south asia and the middle east
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South Asia and the Middle East. By Rachael Klein and Claire Howlett. Technology & Environmental Transformations (to 600 BCE); Reorganization of Human Societies (600 BCE – 600 CE). Interaction Between Humans and the Environment To 600 BCE Adaptation Population growth Bronze Age - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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South Asia and the Middle EastBy Rachael Klein and Claire Howlett
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Technology & Environmental Transformations (to 600 BCE); Reorganization of Human Societies (600 BCE – 600 CE)
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Interaction Between Humans and the Environment• To 600 BCE
• Adaptation• Population growth• Bronze Age• River valleys• Indian geography• Aryan migrations
• 600 BCE – 600 CE• Middle East
• Camel nomads• India
• Regionalism
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Technology & Environmental Transformations (to 600 BCE); Reorganization of Human Societies (600 BCE – 600 CE)
Development and Interaction of Cultures• To 600 BCE
• Tigris-Euphrates• Cuneiform• Polytheistic religion
• Vedic, Epic Ages• Sanskrit
• 600 BCE – 600 CE• Bedouin culture
• Oral poetry• Animistic religion• Honor codes
• Islam• Monotheistic• Umma• Ethical system• Five pillars
• India• Hinduism• Buddhism• Math, science• Islam came
Cuneiform
Sanskrit
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Technology & Environmental Transformations (to 600 BCE); Reorganization of Human Societies (600 BCE – 600 CE)
State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict• To 600 BCE
• Tigris-Euphrates• 600 BCE – 600 CE
• Classical India• Maurya, Gupta• Political diversity• Hun invasion
• Middle East• Bedouins
• Clans, tribes• Shakhs
• Muhammad's life• Revelations• Mecca, Medina• Death
Maurya Dynasty325-200 B.C.E.
Gupta Dynastyc. 300-500 C.E.
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Technology & Environmental Transformations (to 600 BCE); Reorganization of Human Societies (600 BCE – 600 CE)
Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems• To 600 BCE
• Neolithic Revolution• River valleys
• 600 BCE – 600 CE• Middle East
• Trading cities• Mecca• Medina
• Classical India• Advanced trade
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Technology & Environmental Transformations (to 600 BCE); Reorganization of Human Societies (600 BCE – 600 CE)
Development and Transformation of Social Structures• To 600 BCE
• Caste system• 600 BCE – 600 CE
• Bedouin culture• Kinship ties• Interclan rivalries• Women’s role
• Classical India• Caste system• Women’s role
Early caste system
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Interaction Between Humans and the Environment• Crusades• Regional conflicts• Environmental damage• India
• Nomadic invasion• Islamic incursions• Arab colonies• Migrants
Regional & Transregional Interactions (600 CE – 1450 CE)
Christian crusades
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Development and Interaction of Cultures• Middle East
• Sunni-Shi’a split• Art, learning• Crusades• Persian language• Religious trends• Indian influence
• India• Islam introduced• Arab colonies• Islam spread• Mosques, schools• Conversion• Islamic assimilation• Devotional cults
Regional & Transregional Interactions (600 CE – 1450 CE)
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Regional & Transregional Interactions (600 CE – 1450 CE)
State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict• Umayyad Empire
• Ridda Wars• Conquest
• Motivation• Converts
• Luxury = decline• Abbasid Empire
• Alliance• Ideals changed
• Corruption• Wazir
• Buyids• Seljuk Turks• Mongol invasions
• India• Sind conquered• Turkish invasions• Military states
Umayyad Empire
Abbasid Empire
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Regional & Transregional Interactions (600 CE – 1450 CE)
Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems• Abbasids
• Urban expansion• Merchant classes• Artisans• Afro-Eurasian trading• Slave role• Decline = poor economy
• Umayyads• Silk Road• Sea trade• Agricultural production• Banks
• India• Agricultural developments• Sea commerce• Spice trade• Industrialization
Silk Road trade routes
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Regional & Transregional Interactions (600 CE – 1450 CE)
Development and Transformation of Social Structures• Middle East
• Islam = unity• Mawali• Dhimmi• Women under Muhammad• Abbasid conversion• Ayan• Women’s decline
• Harem, veil• India
• Islamic tolerance• Early conversion• Later conversion
• High-caste domination
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Global Interactions (1450 CE – 1750 CE)
Interaction Between Humans and the Environment• Urban growth• Farming technology• Irrigation• Environmental knowledge• Printing• Gunpowder• Demographic swings
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Global Interactions (1450 CE – 1750 CE)
Development and Interaction of Cultures• Religion v. art• Rational scholarship• Ottoman Empire
• Constantinople restored• Turkish language
• Safavid Empire• Shi’ism• Persian culture• Religious society
• Mughal Empire• Patron rulers• Architecture
Hagia Sophia
Taj Mahal
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Global Interactions (1450 CE – 1750 CE)State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict• Ottoman Empire
• Conquest-focused• Captured Constantinople• Naval domination• Regional control• Growing bureaucracy• Succession disputes• Ottoman decline
• Size• Corruption• Weak rulers• Technological disadvantage
• Safavid Empire• Conquered Persia• Battle of Chaldiran• Slave youths• Afghani invasion
• Mughal Empire• Turkic invaders• Captured plains• Babur’s death• Akbar• Mughal decline
• Hindu persecution• Warfare• Regional power
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Global Interactions (1450 CE – 1750 CE)
Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems• Western dominance
• Serfdom• Worsened agriculture
• Tax revenue• Merchants
• Fell behind Europeans• Indian Ocean
• Indian spices• Ottoman Empire
• Constantinople = commerce• Government regulation• Artisan guilds• Bullion inflation• Portuguese navy
• Safavid Empire• Trade center
• Mughal Empire• Cotton textiles
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Global Interactions (1450 CE – 1750 CE)
Development and Transformation of Social Structures• Ottoman Empire
• Warrior aristocracy• Janissaries• Merchants, artisans• “Peoples of the book”
• Safavid Empire• Turkic warriors• Slaves’ role
• Mughal Empire• Hindu advancement• Warrior aristocracy• Women’s advancement• Eventual decline
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Industrialization & Global Integration (1750 CE – 1900 CE)
Interaction Between Humans and the Environment• Public construction• Suez Canal• Communication advancements
• Newspapers• Industrialization• Opium growth
Suez Canal
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Industrialization & Global Integration (1750 CE – 1900 CE)
Development and Interaction of Cultures• Ottoman Empire
• Westernization• Reformers v. conservatives• Educational reforms• Turkish culture
• Colonial India• British assimilation• Women’s arrival• Evangelism• Utilitarian philosophy
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Industrialization & Global Integration (1750 CE – 1900 CE)
State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict• Ottoman Empire
• Continuous decline• Lost territory• British support• Reform blocked• Destroyed Janissaries• Tanzimat reforms
• First Constitution• Western ideals• Absolutism, briefly• Young Turks• Weaknesses remained
• Colonial India• Mughal collapse• British East India Company• Sepoys• Presidencies• Company agents• Corrupt officials• Reform efforts
Reduction of Ottoman territory
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Industrialization & Global Integration (1750 CE – 1900 CE)
Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems• Ottoman decline• Artisans struggled• Colonial India
• Ports• Raw materials
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Industrialization & Global Integration (1750 CE – 1900 CE)
Development and Transformation of Social Structures• Ottoman Empire
• Tanzimat reforms• Religious equality• Women oppressed• Secondary schools
• Colonial India• Maintained hierarchy• New class• Ended sati
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Accelerating Global Change & Realignments (1900 CE – Present)
Interaction Between Humans and the Environment• Urban migration• Population growth• Pakistan formed• Palestinian-Arab Flee• Jewish migration• Partition• Green Revolution
Formation of Israel
Formation of Pakistan
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Accelerating Global Change & Realignments (1900 CE – Present)
Development and Interaction of Cultures• India
• Indian identity• Muslims vs. Hindus• Gandhi• Railway network
• Middle East• Zionism• Islamic societies
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Accelerating Global Change & Realignments (1900 CE – Present)
State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict• World War I
• Ottoman-German alliance• Indian participation• Treaty of Versailles
• Promises forgotten• Territory divided
• Indian independence• Congress party• Nationalist leaders• Post-WWII movements• Independence granted• Pakistan formed
• Middle Eastern Nationalism• Balfour Declaration• Establishment of Israel
• US involvement• Modern India
• Civilian rule• Socialist measures
• Iran• Authoritarian rule• Revolution of 1979• Iran-Iraq war
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Accelerating Global Change & Realignments (1900 CE – Present)
Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems• Great Depression• Foreign investment• Neocolonial economy• Free trade• Middle East
• Oil• Modern India
• Railroads• Private initiative
World Oil Production
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Accelerating Global Change & Realignments (1900 CE – Present)
Development and Transformation of Social Structures• Female subordination
• Cultural inferiority• Health, sanitation• Increased literacy
• Post-WWI India• British racism• Nationalist groups• Caste system
• Modern India• Middle class• Poor majority• Social tension
• Green revolution