s&p elements group 14
TRANSCRIPT
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Usama El-Ayaan
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[He] 2s2 2p2
[Ne] 3s2 3p2
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2Usama El-Ayaan
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d.
.
C=C, CC , CN
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1-:
Ge, Si
(d)10
Pb, Sn(f)14
.
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(d,f)
(s,p)s>p>d>f
2-.
3-M4+
.
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.
.
s.
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complexes
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...
sp2sp3
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.
Alkanes CnH2n+2(CH4, C2H6, C3H8)
Alkenes CnH2n(C2H4 , C3H6)
Alkynes CnH2n-2HCCH
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SinH2n+2
Mg2Si:
SiH4LiAlH4
624SOH
2
HSi,SiHSiMgSiMg2 42
SiCl4 + LiAlH4 SiH4
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PbI4 -(SnF4PbF4 ,
.)
CF4
CF2Cl2 , CFCl3
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What is Ozone?
O3
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What is Ozone?
O
O
O
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What is Ozone?
O
O
O
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What is Ozone?
O
O
O OOO
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1-
,
,.
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:,17.
:1750.
:70-80
.
:100.
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The Stratosphere
Lithosphere
Stratosphere
Troposphere10 km
20 km
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Formation of Ozone in the
Stratosphere
O2 + UVCO + O
O + O2 O3
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Function of Ozone in the Stratosphere
O3 + UVBO + O2
O + O2 O3
and the cycle continues
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Incoming UV
Scattered UV
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1Movie
3Movie
Stratospheric ozone
CFC compounds
2Movie
Ozone destruction
Usama El-Ayaan
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch31120/035_StratosOzone.movhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch31120/036_CFCsAndOzone.movhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch31120/037_DestructOzon.movhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch31120/037_DestructOzon.movhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch31120/036_CFCsAndOzone.movhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch31120/035_StratosOzone.movhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch31120/035_StratosOzone.mov -
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()
(CFCs)
1-.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. Usama El-Ayaan
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CFCs
Chlorofluorocarbons example: CF2Cl2 (dichlorodifluromethane)
Developed by General Motors in 1928 to be used
as non-toxic, non-flammable refrigereants Previous refrigerants used
ammonia (NH3) - TOXIC!
Butane (C4H10) - FLAMMABLE!
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Cl
Cl
FF
C
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So what is the problem with
CFCs?
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THEY ARE TOO STABLE!
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CFCs will not react in theTroposphere and will eventually
reach the Stratosphere where theycan react with high energy UV
light
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Reaction of CF2Cl2 in the
stratosphere CF2Cl2 + UV CF2Cl + Cl
Cl + O3ClO + O2
ClO + OCl + O2
and the Cl atom is free to continue its cycle
of destruction
Cl speeds up (catalyzes) the conversion of
O3 to O2
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Fact: CFCs are DENSER than air
How do they get to thestratosphere?
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.
().
.
.
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:
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OHCOSOHHCOOH 242
.
2
232
COCuCOCuO
CO3Fe2CO3OFe
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22
2223
COOC
OHCOCaClHCl2CaCO
CO2
23 COCaOCaCO
2
CO2
Ca(OH)
23OH
23
2322
)HCO(CaCOCaCO
OHCaCOCO)OH(Ca
2
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CO23222 COHOHCO
sp
O=C=O
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SiO2SiSiO2()
-CO2-2SiO
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NaOH, HF
n322
242
)SiONa(NaOHSiO
OH2SiFHF4SiO
Transistors
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1-2-
3-4-(3930)
5-sp3()
6-
1-2-
3-4-
5-sp2
6-Usama El-Ayaan
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[CC]2-
B4C, SiC
SiC