Spain spent most of 2016 without an elected govern-ment, and it narrowly headed off its third electionin a year when incumbent Prime Minister Mariano

Rajoy was able to cobble together a minority governmentin November. The ruling People’s Party finished first inparliamentary elections held in December 2015 andJune 2016 but fell well short of a majority on bothoccasions. With a third election slated for Christmas Day,the centre-left Socialist Party opted to abstain from avote of confidence, and despite vehement objections fromthe anti-austerity Podemosparty, Rajoy was reelected. InCatalonia the independencemovement received an enor-mous boost in the wake ofthe Brexit vote (see SpecialReport on page 292), and forthe first time opinion pollsshowed that a majority ofCatalans favoured a splitfrom Spain.

Vital statisticsBirth rate per 1,000 population (2013): 9.1(world avg. 19.5).

Death rate per 1,000 population (2013): 8.3(world avg. 8.1).

Life expectancy at birth (2013): male 79.9years; female 85.6 years.

Adult population (ages 15–49) living withHIV (2015): 0.4% (world avg. 0.8%).

DemographyPopulation (2016): 46,370,000.Density (2016): persons per sq mi 237.4,persons per sq km 91.6.

Sex distribution (2015): male 49.09%;female 50.91%.

Population projection: (2020) 45,827,000;(2030) 44,556,000.

Major cities (20143): Madrid3,165,235 (urban agglomer-ation [2014] 6,133,000);Barcelona 1,602,386;Valencia 786,424; Sevilla696,676; Zaragoza 666,058.

Urban-rural (2014):

Spain

Official name: Reino de España (Kingdom ofSpain).

Form of government: constitutional monarchywith two legislative houses (Senate [2661];Congress of Deputies [350]).

Head of state: King Felipe VI.Head of government: Prime Minister MarianoRajoy.

Capital: Madrid.Official language: Castilian Spanish2.Official religion: none.Monetary unit: euro (>); valuation (Sept. 1,2016) 1 U.S.$ = >0.89; 1 £ = >1.19.

P LV S VLTRA

Ethnic composition (2000):

Age breakdown (2015):

Religious affiliation (2006):

Area and populationarea population area population

Autonomous 20143 Autonomous 20143

communities sq km estimate communities sq km estimate

Andalusia 87,597 8,402,305Aragon 47,721 1,325,385Asturias 10,604 1,061,756Balearic Islands 4,992 1,103,442Basque Country 7,235 2,188,985Canary Islands 7,447 2,104,815Cantabria 5,321 588,656Castile–La Mancha 79,462 2,078,611Castile-León 94,226 2,494,790Catalonia 32,113 7,518,903Extremadura 41,634 1,099,632

Galicia 29,574 2,748,695La Rioja 5,045 319,002Madrid 8,028 6,454,440Murcia 11,313 1,466,818Navarra 10,390 640,790Valencia 23,255 5,004,844

Autonomous citiesCeuta 19 84,963Melilla 13 84,509TOTAL 505,9904 46,771,3415

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National economyBudget (2007). Revenue: >297,701,000,000 (tax revenue 49.1%, social

contributions 45.6%, grants 1.9%, other 3.4%).Expenditures: >270,293,000,000 (social protection 45.3%,debt service 4.9%, public safety 4.1%, defense 4.0%,health 1.6%, education 0.6%).

Public debt (June 2010): U.S.$2,166,000,000,000.Gross national income (GNI; 2015): U.S.$1,324,057,-000,000 (U.S.$28,520 per capita); purchasing power pari-ty GNI (U.S.$34,490 per capita).

Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture,forestry, fishing (2014): barley 6,933,600, wheat6,471,400, olives 4,577,800, tomatoes 3,683,6008, sugarbeets 3,608,000, potatoes 2,467,600, sunflower seeds981,400, oats 670,500, triticale 449,700, rye 228,300, seed

cotton 220,000, dry peas 113,500, rapeseed 105,600; livestock (numberof live animals) 26,567,600 pigs, 15,431,800 sheep, 6,078,700 cattle,2,430,0008 beehives; roundwood (2015) 16,093,026 cu m, of which fuel-wood 21%; fisheries production 1,391,775 (from aquaculture 20%);aquatic plants production 2,154 (from aquaculture, negligible). Miningand quarrying (2013): sepiolite 622,000; copper10 100,000; fluorspar10

95,491; gold10 1,870 kg. Manufacturing (value added in U.S.$’000,000;2014): food products and beverages 25,949; transportation equipment16,064; chemicals and chemical products 14,793; fabricated metalproducts 12,781; machinery and apparatus 11,752. Energy production(consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2012–13) 281,158,000,000 ([2012]240,248,000,000), by source (2013): fossil fuels 39.7%; nuclear 20.2%;renewable energy 40.1%, of which wind 20.2%, hydroelectric 13.5%,solar 4.9%, biomass 1.5%; hard coal (metric tons; 2012–13) 3,060,000([2011] 21,400,000); lignite (metric tons; 2010) 2,440,000 (785,000);peat (metric tons; 2011) 65,000 (n.a.); crude petroleum (barrels; 2013)1,220,000 ([2011] 389,000,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2012)63,890,000 ([2011] 48,408,000); natural gas (cu m; 2012) 60,000,000([2011] 33,550,000,000).

Population economically active (2014): total 23,340,000; participationrates (2015): age 15 and over, male 65.0%; female 53.0%; unemployed22.0%, of which youth (ages 15–24) 48.0%.

Average household size (2005): 2.9.Land use as % of total land area (2011): in temporary crops or left fal-low 25.1%, in permanent crops 9.4%, in pasture 20.7%, forest area36.8%.

MilitaryTotal active duty personnel (November

2015): 122,000 (army 58.3%, navy 16.6%,air force 16.0%, joint 9.1%).12 Militaryexpenditure as percentage of GDP (2015):0.9%; per capita expenditure U.S.$223.

Foreign trade9

Imports (2013): U.S.$332,266,800,000 (mineral prod-ucts 24.6%, of which petroleum oils 17.8%;machinery and electrical equipment 14.9%; chemi-cals and chemical products 12.2%; transport equip-ment 10.8%). Major import sources:

Exports (2013): U.S.$310,963,600,000 (transportequipment 18.7%, of which automobiles 9.4%;machinery and electrical equipment 13.6%; chemi-cals and chemical products 10.5%; base and fabri-cated metals 8.5%). Major export destinations:

Transport and communicationsTransport. Railroads (2011): route length 9,900 mi,15,932 km; passenger-km 22,456,100,000; metric ton-km cargo 8,018,000,000. Roads (2010): length(2008) 423,338 mi, 681,298 km (paved 100%);passenger-km 392,500,000,000; metric ton-kmcargo 210,068,000,000. Vehicles (2010): cars22,147,453; trucks, vans, and buses 5,166,425.

Education and healthLiteracy (2012): percentage of total population age 15and over literate 97.9%; males literate 98.6%; femalesliterate 97.2%.

Health: physicians (20133) 228,917 (1 per 206 persons);hospital beds (2011) 142,632 (1 per 327 persons);infant mortality rate (2013) 2.7; undernourished pop-ulation (2006–08) less than 5% of total population.

1Includes 58 indirectly elected seats. 2The constitution states that “Castilian is the Spanish official language ofthe State,” but that “all other Spanish languages (including Euskera [Basque], Catalan, and Galician) will alsobe official in the corresponding autonomous communities.” 3January 1. 4Detail does not add to total givenbecause of rounding. 5Foreign residents (January 2014): 4,677,059. 6Taxes less subsidies. 7Includes 1,833,900unemployed. 82013. 9Imports c.i.f.; exports f.o.b. 10Metal content. 11Subscribers. 12U.S. troops (November2015) 2,100.

Internet resources for further information:• National Institute of Statistics www.ine.es• Banco de España www.bde.es/bde/

Structure of gross domestic product and labour force2009 2007

in value % of total labour % of labour>’000,000 value force force

Agriculture, forestry, fishing 25,955 2.5 925,500 4.2Mining and quarrying 121,917 11.6 60,100 0.3Manufacturing 3,089,800 13.9Public utilities 28,208 2.7 111,900 0.5Construction 105,522 10.0 2,697,300 12.2Transp. and commun. … … 1,177,100 5.3Trade, hotels … … 4,579,100 20.6Finance, real estate 540,133 51.2 2,517,100 11.3Services 157,964 15.0 3,957,700 17.8Pub. admin., defense 1,238,400 5.6Other 74,2156 7.06 1,836,0007 8.37

TOTAL 1,053,914 100.0 22,189,9004 100.0

Communications units unitsnumber per 1,000 number per 1,000

Medium date in ’000s persons Medium date in ’000s persons

TelephonesCellular 2015 50,92611 1,07911

Landline 2015 19,180 406

Internet users 2009 28,118 626Broadband 2015 13,36111 28311

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