SpainSpain

monarchsmonarchs

Until the reign of Carlos I – Spain was divided into the Until the reign of Carlos I – Spain was divided into the separate kingdoms of Castile, Leon, Aragon, and separate kingdoms of Castile, Leon, Aragon, and Navarre. Most of modern Spain was allied when Isabella Navarre. Most of modern Spain was allied when Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragonof Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon

Isabella and Ferdinand Isabella and Ferdinand married 1469married 1469

Isabella the CatholicIsabella the Catholic Start of the unification of SpainStart of the unification of Spain Granada – MoorsGranada – Moors Treaty of Granada 1492 – MoriscosTreaty of Granada 1492 – Moriscos Jews – ConversosJews – Conversos 1492 – Alhambra Decree1492 – Alhambra Decree Spanish Inquisition – Tomas de TorquemadaSpanish Inquisition – Tomas de Torquemada HermanadaHermanada Ferdinand – control of Naples – battling to keep French out of ItalyFerdinand – control of Naples – battling to keep French out of Italy Children:Children: Joanna the MadJoanna the Mad Catherine of AragonCatherine of Aragon Isabella was succeeded by her daughter Joanna the Mad (rule actually by son Isabella was succeeded by her daughter Joanna the Mad (rule actually by son

Charles V)Charles V) Ferdinand succeeded by his grandson Charles V HREFerdinand succeeded by his grandson Charles V HRE ***use of religion to unify a nation – who is more powerful here – the church or the ***use of religion to unify a nation – who is more powerful here – the church or the

monarchy????? monarchy?????

Charles I of Spain r. 1516-1556Charles I of Spain r. 1516-1556 See Holy Roman EmperorsSee Holy Roman Emperors Charles V HRECharles V HRE First monarch to use term “His First monarch to use term “His

Majesty” “His Imperial Majesty” as the Majesty” “His Imperial Majesty” as the Spanish and Habsburg lands were so Spanish and Habsburg lands were so vastvast

““Spanish to God, French to men, Spanish to God, French to men, Italian to women and German to his Italian to women and German to his horse”horse”

Ambiguous relationship with FranceAmbiguous relationship with France Legitimate children:Legitimate children: Philip II of SpainPhilip II of Spain Illegitimate children:Illegitimate children: Margaret of Margaret of

ParmaParma Charles inherited the Low Countries Charles inherited the Low Countries

and Franche-Comté from his father – and Franche-Comté from his father – ruled by his aunt Margaret as regent ruled by his aunt Margaret as regent when Charles was young – Charles when Charles was young – Charles grew up here – area responsible for grew up here – area responsible for trade to the HREtrade to the HRE

Inherited Habsburg lands in 1519 when Maximilian died – election as HRE held up by Francis I of France and Inherited Habsburg lands in 1519 when Maximilian died – election as HRE held up by Francis I of France and Pope Leo X – 1527 Spanish troops invaded Rome and attacked the papacy – Charles crowned HRE by Pope Leo X – 1527 Spanish troops invaded Rome and attacked the papacy – Charles crowned HRE by Clement VII 1530 – the last HRE to receive a papal coronationClement VII 1530 – the last HRE to receive a papal coronation

In Spain, Charles installed an imperial rule – upset manyIn Spain, Charles installed an imperial rule – upset many Expanded Spanish territories in New WorldExpanded Spanish territories in New World War with France:War with France: 1521 – HRE, England, Papacy vs. France and Venice – drove French out of Milan and defeated the French at 1521 – HRE, England, Papacy vs. France and Venice – drove French out of Milan and defeated the French at

BATTLE OF PAVIA 1525 – Francis I forced to sign TREATY OF MADRID 1526 – France gave much of BATTLE OF PAVIA 1525 – Francis I forced to sign TREATY OF MADRID 1526 – France gave much of Burgundy to Charles Parlement of Paris later renounced treatyBurgundy to Charles Parlement of Paris later renounced treaty

League of Cognac – Papacy, England, Venice, Florence and Milan to resist HRE – SACK OF ROME 1527 – League of Cognac – Papacy, England, Venice, Florence and Milan to resist HRE – SACK OF ROME 1527 – the Imperial control of the papacy prevented a Catholic annulment of the marriage of Henry VIII and Catherine the Imperial control of the papacy prevented a Catholic annulment of the marriage of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon.of Aragon.

Treaty of Cambrai 1529 “Ladies’ Peace” Charles’ aunt Margaret and Francis I’s mother – France gave up Treaty of Cambrai 1529 “Ladies’ Peace” Charles’ aunt Margaret and Francis I’s mother – France gave up claims in Italy and France retained Burgundyclaims in Italy and France retained Burgundy

1535 – Charles tried to place his son Philip as Duke of Milan – Charles allied with Duke of Savoy – 1535 – Charles tried to place his son Philip as Duke of Milan – Charles allied with Duke of Savoy – inconclusive war – French allied with Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I – Franco-Ottoman navies attacked Nice – inconclusive war – French allied with Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I – Franco-Ottoman navies attacked Nice – Charles allied with Henry VIIICharles allied with Henry VIII

1551 – Henry II of France fought Charles in Lorraine – inconclusive – Charles abdicated 15561551 – Henry II of France fought Charles in Lorraine – inconclusive – Charles abdicated 1556 War against the Ottoman Turks – 1529 Turkish siege of Vienna – 1526 Hungarians defeated at Battle of War against the Ottoman Turks – 1529 Turkish siege of Vienna – 1526 Hungarians defeated at Battle of

MohacsMohacs REFORMATION – “An argument between monks” – a religious and political attack on the power of the HREREFORMATION – “An argument between monks” – a religious and political attack on the power of the HRE 1556 abdicated- Spain and Low Countries to son Philip II – brother Ferdinand I became HRE1556 abdicated- Spain and Low Countries to son Philip II – brother Ferdinand I became HRE

Philip IIPhilip II son of Charles V son of Charles V King of Spain 1556-1598King of Spain 1556-1598 King of Naples and Sicily 1554-1598King of Naples and Sicily 1554-1598 King of Portugal 1580-1598King of Portugal 1580-1598 Co-Regent of England 1556-1558Co-Regent of England 1556-1558 Developed empire in the Americas with Developed empire in the Americas with

gold and silver from the native peoplesgold and silver from the native peoples Led a bloody war in the Netherlands to Led a bloody war in the Netherlands to

maintain Spanish and Catholic powermaintain Spanish and Catholic power Organized Spanish Armada to conquer Organized Spanish Armada to conquer

EnglandEngland m.1. Maria of Portugalm.1. Maria of Portugal m.2. Mary I of Englandm.2. Mary I of England m3. Elizabeth of Valoism3. Elizabeth of Valois m.4. Anne of Austria – daughter of m.4. Anne of Austria – daughter of

Maximilian II HRE and Maria of Spain Maximilian II HRE and Maria of Spain (Philip’s sister) – YES he married his (Philip’s sister) – YES he married his nieceniece

Succeeded by his son: Philip IIISucceeded by his son: Philip III

PHILIP III PHILIP III R. 1598-1621 R. 1598-1621 son of Philip II and his son of Philip II and his

fourth wifefourth wife m. Margaret of Austria – m. Margaret of Austria –

sister of Ferdinand II sister of Ferdinand II HREHRE

their daughter: Anne of their daughter: Anne of Austria m. Louis XIII of Austria m. Louis XIII of FranceFrance

succeeded by son Philip succeeded by son Philip IV IV

PHILIP IVPHILIP IV r. 1621-1665 r. 1621-1665 m. Elizabeth of Bourbon – m. Elizabeth of Bourbon –

daughter of Henry IV of daughter of Henry IV of FranceFrance

their daughter their daughter MARIA MARIA THERESE OF SPAIN m. THERESE OF SPAIN m. Louis XIV of FranceLouis XIV of France this led this led

to the WAR OF THE to the WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSIONSPANISH SUCCESSION

m2. Mariana of Austriam2. Mariana of Austria their son was: their son was:

Charles II of SpainCharles II of Spain succeeded by his son succeeded by his son

Charles/Carlos II Charles/Carlos II

CHARLES II/CARLOS II “El Hechizado” CHARLES II/CARLOS II “El Hechizado” “The Bewitched”“The Bewitched”

r. 1665-1700r. 1665-1700 Charles suffered from the inbreeding of the Charles suffered from the inbreeding of the

Habsburgs – ex. His grandmother was Habsburgs – ex. His grandmother was also his aunt – he was descended from also his aunt – he was descended from Joanna the Mad 14 different waysJoanna the Mad 14 different ways

He was exorcised – he was physically and He was exorcised – he was physically and mentally deformed mentally deformed

m. Marie Louise of Orleans – niece of m. Marie Louise of Orleans – niece of Louis XIV of France – her husband’s Louis XIV of France – her husband’s impotency led her to obesity and death in impotency led her to obesity and death in her twenties.her twenties.

Charles often had his dead relatives Charles often had his dead relatives exhumed in order to look at them.exhumed in order to look at them.

he left no children – leading to the WAR he left no children – leading to the WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION – his OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION – his sister’s grandson Philip was placed on the sister’s grandson Philip was placed on the throne. throne.

PHILIP V The First Bourbon PHILIP V The First Bourbon Spanish MonarchSpanish Monarch

r. 1700-1746 grandson of Philip IV of r. 1700-1746 grandson of Philip IV of SpainSpain

son of: Louis, Le Grand Dauphin son of: Louis, Le Grand Dauphin – – son of Louis XIV of France and son of Louis XIV of France and

Maria Therese of SpainMaria Therese of Spain his reign was brought about by the his reign was brought about by the

WAR OF THE SPANISH WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION – European nations SUCCESSION – European nations feared that a Bourbon on the throne feared that a Bourbon on the throne of Spain and France would alter the of Spain and France would alter the balance of European power. The balance of European power. The was ended with the Treaty of Utrecht was ended with the Treaty of Utrecht – Philip was allowed to remain as – Philip was allowed to remain as king BUT the two thrones could never king BUT the two thrones could never be united.be united.

succeeded by his son Ferdinand VI succeeded by his son Ferdinand VI

FERDINAND VI FERDINAND VI r. r. 1746-1759 1746-1759 succeeded by his succeeded by his half-brother Charles half-brother Charles IIIIII

CHARLES IIICHARLES III r. r. 1759-1788 – also 1759-1788 – also King of the Two King of the Two SiciliesSicilies

son of: Philip Vson of: Philip V succeeded by son succeeded by son

Charles IV Charles IV

CHARLES IV CHARLES IV r. 1788-r. 1788-1808 abdicated when 1808 abdicated when Spain was overrun by Spain was overrun by NAPOLEON – who NAPOLEON – who made his brother Joseph made his brother Joseph king of Spainking of Spain

painting of Charles IV painting of Charles IV and his family by GOYA and his family by GOYA

JOSEPH JOSEPH BONAPARTE BONAPARTE

r. 1808-1813 – r. 1808-1813 – placed on the throne placed on the throne of Spain by his of Spain by his brother NAPOLEON brother NAPOLEON – removed from – removed from power by the forces power by the forces against Napoleonagainst Napoleon

FERDINAND VII – FERDINAND VII – r. 1813-r. 1813-1833 son of Charles IV1833 son of Charles IV

Restored to power after the Restored to power after the defeat of Napoleondefeat of Napoleon

REVOLUTION OF 1820 – REVOLUTION OF 1820 – Ferdinand gave in to liberal Ferdinand gave in to liberal reforms – only later to have reforms – only later to have conservative forces from the conservative forces from the French, etc. help him regain French, etc. help him regain all power and negate the all power and negate the liberal reforms.liberal reforms.

succeeded by his daughter succeeded by his daughter Isabella II Isabella II

ISABELLA IIISABELLA II r. 1833-1868/1870 r. 1833-1868/1870 CORTES abandoned Salic LawCORTES abandoned Salic Law Corrupt leader and governmentCorrupt leader and government Revolution of 1868 forced her Revolution of 1868 forced her

removal – she abdicated in 1870removal – she abdicated in 1870 Her removal was a cause of the Her removal was a cause of the

Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871 1870 the Spanish government 1870 the Spanish government

elected Amadeus – son of Victor elected Amadeus – son of Victor Emmanuel of Italy as king – but Emmanuel of Italy as king – but he abdicated in 1873 and was he abdicated in 1873 and was followed briefly by the FIRST followed briefly by the FIRST SPANISH REPUBLIC but in 1874 SPANISH REPUBLIC but in 1874 Isabella’s son Alfonso XII Isabella’s son Alfonso XII regained the throne. regained the throne.

AMADEUS AMADEUS r. 1870-1873 r. 1870-1873 abdicated – replaced abdicated – replaced

by the First Spanish by the First Spanish republic 1873-1874 – republic 1873-1874 – 1874 Alfonso XIII 1874 Alfonso XIII assumed power assumed power

ALFONSO XIIALFONSO XII r. 1874-1885 son of r. 1874-1885 son of

Isabella IIIsabella II succeeded by his succeeded by his

son Alfonso XIII son Alfonso XIII

ALFONSO XIII ALFONSO XIII r. 1886-1931r. 1886-1931 Born several months after his father’s Born several months after his father’s

deathdeath m. Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg – m. Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg –

granddaughter of QUEEN VICTORIAgranddaughter of QUEEN VICTORIA removed from power when the removed from power when the

SECOND SPANISH RPEUBLIC was SECOND SPANISH RPEUBLIC was declared in 1931 – went into exile – declared in 1931 – went into exile – tried to influence the Spanish Civil tried to influence the Spanish Civil War.War.

his son Juan de Borbon, Count of his son Juan de Borbon, Count of Barcelona was his heir – but never Barcelona was his heir – but never recognized as king – in 1975 after the recognized as king – in 1975 after the death of Spanish dictator death of Spanish dictator FRANCISCO FRANCO – Spain FRANCISCO FRANCO – Spain became a constitutional monarchy became a constitutional monarchy under the rule of Juan’s son – under the rule of Juan’s son –

JUAN CARLOS r. JUAN CARLOS r. 1975-1975-

grandson of Alfonso grandson of Alfonso XIII XIII