south america (chapter 5: 238-251). major geographic qualities physiography is dominated by the...
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SOUTH AMERICA(CHAPTER 5: 238-251)
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MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES
PHYSIOGRAPHY IS DOMINATED BY THE ANDES MOUNTAINS S AND THE AMAZON BASIN.POPULATION IS CONCENTRATED ALONG THE PERIPHERY.CULTURAL PLURALISM EXISTS IN MOST COUNTRIES AND IS EXPRESSED REGIONALLY.REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTERACTION HAS BEEN MINIMAL IN THE PAST.
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PLATE TECTONICS
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PHYSICALENVIRONMENT
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PRECIPITATION
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THE INCA EMPIRE
CULTURE HEARTH-INTERMONTANE BASIN AROUND CUZCO (1200-1535 A.D.)ALTIPLANOS WERE KEY TO SETTLEMENT PATTERNS.20 MILLION SUBJECTS AT ITS ZENITHTRANSPORTATION NETWORKS AND INTEGRATION EFFORTS WERE MOST IMPRESSIVE.A HIGHLY CENTRALIZED STATE
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INDIGENOUS PEOPLES&
COLONIAL DOMAINS
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SOUTH AMERICA’SCULTURE SPHERES
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CULTURE SPHERES
Tropical-plantation
Resembles Middle America’s RimlandLocations, soils, & tropical climates favor plantation crops, especially sugar.Initially relied on African slave labor
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CULTURE SPHERES
European-commercial
The most “Latin” part of South AmericaIncludes the Pampas - temperate grasslandsEconomically most advancedTransportation networks and quality of life are excellent.
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CULTURE SPHERES
Amerind-subsistence
Correlates with the former Inca EmpireFeudal socioeconomic structure persistsIncludes some of South America’s poorest areasSubsistence agriculture must contend with difficult environmental challenges.
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CULTURE SPHERES
Mestizo-transitional
Surrounds the Amerindian-subsistence regionA zone of mixture- culturally & agriculturallyTransitional -- economic connotations
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CULTURE SPHERES
Undifferentiated
Characteristics are difficult to classify.Sparsely populatedIsolation and lack of change- notable featuresDevelopment of Amazonia may prompt significant changes.
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SOUTH AMERICA’S CULTURE SPHERES
Tropical-plantation
European-commercial
Amerind-subsistence
Mestizo-transitional
Undifferentiated
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ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
MERCOSUR LAUNCHED IN 1995 A SOUTHERN CONE COMMON MARKET INCLUDES BRAZIL, ARGENTINA, URUGUAY,
AND PARAGUAY
ANDEAN GROUP INITIALLY FORMED IN 1969 (ANDEAN PACT) RESTARTED IN 1995 MEMBERS ARE VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA,
PERU, ECUADOR, AND BOLIVIA
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ECONOMIC INTEGRATION(CONTINUED)
GROUP OF THREE (G-3) FORMED IN 1995 INCLUDES MEXICO, VENEZUELA, AND
COLOMBIA A FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION WHICH AIMS
TO PHASE OUT ALL TARIFFS BY 2005
NAFTA LAUNCHED BY THE US, MEXICO, AND
CANADA IN 1995 AIMS TO INCLUDE CHILE
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BARRIERS TO INTEGRATION
A HOLLOW CONTINENT - WHY?PHYSIOGRAPHIC BARRIERSNON-COMPLEMENTARY ECONOMIESLACK OF DEVELOPED INFRASTRUCTUREINDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES ORIENTED TOWARDS EUROPE AND THE US – NOT TOWARDS EACH OTHER
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POLITICAL MAP
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URBANIZATION
THE MOVEMENT TO AND CLUSTERING OF PEOPLE IN TOWNS AND CITIESTHE PERCENTAGE OF A COUNTRY’S POPULATION LIVING IN CITIES78% - CONTINENT-WIDE IN SOUTH AMERICASOUTH AMERICA’S INCREASE BASED ON RATE OF “NATURAL INCREASE” AND INTERNAL MIGRATIONTHE “LATIN AMERICAN CITY” MODEL
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GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
CBD
CommercialSpine
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GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
Elite Residential Sector
CBD
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GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
Elite Residential Sector
Zone of MaturityCBD
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GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
Elite Residential Sector
Zone of Maturity
Zone in Situ Accretion
CBD
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GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
Elite Residential Sector
Zone of Maturity
Zone in Situ Accretion
Zone of peripheralsquatter settlements
CBD
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GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
Elite Residential Sector
Zone of Maturity
Zone in Situ Accretion
Zone of peripheralsquatter settlements
CBD
Disamenity Disamenity
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GLOBAL URBANIZATION
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Per
cen
tag
e
World
N. America
Europe
Russia
M & S America
Asia
Africa
Urban Population as a Percentage of TotalPopulation in Different Areas of the World, 1950-2000
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SOUTH AMERICA(CHAPTER 5: 238-251)