
type of a type of a horsehorse
kulawer klawer menjuntaimenjuntai dangledangle
malarat mlarat miskinmiskin poorpoor
Syncope (not resulting in Syncope (not resulting in consonant cluster)consonant cluster)
OCOC MCMC IndonesianIndonesian EnglishEnglish
wiangsulan wangsulan wangsulanwangsulan change change (money)(money)
Consonant deletionConsonant deletion Aphaeresis: the dropping of initial soundAphaeresis: the dropping of initial sound
OCOC MCMC IndonesianIndonesian EnglishEnglishhiya iku yaiku yaituyaitu that isthat ishibrahim ibrahim ibrahimibrahim AbrahamAbrahamhamaksa-maksa maksa-
maksamemaksamemaksa forceforce
Consonant deletionConsonant deletion Syncope: the loss of segments at the middle of Syncope: the loss of segments at the middle of
wordswords
OCOC MCMC IndonesianIndonesian EnglishEnglish
priyatinpriyatin priatin prihatinprihatin concernedconcerned
tinekantinekan tekateka datangdatang arrivearrive
tuwantuwan
ngungjungingungjungi
tuantuan
ngunjungingunjungi
tuantuan
mengunjungimengunjungi
sirsir
visitvisit
Consonant deletionConsonant deletion Apocope: the dropping of final soundApocope: the dropping of final sound
OCOC MCMC IndonesianIndonesian EnglishEnglish
ragang raga badanbadan bodybody
tampim tampim jatinejatine
tampi jatinetampi jatine terima terima namanyanamanya
receive the receive the namename
tinekantinekan tekateka tibatiba arrivearrive
Lenition (weakening)Lenition (weakening)
OCOC MCMC
k (stop)k (stop) h h (continuants)(continuants) mustakilmustakil
mukamadmukamad
wakyuwakyu
mustahilmustahil
muhamadmuhamad
wahyuwahyu
n (voiced)n (voiced) s (voiceless)s (voiceless) nabannaban sabansaban
Assimilation: one sound causes Assimilation: one sound causes another to be more similar to each another to be more similar to each
otherother
OCOC MCMC
b (voiced, b (voiced, bilabial bilabial stop)stop)
g (voiced, g (voiced, velar, stop)velar, stop)
mang burimang buri
bawabawa
meng gurimeng guri
gawagawa
ng (voiced, ng (voiced, nasal, nasal, velar)velar)
n (voiced, n (voiced, nasal, nasal, alveolar)alveolar)
kangjengkangjeng kanjengkanjeng
FusionFusion
OCOC MCMC IndonesianIndonesian EnglishEnglish
hiya ikuhiya iku yaikuyaiku yakniyakni that isthat is
Two separate words became a single word
FortitionFortition
Strengthening: continuants to stops, Strengthening: continuants to stops, voiceless to voicedvoiceless to voiced
OCOC MCMC
marebesmarebes brebesbrebes m (cont)m (cont) b (stop)b (stop)
kilirkilir kidirkidir l (cont)l (cont) d (stop)d (stop)
Fortition: strengtheningFortition: strengthening
Vowel /a/: (back/low vowel) __ /e/ (front/mid Vowel /a/: (back/low vowel) __ /e/ (front/mid vowel)vowel)
kapaten kepaten deathdeathmangko mengko laterlatersatutuge setutuge finishedfinishedsagaraatawa
segarautawi
seasea
oror
Fortition: strengtheningFortition: strengthening
U ____ i wus wis (back – front)U ____ i wus wis (back – front)
Syncope: the loss of infix –in- and –um-
No. Old Cirebonese Modern Cirebonese
1. pinandhita pandhita
2. pinituturan pituturan
3. sinebut sebut
4. kumawula kawula
5. dhumugi dhugi
6. jumenenge jenenge
7. tumulus tulus
8. tumuli tuli/toli
Apocope: Loss of -ning/ -ing and changes to e
No. Old Cirebonese Modern Cirebonese
1. salamining salame ning
2. wekasing wekas ing/ wekase
3. marganing margane
4. jenengening jenenge
5. ganjaraning ganjarane
6. adhating adate
7. kahormataning kehormatane
8. lamining lamine
Aphaeresis: Loss of double nasals
No. Old Cirebonese Modern Cirebonese
1. sukaning ngati sukaning ati
2. yen nora yen ora
3. ning ngendhi ning endhi
4. kang ngujar kang ujar
5. mung ngana mung ana
6. jaman nakir jaman ahir/ jaman akir
7. kang ngesthu kang esthu
8. ning ngarab ning arab
9. boten najeng boten ajeng
BorrowingBorrowing
hanyatur matur haturhatur SundaneseSundanesepaniti peniti penitipeniti IndonesianIndonesiannagara negara negaranegara IndonesianIndonesianningali ningali melihatmelihat SundaneseSundanesesagara segara lautlaut SundaneseSundaneseanom enom mudamuda SundaneseSundanesejangji janji janjijanji IndonesianIndonesiansakabeh sekabeh semuasemua SundaneseSundanesekalangkung kelangkung kelewatkelewat SundaneseSundanese
Word Breaking:-Ira/ -nira, from the word siraVowel sira: KVConsonant ira: VK
No. Old Cirebonese Modern Cirebonese
1. dhenira dhen ira (you)
2. salaminira salame sira (your regards)
3. namanira namine sira (your name)
4. sedulurira sedulur ira (your relative)
5. pakanira pakan ira (your food)
6. praciptanira praciptane sira (before your conception)
7. karepira karep ira/ karepe sira (your willingness)
8. sakwasanira sekwasane sira (as your ability)
AdditionAddition Epenthesis: addition of vowels to break up two Epenthesis: addition of vowels to break up two
consonantsconsonants
1. pyambak piyambek sendirisendiri AloneAlone
2. jro jero dalamdalam insideinside
3. pracaya percaya percayapercaya believebelieve
4. sapratigan sepertigane sepertiganyasepertiganya one thirdone third
5. rijki rejeki rejekirejeki wealthwealth
Thank YouThank You