south african mushroom industry · 2018-04-13 · mushroom industry martmari van greuning 10th-11th...
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SOUTH AFRICAN MUSHROOM INDUSTRY
Martmari van Greuning
10th -11th April 2018
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INDUSTRY STATS
• Mainly Agaricus (white button & brown);
8-10% speciality mushrooms (Oyster, Shiitake, Shimeji)
• 95% Fresh market; labour intensive
• SIZE : 21 000 tons/annum R 940m / annum
Growing industry – 5% during the last 3 years
• PRODUCERS : approx. 17 producers on approx.
24 facilities
• 50% in Gauteng, 28% in Cape, 15% in
KZN, 7% other provinces
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MUSHROOMS HOUSES
Mushrooms are grown in houses under
controlled conditions
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GROWING SYSTEMS
SHELVES
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TRAYS BAGS
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SELECTIVE SUBSTRATE (COMPOST)
EACH FARMER MAKES HIS OWN
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PROCESS PARTLY
OUTDOORS AND
PARTLY INDOORS
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SPAWNING & FILLING OF THE ROOMS
Application of chemicals
to substrate Treatment of spawn
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SPAWNRUN
colonization of substrate
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CASING : PEAT (IMPORTED)
Application of chemicals to casing
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FRUITING (or pinning)
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CHEMICALS MAINLY APPLIED :
• ON CASING IN 1ST WATER - 17 500 m2/week
• ALSO ON COMPOST WHEN FILLING
THE ROOMS – 2 500 tons/week
• ON FLOORS (FOG) AFTER FILLING THE ROOMS
• SPAWN TREATMENT
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PESTS
Sciarids FLIES : Phorids
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MITES
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PESTICIDES - registered
Active IngredientRegistration
status in SAComments
Cyromazine registered applied on compost - against fly larvae
Diflubenzuron registeredapplied on casing - agaist fly larvae; resistance
is a problem
Pyrethrin registered against adult adults - not on beds
Mercaptothion registered adult flies - not on beds
Diazinon registered adult flies - not on beds
Dichlorvos registered fog against adult flies
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PESTICIDES – not registered
Deltametrin not registered used in Europe; similar to Pyrethrin ?
Methoprene not registered registered in US, France, UK, Ireland and Italy
Bendiocarb not registered
Fripronil not registered registered and used in Australia
Propargite not registered for mites - in compost and on casing
BIO-CONTROL PRODUCTS
Steinernema
feltiaenot registered
Sciarid larvae - registered and widely used in
Europe; registration in SA expired
Metarhizium
anisopliaenot registered
not registered used and registered in AustraliaTriflumuron
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FUNGAL PATHOGENS
Lecanicillium fundicola Mycogone perniciosa (Dry Bubble) (Wet Bubble)
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Cladobotryum spp (Cobweb)
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Trichoderma aggressivum (compost green mould)
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Trichoderma spp
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FUNGICIDES - registered
Active IngredientRegistration
status in SAComments
prochloraz
managneseregistered Bubble, Cobweb; Frequently used by most growers
prochloraz zinc registered Bubble, Cobweb; Used by many growers, cheaper
thiabendazole
not on list but
mushrooms are
on label
Bubble, Cobweb & Trichoderma
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FUNGICIDES – not registered
metafenone not registeredCobweb, DryBubble; Used in vine yards; registered
in Europe
benomyl not registeredTrichoderma; Used as a spawn (seed) treatment and
in small quantities thus very low residue levels.
popioconazole not registeredTo dip wooden trays to protect against various fungi
and mycelium transferring virus; used in Australia
not registeredcarbendazimAustralian dept Agric has permitted use on agaricus
mushrooms, toxicology data is available.
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BIO-CONTROL PRODUCTS
Bacillus
amyloliquefaciensnot registered
Compost Trichoderma; registered in the States; in
process in Europe
Bacillus subtilus
QTS713not registered Compost Tricoderma; registered and used in States
Natamycin not registered Dry bubble; registered in the States
Tyme Oil not registered registered and used in Holland
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TO CONCLUDE :
• Limited choice
• Resistance to chemicals
• Possibility to register Chemicals & Bio-control
products already registered and used on
mushrooms in other countries
• Confusion if active is registered, but the crop
is not mentioned on the label and visa versa
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THANK YOU