source apportionment of prague aerosol from combined particle number size distribution and gaseous...
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SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF PRAGUE AEROSOL FROM COMBINED PARTICLE NUMBER SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND GASEOUS COMPOSITION
DATA BY BILINEAR POSITIVE MATRIX FACTORIZATIONDevraj Thimmaiah1, Jan Hovorka1 and Philip K. Hopke2
1Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University in Prague, 12801, Prague, Czech Republic
2Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson Univ., Potsdam,13699,USA
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] and apportion the sources of ambient aerosols in the urban atmosphere of Prague, Czech Republic using bilinear Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF2) model.
European Aerosol Conference (EAC), September 9-14, 2007, Salzburg, Austria
To help in interpreting and in knowing the directionality of the sources, Conditional Probability Function plots (CPF) (Ashbaugh et al., 1985) were used. The CPF plots of contributing sources and overall wind profile is shown in Figure 2-7. PMF technique was first introduced by Paatero & Tapper in 1993. A similar study for modeling source contributions to submicron particle number concentrations in Rochester, NY is performed by Ogulei et al., 2007. Fpeak Analysis between -1 and +1 was performed and the lowest Q value was when the Fpeak was set to 0.0. (Figure 9).
This work was supported by the Grant Agency, Czech Republic under GAUK Grant No. PřF/49707 /2007.
1. Objective
2. Experimental
3. Results & Discussion
5. Conclusion
6. Acknowledgement
Figure 1. Location of sampling site
Figure 2-7. Directionality of contributing sources and overall wind profile using CPF.
Figure 8a,b. Wind roses for the sampling period
Figure 10-15: Weekday and Weekend variations of 5 sources identified by PMF2.
Sampling site
Figure 16 and 17. Source profiles and contributions deduced from PMF2 analysis.
Table 1. Summary of measured species
Measurement Instrument Original time resolution before averaging to 1 h.Particle size SMPS-3936L25 10 minSize range: 14.6-736.5nmMeteorological data Vane type 15 minWS, WD, Temp, RHGaseous data Horiba 15 minCO, SO2, NOX & O3
Rain Intensity LNM Disdrometer 1 min
PMF2 has identified 5 factors. They are: traffic, ozone influenced secondary particles, residential heating and two unidentified mixed sources 1 & 2 with directionality from all the sides. Work is in progress to identify these two sources. One of the mixed sources maybe background or long range transport, not known due to lack of tracers.
7. ReferencesAshbaugh, L.L., Malm, W.C. & Sadeh, W.Z. (1985). Atmospheric Environment, 19, 1263-1270.Paatero, P., & Tapper, U. (1993). Chemometrics Intell. Lab Sys., 18:183-194. Ogulei, D., Hopke, P.K., Chalupa, D.C., & Utell, M.J. (2007). Aerosol Sci. Technol., 41,179 -201.
Figure 9. Fpeak analysis to find lowest Q value
The source profiles and the contributions deduced from PMF2 analysis in Prague is depicted in Figure 16 and 17 respectively.
Mixed Source-1
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
Traffic
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
Mixed Source-2
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
O3 Secondary Particles
15.1
16.8
18.8
20.9
23.3
25.9
28.9
32.2
35.9 40
44.5
49.6
55.2
61.5
68.5
76.4
85.1
94.7
105.
511
7.6 131
145.
916
2.5
181.
120
1.7
224.
725
0.3
278.
831
0.6 346
385.
442
9.4
478.
353
2.8
593.
566
1.2
723.
5 CONO
XSO
2 O3
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
Heating
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
Conc
entra
tion
# / #
Mixed Source 1
02000400060008000
1000012000140001600018000
Traffic
0
200
400
600
800
Heating
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Mixed Source-2
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
O3 Secondary Particles
2/16
/200
7
2/17
/200
7
2/18
/200
7
2/19
/200
7
2/20
/200
7
2/21
/200
7
2/22
/200
7
2/23
/200
7
2/24
/200
7
2/25
/200
7
2/26
/200
7
2/27
/200
7
2/28
/200
7
3/1/
2007
3/
2/20
07
3/3/
2007
3/
4/20
07
3/5/
2007
3/
6/20
07
3/7/
2007
3/
8/20
07
3/9/
2007
3/
10/2
007
3/
11/2
007
3/
12/2
007
3/
13/2
007
3/
14/2
007
3/
15/2
007
3/
16/2
007
3/
17/2
007
3/
18/2
007
3/
19/2
007
3/
20/2
007
3/
21/2
007
3/
22/2
007
3/
23/2
007
3/
24/2
007
3/
25/2
007
3/
26/2
007
3/
27/2
007
3/
28/2
007
3/
29/2
007
3/
30/2
007
3/
31/2
007
4/
1/20
07
4/2/
2007
4/
3/20
07
4/4/
2007
4/
5/20
07
4/6/
2007
4/
7/20
07
4/8/
2007
4/
9/20
07
4/10
/200
7
4/11
/200
7
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Num
ber c
once
ntra
tion
#/cm
3
A series of CPF plots (Figure 18-25) for the meteorological data recorded at the receptor site were drawn to help in identifying and naming the sources deduced by PMF2, Figure 26-29 give the variation of Temp, RH, and Rain intensity recorded at the site.
Temp oC
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2/1
6/2
00
7 0
:30
2/1
7/2
00
7 0
:30
2/1
8/2
00
7 0
:30
2/1
9/2
00
7 0
:30
2/2
0/2
00
7 0
:30
2/2
1/2
00
7 0
:30
2/2
2/2
00
7 0
:30
2/2
3/2
00
7 0
:30
2/2
4/2
00
7 0
:30
2/2
5/2
00
7 0
:30
2/2
6/2
00
7 0
:30
2/2
7/2
00
7 0
:30
2/2
8/2
00
7 0
:30
3/1
/20
07
0:3
0
3/2
/20
07
0:3
0
3/3
/20
07
0:3
0
3/4
/20
07
0:3
0
3/5
/20
07
0:3
0
3/6
/20
07
0:3
0
3/7
/20
07
0:3
0
3/8
/20
07
0:3
0
3/9
/20
07
0:3
0
3/1
0/2
00
7 0
:30
3/1
1/2
00
7 0
:30
3/1
2/2
00
7 0
:30
3/1
3/2
00
7 0
:30
3/1
4/2
00
7 0
:30
3/1
5/2
00
7 0
:30
3/1
6/2
00
7 0
:30
3/1
7/2
00
7 0
:30
3/1
8/2
00
7 0
:30
3/1
9/2
00
7 0
:30
3/2
0/2
00
7 0
:30
3/2
1/2
00
7 0
:30
3/2
2/2
00
7 0
:30
3/2
3/2
00
7 0
:30
3/2
4/2
00
7 0
:30
3/2
5/2
00
7 0
:30
3/2
6/2
00
7 0
:30
3/2
7/2
00
7 0
:30
3/2
8/2
00
7 0
:30
3/2
9/2
00
7 0
:30
3/3
0/2
00
7 0
:30
3/3
1/2
00
7 0
:30
4/1
/20
07
0:3
0
4/2
/20
07
0:3
0
4/3
/20
07
0:3
0
4/4
/20
07
0:3
0
4/5
/20
07
0:3
0
4/6
/20
07
0:3
0
4/7
/20
07
0:3
0
4/8
/20
07
0:3
0
4/9
/20
07
0:3
0
4/1
0/2
00
7 0
:30
Temp oCRH %
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
2/1
6/2
00
7 0
:30
2/1
7/2
00
7 0
:30
2/1
8/2
00
7 0
:30
2/1
9/2
00
7 0
:30
2/2
0/2
00
7 0
:30
2/2
1/2
00
7 0
:30
2/2
2/2
00
7 0
:30
2/2
3/2
00
7 0
:30
2/2
4/2
00
7 0
:30
2/2
5/2
00
7 0
:30
2/2
6/2
00
7 0
:30
2/2
7/2
00
7 0
:30
2/2
8/2
00
7 0
:30
3/1
/20
07
0:3
0
3/2
/20
07
0:3
0
3/3
/20
07
0:3
0
3/4
/20
07
0:3
0
3/5
/20
07
0:3
0
3/6
/20
07
0:3
0
3/7
/20
07
0:3
0
3/8
/20
07
0:3
0
3/9
/20
07
0:3
0
3/1
0/2
00
7 0
:30
3/1
1/2
00
7 0
:30
3/1
2/2
00
7 0
:30
3/1
3/2
00
7 0
:30
3/1
4/2
00
7 0
:30
3/1
5/2
00
7 0
:30
3/1
6/2
00
7 0
:30
3/1
7/2
00
7 0
:30
3/1
8/2
00
7 0
:30
3/1
9/2
00
7 0
:30
3/2
0/2
00
7 0
:30
3/2
1/2
00
7 0
:30
3/2
2/2
00
7 0
:30
3/2
3/2
00
7 0
:30
3/2
4/2
00
7 0
:30
3/2
5/2
00
7 0
:30
3/2
6/2
00
7 0
:30
3/2
7/2
00
7 0
:30
3/2
8/2
00
7 0
:30
3/2
9/2
00
7 0
:30
3/3
0/2
00
7 0
:30
3/3
1/2
00
7 0
:30
4/1
/20
07
0:3
0
4/2
/20
07
0:3
0
4/3
/20
07
0:3
0
4/4
/20
07
0:3
0
4/5
/20
07
0:3
0
4/6
/20
07
0:3
0
4/7
/20
07
0:3
0
4/8
/20
07
0:3
0
4/9
/20
07
0:3
0
4/1
0/2
00
7 0
:30
RH %
4. Supplementary material
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
2/1
6/0
7 5
:42
2/1
6/0
7 8
:15
2/1
9/0
7 8
:05
2/1
9/0
7 8
:25
2/1
9/0
7 8
:45
2/1
9/0
7 9
:05
2/1
9/0
7 9
:25
2/1
9/0
7 9
:45
2/1
9/0
7 1
0:0
5
2/1
9/0
7 1
0:2
5
2/1
9/0
7 1
0:4
5
2/1
9/0
7 1
1:0
5
2/1
9/0
7 1
1:2
5
2/1
9/0
7 1
2:0
4
2/2
2/0
7 4
:54
2/2
2/0
7 5
:14
2/2
2/0
7 5
:34
2/2
2/0
7 5
:54
2/2
2/0
7 6
:14
2/2
5/0
7 1
4:1
6
2/2
5/0
7 1
7:5
3
2/2
5/0
7 1
8:1
3
2/2
6/0
7 1
1:5
5
2/2
7/0
7 0
:13
2/2
7/0
7 4
:59
2/2
7/0
7 5
:19
2/2
7/0
7 5
:39
2/2
7/0
7 5
:59
2/2
7/0
7 6
:45
2/2
7/0
7 7
:05
2/2
7/0
7 7
:38
2/2
7/0
7 7
:58
2/2
7/0
7 8
:18
2/2
7/0
7 1
1:1
5
2/2
7/0
7 1
1:5
7
2/2
7/0
7 1
2:1
7
2/2
7/0
7 1
2:3
7
2/2
7/0
7 1
2:5
7
2/2
7/0
7 1
5:2
5
2/2
7/0
7 1
6:2
8
2/2
7/0
7 1
6:4
8
2/2
7/0
7 1
7:0
8
2/2
7/0
7 2
1:0
8
2/2
7/0
7 2
1:2
8
2/2
7/0
7 2
1:4
8
2/2
7/0
7 2
2:0
8
2/2
7/0
7 2
2:2
8
2/2
7/0
7 2
2:4
8
2/2
7/0
7 2
3:0
8
2/2
7/0
7 2
3:2
8
2/2
7/0
7 2
3:4
8
2/2
8/0
7 0
:08
2/2
8/0
7 0
:28
2/2
8/0
7 0
:48
2/2
8/0
7 1
:08
2/2
8/0
7 1
:28
2/2
8/0
7 1
:48
2/2
8/0
7 2
:08
2/2
8/0
7 2
:28
2/2
8/0
7 2
:48
2/2
8/0
7 3
:08
2/2
8/0
7 3
:28
2/2
8/0
7 3
:55
2/2
8/0
7 4
:15
2/2
8/0
7 4
:47
2/2
8/0
7 6
:20
2/2
8/0
7 1
5:0
5
2/2
8/0
7 1
5:2
5
FEB Intensity
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
3/1
/07 1
1:2
5
3/1
/07 1
2:2
7
3/2
/07 1
:32
3/3
/07 7
:33
3/3
/07 8
:33
3/3
/07 9
:33
3/3
/07 1
0:3
3
3/3
/07 1
1:3
3
3/3
/07 1
5:1
2
3/3
/07 1
8:3
5
3/3
/07 2
1:0
4
3/3
/07 2
2:0
4
3/3
/07 2
3:0
4
3/4
/07 2
:00
3/4
/07 3
:01
3/4
/07 4
:02
3/4
/07 5
:02
3/4
/07 6
:02
3/4
/07 7
:10
3/5
/07 1
7:4
6
3/8
/07 4
:02
3/8
/07 5
:02
3/8
/07 6
:05
3/8
/07 7
:05
3/8
/07 8
:05
3/8
/07 9
:05
3/8
/07 1
0:0
5
3/8
/07 1
1:0
5
3/8
/07 1
2:0
5
3/1
0/0
7 4
:48
3/1
0/0
7 6
:41
3/1
0/0
7 7
:41
3/1
0/0
7 8
:41
3/1
0/0
7 9
:41
3/1
0/0
7 1
0:4
1
3/1
7/0
7 9
:56
3/1
7/0
7 2
1:1
8
3/1
8/0
7 1
0:5
3
3/1
8/0
7 1
8:1
5
3/1
8/0
7 2
1:5
7
3/1
8/0
7 2
2:5
7
3/2
0/0
7 1
1:5
9
3/2
0/0
7 1
3:0
4
3/2
0/0
7 1
6:4
1
3/2
0/0
7 1
7:4
1
3/2
0/0
7 2
0:2
3
3/2
0/0
7 2
1:2
3
3/2
0/0
7 2
2:2
3
3/2
0/0
7 2
3:2
3
3/2
1/0
7 0
:23
3/2
1/0
7 1
:23
3/2
1/0
7 2
:23
3/2
1/0
7 3
:23
3/2
1/0
7 9
:49
3/2
1/0
7 1
1:0
0
3/2
2/0
7 3
:42
3/2
2/0
7 4
:42
3/2
2/0
7 5
:42
3/2
2/0
7 6
:42
3/2
2/0
7 8
:47
3/2
3/0
7 1
5:0
9
3/2
3/0
7 1
6:0
9
3/2
3/0
7 1
7:0
9
3/2
3/0
7 1
8:0
9
3/2
3/0
7 1
9:0
9
3/2
3/0
7 2
0:0
9
3/2
3/0
7 2
1:0
9
3/2
3/0
7 2
2:0
9
3/2
3/0
7 2
3:2
7
3/2
4/0
7 1
:56
3/2
4/0
7 3
:25
3/2
4/0
7 8
:14
3/2
4/0
7 9
:14
3/2
4/0
7 1
8:0
6
3/2
4/0
7 1
9:1
9
March Intensity
Figure 26-29. Variation of Temp., RH and Rain intensity recorded at receptor site.
Sampling site: All the data were recorded at roof-top (at height 25m) station at the receptor site, University Botanic garden in the Prague city center (5004`17.29”N, 14025`46.52”E) (Figure 1).
Apparatus: Particle number size concentrations, ambient gaseous concentrations, meteorological data and rain intensity measured at the receptor site, instrumentation used is summarized in Table 1.
Sampling period: Feb 16-28, March and April 01-10, 2007.
Data Analysis: All the data obtained were normalized and averaged to hourly concentrations and used in data matrix preparation