SOUTH AMERICA(CHAPTER 5

REGIONS OF THE REGIONS OF THE REALMREALM

BRAZIL

NORTHCOLOMBIAVENEZUELAGUYANASURINAMEFRENCH GUIANA

SOUTHARGENTINACHILEURUGUAYPARAGUAY

WESTPERUECUADORBOLIVIA

MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES

PHYSIOGRAPHY IS DOMINATED BY THE ANDES MOUNTAINS AND THE AMAZON BASIN.

POPULATION IS CONCENTRATED ALONG THE PERIPHERY.

CULTURAL PLURALISM EXISTS IN MOST COUNTRIES AND IS EXPRESSED REGIONALLY.

PHYSICALENVIRONMENT

PRECIPITATION

POPULATIONCARTOGRAM

Pg 253

THE INCA EMPIRE

CULTURE HEARTH-INTERMONTANE BASIN AROUND CUZCO (1200-1535 A.D.)

ALTIPLANOS WERE KEY TO SETTLEMENT PATTERNS (ELONGATED BASINS IN THE HIGH ANDES). SEE PG 245.

20 MILLION SUBJECTS AT ITS ZENITH TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS AND

INTEGRATION EFFORTS WERE MOST IMPRESSIVE.

A HIGHLY CENTRALIZED STATE

INDIGENOUS PEOPLES&

COLONIAL DOMAINS

SOUTH AMERICA’SCULTURE SPHERES

SOUTH AMERICA’S CULTURE SPHERES

Tropical-plantation

European-commercial

Amerind-subsistence

Mestizo-transitional

Undifferentiated

CULTURE SPHERES

Tropical-plantation

Resembles Middle America’s Rimland

Locations, soils, & tropical climates favor plantation crops, especially sugar.

Initially relied on African slave labor

CULTURE SPHERES

European-commercial The most “Latin” part of

South America Includes the Pampas -

temperate grasslands Economically most

advanced Transportation networks

and quality of life are excellent.

CULTURE SPHERES

Amerind-subsistence

Correlates with the former Inca Empire

Includes some of South America’s poorest areas

Subsistence agriculture must contend with difficult environmental challenges.

CULTURE SPHERES

Mestizo-transitional

Surrounds the Amerindian-subsistence region

A zone of mixture- culturally & agriculturally

CULTURE SPHERES

Undifferentiated Characteristics are

difficult to classify. Sparsely populated Isolation and lack of

change- notable features

Development of Amazonia may prompt significant changes.

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

Supranational Organizations:

MERCOSUR LAUNCHED IN 1995 INCLUDES BRAZIL, ARGENTINA, URUGUAY,

AND PARAGUAY ANDEAN COMMUNITY

INITIALLY FORMED IN 1969 (ANDEAN PACT) RESTARTED IN 1995 MEMBERS ARE VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA,

PERU, ECUADOR, AND BOLIVIA

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION(CONTINUED)

GROUP OF THREE (G-3) FORMED IN 1995 INCLUDES MEXICO, VENEZUELA, AND COLOMBIA A FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION WHICH AIMED TO

PHASE OUT ALL TARIFFS BY 2005

NAFTA LAUNCHED BY THE US, MEXICO, AND CANADA IN

1994 SEEKING TO EXPAND INTO SOUTH AMERICA TO

INCLUDE CHILE

POLITICAL DIVISIONS

URBANIZATION

THE MOVEMENT TO AND CLUSTERING OF PEOPLE IN TOWNS AND CITIES

THE PERCENTAGE OF A COUNTRY’S POPULATION LIVING IN CITIES

79% - CONTINENT-WIDE IN SOUTH AMERICA (HIGHER THAN EUROPE’S 75%)

SOUTH AMERICA’S INCREASE BASED ON RATE OF “NATURAL INCREASE” AND INTERNAL MIGRATION

THE “LATIN AMERICAN CITY” MODEL, PG 254. How does it differ from American (U.S.)?

GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY

Commercial/Industrial

CBD

CommercialSpine

GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY

Commercial/Industrial

Elite Residential Sector

CBD

GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY

Commercial/Industrial

Elite Residential Sector

Zone of MaturityCBD

GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY

Commercial/Industrial

Elite Residential Sector

Zone of Maturity

Zone in Situ Accretion

CBD

GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY

Commercial/Industrial

Elite Residential Sector

Zone of Maturity

Zone in Situ Accretion

Zone of peripheralsquatter settlements

CBD

GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY

Commercial/Industrial

Elite Residential Sector

Zone of Maturity

Zone in Situ Accretion

Zone of peripheralsquatter settlements

CBD

Disamenity Disamenity

Contrasts within S/American cities – rich versus poor