Reversible Image Hiding Scheme Using Predictive

Coding and Histogram ShiftingSource: Signal Processing, Vol. 89, Issue 6, June 2009, Pages 1129-1143Author: Piyu Tsai, Yu-Chen Hu, and Hsui-Lien YehSpeaker: Hon-Hang ChangDate: 2010.09.14

OutlineIntroductionRelated WorkProposed MethodExperiment ResultsConclusions

IntroductionReversible data hiding

Original imageStego-image

Secret data

Secret data

Original image

Extract

Embed

Related workThe histogram-based reversible data hiding

5 6 6 6 7

5 5 6 6 6

3 3 5 5 0

1 2 2 2 2

1 2 3 3 1

4 6 5 6 7

4 4 6 5 5

3 3 4 4 0

1 2 2 2 2

1 2 3 3 1

original image

stego image

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

2

4

6

8# of occur in pixel x

Peak value: 6Zero value: 4

b= 1, no changeb=0, close to zero pixel at 1

• Peak value (Embeddable)

• In the range from zero value to peak value

Close to zero value at 1

• Out of the range from zero value to peak value

No change

b=101100

Proposed methodLinear prediction

5 6 6 6 7

5 5 6 6 6

3 3 5 5 0

1 2 2 2 2

1 2 3 3 1

Original image(block size 5 by 5)

Basic pixel

0 1 1 1 2

0 0 1 1 1

-2 -2 5 0 -5

-4 -3 -3 -3 -3

-4 -3 -2 -2 -4

Residual image

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

2

4

6

8# of occur in pixel x

-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -70

2

4

6# of occur in pixel x

Non-negative histogram (NNH)

Negative histogram (NH)

Peak value: -3

Zero value: -1

Peak value: 1

Zero value: 3

Proposed method(Cont.)Linear prediction

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 702468

# of occur in pixel x

-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -70

2

4

6# of occur in pixel x

Non-negative histogram (NNH)Negative histogram (NH)

Peak value= -3

Zero vale= -1

Peak value= 1Zero vale= 3

+1-1

0 1 1 1 2

0 0 1 1 1

-2 -2 5 0 -5

-4 -3 -3 -3 -3

-4 -3 -2 -2 -4

Residual image

3

-1 -1 5

-1 -1

0 3

0 0

-1 -1 5 0 -5

-4

-4 -1 -1 -4

Embed area

Proposed method(Cont.)Embedding

Rule: b=1, no change (-3 or 1) b=0, the peak pixel close to zero pixel at 1 (-2 or 2)

0 1 2 1 3

0 0 1 2 2

-1 -1 5 0 -5

-4 -3 -2 -3 -2

-4 -3 -1 -1 -4

Embed area

0 1 1 1 2

0 0 1 1 1

-2 -2 5 0 -5

-4 -3 -3 -3 -3

-4 -3 -2 -2 -4

Residual image

Peak value= -3

Zero vale= -1

Peak value= 1

Zero vale= 3

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

5

10-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7

0246

b= …1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1…

5 6 7 6 8

5 5 6 7 7

4 4 5 5 0

1 2 3 2 3

1 2 4 4 1

Stego-image

Proposed method(Cont.)Extracting5 6 7 6 8

5 5 6 7 7

4 4 5 5 0

1 2 3 2 3

1 2 4 4 1

Peak value= -3

Zero vale= -1

NH

Peak value= 1

Zero vale= 3

NNH

Stego-image Residual stego-image

0 1 2 1 3

0 0 1 2 2

-1 -1 5 0 -5

-4 -3 -2 -3 -2

-4 -3 -1 -1 -4

1 or -3 b=1 no change

2 or -2 b=0 return to the peak pixel (1 or -3)

b= …1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1…

0 1 1 1 2

0 0 1 1 1

-2 -2 5 0 -5

-4 -3 -3 -3 -3

-4 -3 -2 -2 -4

The pixel x in the range from zeros value and peak value: Close toward the peak value at 1

The pixel x out of the range from zeros value and peak value: no change

5 6 6 6 7

5 5 6 6 6

3 3 5 5 0

1 2 2 2 2

1 2 3 3 1

Original image(block size 5 by 5)

Proposed methodOverlapping scheme

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 702468

Peak value= 1, 0

Zero vale= 3, 4

NNH

b= 1, no changeb=0, close to zero pixel at 1

• Peak value (Embeddable)

b= 1close to zero pixel at 1b=0, close to zero pixel at 2

• Overlap value (Embeddable)

Close to the zero pixel at 2

• Peak value (No embed)

0 1 1 1 2

0 0 1 1 1

-2 -2 5 0 -5

-4 -3 -3 -3 -3

-4 -3 -2 -2 -4

Residual image

b=1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

0 2 3 3 2

0 1 2 3 3

-2 -2 5 1 -5

-4 -3 -3 -3 -3

-4 -3 -2 -2 -4

Residual image

Experiment results

Fig . 1 Testing image ‘‘MRI_400_400’’: (a) original image, (b) original histogram, (c) residual histogram and (d) stego-image.

Experiment results(Cont.)

Fig . 1 Testing image ‘‘MRI_400_400’’: (a) original image, (b) original histogram, (c) residual histogram and (d) stego-image.

Fig. 2. Relationship between the stego-image quality and the hiding capacities

Conclusions

The proposed method can achieve the goal of higher hiding capacity.The secret data are embedded in the residual images instead of the image histogram.