SOUTHERN KINGDOMSOUTHERN ARCHITECTURE IS DIVIDED INTO 5 PERIODS CORRESPONDING TO 5 PRINCIPAL KINGDOMS-

•PALLAVAS (600-900)•CHOLAS (900-1150)•PANDYA (1100-1350)•VIJAYNAGAR(1350-1565)•MADURA(FROM 1600)

PALLAVA DYNASTY(A.D.600-900)

SECOND PHASE (8th AND 9th ) -STRUCTURAL

ARCHITECTURE

FIRST PHASE (7th CENTURY) -

ROCK CUT ARCHITECTUE

TWO PHASES

PALLAVA DYNASTY WERE DIVIDED INTO TWO PHASES

PALLAVA KINGDOMTHE CENTRE OF KINGDOM LAY ON LOWER REACHES OF PALAR RIVER, AND CHIEF EXAMPLES OF PALLAVA ARCHITECTURE WERE FOUND AROUND THE TOWN OF CONJEEVARAM (KANCHIPURAM).

ROCK ARCHITECTURE (7th CENTURY)

ROCK ARCHITECTURE HAS TAKEN TWO FORMS—

•MANDAPAS (EXCAVATION)•RATHAS (MONOLITH)

MANDAPAMANDAPA IS AN OPEN PAVILION, AND, AS EXCAVATED IN THE ROCKIT TAKES THE SHAPE OF SIMPLE COLUMNED HALL WITH ONE OR MORE CELLAS IN THE BACK HALLEXTERIOR- A FACADEFORMED

OF A ROW OF PILLARS .

PILLARS EACH PILLAR AVERAGING-

7 FT IN HEIGHT

2 FT IN DIAMETER

SHAFTS BEING SQUARE IN SECTION EXCEPT FOR THE MIDDLE THIRD WHICH IS

CHAMFERED INTO AN

OCTAGON

AN IMMENSE AND HEAVY BRACKET PROVIDES THE CAPITAL

620A.D.MAMALLAPURAM

625 A.D.TRICHINOPOLY

625 A.D. 700 A.D.

FEATURES OF ORDER

PILLAR REST ON SEDENT ANIMAL’S (LEONINE FIGURE)HEAD

FLUTED AND BANDED SHAFT(STAMBHAM)

THE REFINED NECKING (TADI)

THE ELEGANT CURVES OF MELON CAPITAL (KUMBHA)

LOTUS FORM (IDAIE)

WIDE ABACUS (PALAGAI)

KUDU-IT WAS IDENTIFIED AS THE BUDDHIST CHAITYA-ARCH MUCH REDUCED AND ANDCONVERTED INTO AN OBJECT OF DECORATION.ROLL CORNICE WAS ORNAMENTED AT INTERVALS WITH MOTIF KNOWN AS KUDU

RATHA (SEVEN PAGODAS)

RATHA(SEVEN PAGODAS) A RATHA IS IN REALITY A

CAR OR CHARIOT, PROVIDED BY THE TEMPLE AUTHORITIES FOR THE CONVEYANCE OF THE IMAGE OF THE DEITY DURING PROCESSIONS

IT REFERS TO A SERIES OF MONOLITHIC SHRINES , WHICH ARE EXACT COPIES IN GRANITE.

THEY ARE BUILT OF WOOD, AS SHOWN BY BEAM-HEADS RAFTERS AND PURLINS.

EIGHT PAGODASNORTH WEST- VALAIYANKUTTAI

PIDARI

SOUTH - DRAUPADI

ARJUNA

BHIMA

DHARMARAJA

SAHADEVA

NORTH - GANESHA

PANCHA RATH

PLAN OF PANCH RATHA

• SAMLLEST , SIMPLEST AND MOST FINISHED

•MERELY A CELL

•ROOF LIKE THAT OF THATCHED ROOFS OF HUTS IN VILLAGES

•BASE IS SUPPORTED BY FIGURES OF ANIMALS

•SQUARE IN PLAN

•FULL SIZE SCULPTURES

ARJUN RATH

• 2 STOREYED•ON THE SAME PLATFORM AS THAT OF DRAUPADI RATHA•OCTAGONAL DOME•SIMILAR TO DHARMARAJA RATH• BUT 1 LESS TIER ON ITS TOP

DHARMARAJ RATHA

• ELEVATION IN 2 PARTS•BELOW-SQUARE PORTION WITH PILLARED VERANDAH•ABOVE-PYRAMIDAL SHAPE SIKHARA•LION PILLARED PORTICOS•ALL SIDES HAVE SAME BLOCKS SO SAME ELEVATION FROM EACH SIDE

• KALASH ABOVE•BLOCKS OF ROCK CUT•THESE REPEATED IN ALL SIDES

NAKULA-SAHDEV RATHA

•BASED ON BUDDHIST CHAITYA HALL•OBLONG IN PLAN•APSIDAL FORM•BACK RESEMBLING THAT OF AN ELEPLANT•ALSO A HUGE ELEPHANT CARVED ON ITS SIDE

BHIM RATHA

•BAESD ON CHAITAYA HALL OR BHUDDIST TEMPLES•30’ LONG AND 16’ HIGH-OBLONG IN PLAN•SINGLE STOREYED•KEEL ROOF WITH GABLE AT EACH END•VERANDAH ON SIDES

HERE ANIMALS ARE ALSO CARVED IN ROCKS WHICH REPRESENTS-

1. LION-DURGA

2. ELEPHANT-INDRA

3. BULL-SIVA

GANESH RATHA

• BASED ON BUDDHIST CHAITAYA HALL•OBLONG IN PLAN•ENTRANCE IS THROUGH A PILLADRED PORTICO ON ITS LONG SIDE•DOUBLE STOREYED

STRUCTURAL ARCHITECTURE•STRUCTURAL ARCHITECTURE FLOURISHED UNDER NARSIMHAVARMAN•FAMOUS TEMPLES ARE SHORE TEMPLE , KAILASHNATH, VAINKANTHIKUSHAL TEMPLE.

RAJSIMHA GROUP690 A.D-800 A.D

NANDIVERMA GROUP800 A.D-900 A.D

• Located at MAHABALIPURAMMAMALLAPURAM,PORT CITY OF KANCHIPURAM,PALLAVA CAPITAL.

• Built by NARSIMHAVERMA RAJSIMHA

(690 A.D- 715 A.D)

* MOST FAMOUS ONE, STANDS ON THE EXTREMEFOR SHORE OF COROMANDAL COAST, OVERLOOKING THE BAY OF BENGAL, BUILT WITH BLOCKS OFGRANITE.

* AS ONE OF THE GROUP OF MONUMENTS ATMAHABALIPURAM, IT HAS BEEN CLASSIFIEDAS A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE SINCE 1984.

MAHABALIPURAMSHORE TEMPLE

Consists of 2 PYRAMIDAL TOWERSover 2 SHRINES

SHRINE 1SITUATED IN EAST

DEDDICATED TO LORD SHIVA

SHRINE 2SITUATED IN WEST

DEDICATED TO LORD VISHNU

*THESE SHRINES ACTED AS LIGHTHOUSESFOR SHIPS

*THE WHOLE STRUCTURE IS ENCLOSED WITHA MASSIVE WALL ,AND THE ENTRANCE ISPROVIDED FROM WEST.

WALLS: PARAPET AND COPING CROWNED BY FIGURES OF KNEELING BULLS,SCULPTURES AND KUDU.

The carvings on roof resembles the panch rathas.Roofs carved with finials, showing that the temple was completeAnd functional.EXTERIOR: * BOLDLY CARVED WITH LION AND OTHER

SUPERNATURAL ANIMALS.* ALSO CONTAIN THE IMAGES OF PARVATI

SHIVASUBRAMANYA

* KUDUS WERE THE IDENTIFYING FEATURES

OF TEMPLE WALLS.

Beneath the towers, the sanctuary walls are largely undecorated, although their engaged columns are carved with lion bases.

VIMANA LARGER VIMANA/TOWER, OVER SHRINE Is ABOUT 20 M HIGH. IT HAS UMBRELLA SHAPED KALASA (octagonal Dome), AT IT’S SUMMIT.

VERENDAH BEHIND CONTAINSA FIGURE OF LORD VISHNURECLINING ON

IN THE GARBHAGRIHA(SANCTOM SANCTORUM),AN IMAGE OF SHIVALINGA

EMBRACES THESITE. AT REAREND ONE CAN SEE TWO

SHRINES FACING EACH OTHER

A BORE OUTSIDE THE TEMPLE NEAR LINGAM

CARVINGS ON OUTSIDEAND INSIDE WALLS

ARDHAMANDAPAGARBHGRIHA ESTABLISHED WITHA LARGE LINGAM, WITH 16 SIDES

PERIMETER ABOUT 2 M.

THE TWO ISOLATED BUILDINGS

MAHAMANDAPA AND CENTRALVIMANA(SHRINE) ARE JOINED BYAN INTERMEDIATE HALL CALLEDARDHAMANDAPA, WHICH IS BUILTMUCH LATER IN 14TH CENTURY AD.

CENTRAL SHRINE SURROUNDED By SMALLER SHRINES WITH SMALL SHIKHARS 8 SMALL SHRINES, 6 TO RIGHTAND 2 TO LEFT.

(ALL DESIGNEDSIMILARTO RATHAsAT MAHABALIPURAM)

STONE NANDI

NANDI- SHIVA BULL SEATED ON LARGE PLATFORMHEIGHT- 2.8MLENGTH – 2M

Leo graph motif(rampant lion pilaster)

•ORNAMENTAL SUPPORT\

• REGARDED AS IDENTIFYING FEATURE OF PALLAVA STYLE.

• ORIGIN IS A MYSTERY.