South AfricaSouth AfricaTaking Notes and analyzing Taking Notes and analyzing a primary source document!a primary source document!

Directions

• On a lined piece of paper, write down everything that is written in red and answer all questions in red on this slide show!

South Africa Location

• South Africa is at the southern most tip of the continent of Africa

Brief South African History

• The earliest people• The earliest representatives of South Africa's diversity –

at least the earliest we can name – were the Bushmen and Hottentots. Both were resident in the southern tip of the continent for thousands of years before its written history began with the arrival of European seafarers.

• And before that, modern human beings had lived here for more than 100,000 years – indeed, the country is an archaeological treasure chest.

Settlers and Slaves• In 1652, Jan van Riebeeck and 90 other Dutch men landed with him at the Cape of

Good Hope, under instructions by the Dutch East India Company to build a fort and develop a vegetable garden to feed the men on ships traveling the Eastern trade route.

• Their relationship with the natives was initially one of bartering, but a mutual animosity developed over issues such as cattle theft – and, no doubt, the growing suspicion on the part of the natives that Van Riebeeck's outpost was becoming a threat to them.

• Perhaps the first sign that the threat was to be realized came in 1657 when nine men, released from their contracts, were given land to farm. In the same year the first slaves were imported. By the time Van Riebeeck left in 1662, 250 white people lived in what was beginning to look like a developing colony.

• Later governors of the Cape Colony encouraged immigration, and in the early 1700s more immigrants than natives lived in South Africa.

England takes over

• In 1879, Britain, now becoming the world superpower, took over South Africa and discovered diamonds there. In 1886, gold was discovered and South Africa became “the jewel” of Africa.

• In 1909 blacks in South Africa were banned from political office and citizens were treated harshly.

• This was the beginning of Apartheid!

ApartheidApartheid: What is it?: What is it?• A South African policy of complete A South African policy of complete legal legal

separation of the racesseparation of the races

• Banned all social contact between blacks Banned all social contact between blacks and whitesand whites

• Allowed the ruling white minority to Allowed the ruling white minority to controlcontrol and and terrorizeterrorize the black majority the black majority

• This is all LEGAL!This is all LEGAL!

• All citizens were All citizens were classified by race classified by race (LAW).(LAW).

• A Black South A Black South African must carry a African must carry a passbook issued by passbook issued by the white the white Government (LAW). Government (LAW).

• Blacks were required Blacks were required to carry passes that to carry passes that determined where determined where they could live and they could live and work.work.

• The Group Areas Act… It The Group Areas Act… It forced people of certain forced people of certain races into living in races into living in designated areas. designated areas.

• There were racially There were racially segregated beaches and segregated beaches and public areas (LAW).public areas (LAW).

• Race laws touched every Race laws touched every aspect of social life, aspect of social life, including prohibiting including prohibiting marriage between non-marriage between non-whites and whites and the whites and whites and the sanctioning of “white-only'' sanctioning of “white-only'' jobs (LAW). jobs (LAW).

• List three ways blacks and List three ways blacks and whites were separated in whites were separated in your own words.your own words.

•The government designated white and colored areas.

•This is a white school campus…look at the buildings and the field.

•Schools were segregated and black schools had to teach the “white” curriculum.

• The government The government separated residential separated residential areas.areas.

• Blacks were relocated Blacks were relocated to new “homelands”…to new “homelands”…usually the poorest usually the poorest areas with horrible areas with horrible farm land (LAW).farm land (LAW).

• South African South African citizenship was taken citizenship was taken away and black away and black townships had townships had curfews.curfews.

• These are houses in These are houses in Soweto, a black Soweto, a black township.township.

More Laws…

• Each black homeland controlled its own separate education, health and police system.

• Blacks were not allowed to buy hard liquor. They were able to buy poor quality beer.

• Public beaches, swimming pools, bridges, drive-ins, graveyards, parks, and public toilets were segregated (LAW).

• Movie theatres in white areas were not allowed to admit blacks. There were practically no cinemas in black areas.

• Restaurants and hotels in white areas were not allowed to admit blacks except as staff.

• Black Africans were prohibited from attending white churches.

• Segregated public Segregated public facilities in facilities in Johannesburg, 1985.Johannesburg, 1985.

• Schools were Schools were segregated and segregated and students learned students learned white curriculum and white curriculum and spoke in Afrikaaners spoke in Afrikaaners language (LAW).language (LAW).

• Black schools were Black schools were intentionally under-intentionally under-funded.funded.

Between 1948 and 1990

Approximately 10,000 blacks were killed by the notorious system of racial domination.

The greatest damage was the dehumanization and humiliation of non-whites through ruthless laws and practices by about 12% of the population (whites).

The overwhelming majority of people in South Africa were black.

What would you do?What would you do?

Would you consider fighting back? Would you consider fighting back? How? You have no rights, no How? You have no rights, no

power…power…

• Children of Soweto, a Children of Soweto, a Black township some Black township some ten miles away from ten miles away from Johannesburg, in Johannesburg, in 1982. The Zulu world 1982. The Zulu world "Amandla" scrawled "Amandla" scrawled on the wall means on the wall means "Power". This was "Power". This was adopted as a rallying adopted as a rallying call in the struggle for call in the struggle for Black rights.Black rights.

Resistance Movement

• The African National Congress was established (ANC)

• ANC organized marches, boycotts and strikes

• 1960 police gunned down 69 men women and children in a peaceful demonstration

In 1955…

• The ANC (African National Congress)

wrote the Freedom Charter.

http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=72

Take a look at this primary source document and write the following:

3 Things South Africans wanted the world to know.

3 rights of the people

ResistanceResistance

• Sharpeville Massacre- 69 people Sharpeville Massacre- 69 people (women and students) killed by (women and students) killed by South African policeSouth African police

• 1974- SA expelled from UN, 1976- 1974- SA expelled from UN, 1976- banned from Olympicsbanned from Olympics

• 1976- student protests- 600 killed, 1976- student protests- 600 killed, thousands arrestedthousands arrested

Steven BikoSteven Biko• Black Consciousness Black Consciousness

leader who believed that leader who believed that political freedom could political freedom could only come to black South only come to black South Africans if and when they Africans if and when they begin to stop feeling begin to stop feeling inferior to whitesinferior to whites

• Raised awareness Raised awareness around world to the issue around world to the issue of apartheidof apartheid

Steven Biko

• Arrested, put on trial, and died Sept. 22, 1977 from head Arrested, put on trial, and died Sept. 22, 1977 from head wounds while in police custodywounds while in police custody

• Since his death in police custody, he has been called a martyr of the anti-apartheid movement.

• While living, his writings and activism attempted to empower black people, and he was famous for his slogan "black is beautiful", which he described as meaning: "man, you are okay as you are, begin to look upon yourself as a human being".

• Considered a hero

Steven BikoSteven Biko• He wasn’t the devil, as they made him out to be. He wasn’t the devil, as they made him out to be.

He was a man, just like you and me. Yet he He was a man, just like you and me. Yet he suffered immense pain and deadly injuries to suffered immense pain and deadly injuries to insure no others would have to see the horror he insure no others would have to see the horror he saw before he ceased to breathe.  saw before he ceased to breathe.  

God Bless Stephen Biko  God Bless Stephen Biko  

                    -Steve Shep-Steve Shep

Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela

• Born in 1918 to the chief of the Born in 1918 to the chief of the Tembu TribeTembu Tribe

• University educated University educated • Received a law degreeReceived a law degree• Joined African National Joined African National

Congress in 1944 and helped Congress in 1944 and helped with the resistance movementwith the resistance movement

• In 1961 he created a new In 1961 he created a new group within the ANC that group within the ANC that wanted to use violent tacticswanted to use violent tactics

• He was arrested and after He was arrested and after several trials was given life in several trials was given life in prison for plotting to overthrow prison for plotting to overthrow the governmentthe government

Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela• While in prison he continued to be a symbol and While in prison he continued to be a symbol and

leader of the resistance movementleader of the resistance movement• President de Klerk was instrumental in releasing President de Klerk was instrumental in releasing

Mandela in February 1990 and allowing the ANCMandela in February 1990 and allowing the ANC• He and de Klerk worked to create a new He and de Klerk worked to create a new

constitution for all people in South Africaconstitution for all people in South Africa• In 1994 Mandela was elected at the first black In 1994 Mandela was elected at the first black

South African President…everyone voted!South African President…everyone voted!• Mandela and de Klerk won the Nobel Peace Mandela and de Klerk won the Nobel Peace

Prize in 1993Prize in 1993

According to Mandela,

"The oppressor must be liberated just as surely as the oppressed, for he is the prisoner of hatred, robbed of his own humanity."

"While the particulars of our histories may have been different, the heart of our struggles, from Selma to Soweto, has been the same."

"Courage is not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it."

F.W. de Klerk

• South African president in 1990 (White man)• Ended apartheid• Freed Nelson Mandela• Worked with Mandela to re-write the constitution

giving all freedoms and rights• Won Nobel Peace Prize with Mandela• Write down 3 influential people in ending

Apartheid and how they went about making a change!

Apartheid 1948 and 1990

When apartheid finally collapsed,

the oppressors sought amnesty for their crimes...while

the victims sought justice.

Victims of Torture

Victims who experienced

brutality during Apartheid

now, at times, feel more

alienated—because the

most dramatic part of the

struggle that bonded

people together is now

over.

Psychological complexity of reconciliation:

Constitution

• Constitution (1996) of South Africa is among the most progressive in the world.

• Among the 27 Fundamental Rights is the right not to be discriminated against on any grounds and “in particular on:

– race, gender, sex, ethnic or social origin, colour, sexual orientation, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture or language.”

Restitution - Land Claims

• The bureaucracy has been slow in addressing the basic issues of restitution for land claims.

• The government, for example, promised to compensate all families and their descendants who lost their property under apartheid.

• But of the nearly 70,000 claims, only about 12,000 have been resolved.

Low-Cost Housing

Unemployment Due to the 40% jobless rate among black South Africans, there is a 4% levy on

business owners and they are forced to pay money to finance worker training.

Job creation and training education are imperative!!!

Job Training

Modern South Africa

Taking a StandTaking a Stand

• Just imagine what one person can do to Just imagine what one person can do to make a change.make a change.

• All it takes sometimes is one brave person All it takes sometimes is one brave person to take a stand…to take a stand…

• Write down how you feel South Africa is Write down how you feel South Africa is doing today. doing today.