From Rizals First Journey to Europe

SPAIN (1882-1885)

After the 4th year of the medical course in the University of Santo Tomas, Rizal decided to complete his studies in Spain

Aside from completing his studies in Spain,

was to observe keenly the life and the culture, languages and customs, industries, commerce and government and laws of the European nations in order to prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his oppressed people from Spanish tyranny

This mission was likewise disclosed by Paciano in his letter to his younger brother dated Manila, May 20, 1882.

Rizals departure for Spain was kept secret to avoid detection by the Spain authorities and the friars

Pedro Paterno-Recommendation Letter

Jose Mercado Rizal used this name; a cousin from Bian

May 3, 1882 Rizal departed on board the Spanish streamer Salvadorabound for Singapore

Studies of passengers of SS Djemnah Pencil - Sketchbook of Rizal

on his first trip on May 1882

Parting view of Manila Pencil - Sketchbook of Rizal on

his first trip on May 1882

Sketches of his first trip to Europe

SINGAPORE

Donato Lecha the ship captain from Asturias, Spain befriended Rizal.

- Rizal described him as an affable man, much more refined than his other countrymen and colleagues that I have met.

Rizal played chess with his fellow passengers who were much older than him

May 8, 1882 while the streamer was approaching Singapore, Rizal was a beautiful island, fascinated by its scenic beauty, he remembered

Talim Island with the Susong Dalaga

FROM SINGAPORE TO COLOMBO

May 9, 1882 - the Salvadora docked at Singapore

Hotel de la Paz Rizal registered here and spent two days on a sightseeing soiree of the city, which was a colony of England

In Singapore, Rizal transferred to another ship Djemnah, a French streamer, which left Singapore for Europe on May 11, 1882

May 17, 1882 Djemnah reached Point Galle, a seacoast town in southern Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)

Rizal wrote on his travel diary: The general appearance of Point Galle is futuristic but lonely, quiet and at the same time sad Colombo capital of Ceylon

Rizal was captivated by Colombo because of its scenic beauty and elegant buildings

Colombo is more beautiful, smart and elegant than Singapore, Point Galle and Manila

Aden city hotter than Manila; Rizal was amused to see the camels, for the first time

City of Suez the Red Sea terminal of the Suez Canal Rizal was impressed in the beautiful moonlight which reminded him of Calamba and his family

Suez Canal canal which built by Ferdinand de Lesseps (French diplomat-engineer) which was inaugurated on November 17, 1869

Port Said the Mediterranean terminal of the Suez Canal

NAPLES AND MARSEILLES

June 11, 1882 Rizal reached Naples

Rizal was pleased on this Italian City because of its business activity, its lively people ad its panoramic beauty

Night of June 12, 1882 the steamer docked at the French harbor of Marseilles

Rizal visited the famous Chateau dIf, where Dantes, hero of the Count of Monte Cristo was imprisoned

Rizal stayed two and a half days in Marseilles

Singapore lighthouse - Ink or pencil

Sketch book of Rizal on his first trip on May 1882 or the diary

Along Suez Canal - Ink or pencil - Sketch book of Rizal on

his first trip on May 1882 or the diary

Castle of St. Elmo - Ink or pencil - Sketch book of Rizal on

his first trip on May 1882 or the diary

Aden - Ink or pencil - Sketch book of Rizal on his

first trip on May 1882 or the diary

Sketches of his first trip to Europe

BARCELONA

Afternoon of May 15, 1882 Rizal left Marseilles by train for the last lap of his trip to Spain

June 16, 1882 Rizal finally reached his destination Barcelona

Rizals first impression of Barcelona, the greatest city of Catalua and Spains second largest city was unfavorable

Las Ramblas the most famous street in Barcelona Amor Patrio (Love of Country) nationalistic essay, Rizals first article written on Spains soil

Under his pen-name Laong Laan, appeared in print in DiariongTagalog on August 20, 1882 It was published in two texts Spanish and Tagalog the Spanish text was the one originally written by Rizal in Barcelona, the tagalog text was a Tagalog translation made by M.H. del Pilar

Basilio Teodoro Moran a friend of Rizal in Manila and the publisher of Diariong Tagalog where Rizal sent this article Diariong Tagalog the first Manila bilingual newspaper (Spanish and Tagalog) Los Viajes (Travels) Rizals second article for Diariong Tagalog Rizal received sad news about the cholera that was ravaging Manila and the provinces according to Pacianos letter, dated September 15, 1882

Another sad news from the Philippines was the chatty letter of Chengoy recounting the unhappiness of Leonor Rivera

In one of his letters (dated May 26, 1882) Paciano advised his younger brother to finish the medical course in Madrid

Rizal left Barcelona in the fall of 1882 established himself in Madrid, the capital of Spain.

LIFE IN MADRID

November 3, 1882 Rizal enrolled In the Universidad Central de Madrid (Central University of Madrid) two courses Medicine and Philosophy and Letters

Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando Rizal studied painting and sculpture

Rizals only extravagance was investing a few pesetas for a lottery ticket in every draw of the Madrid Lottery

Rizal spent his leisure time reading and writing at his boarding house, attending the reunions of Filipino students at the house of the Paterno brothers (Antonio, Maximo and Pedro) and practicing fencing and shooting at the gymnasium

Antigua Caf de Levante during the summer twilights, this is where Rizal sipped coffee and fraternized with the students from Cuba, Mexico, Argentina etc

On Saturday evenings, Rizal would visit the home of Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey (former city mayor of Manila) who now lived in Madrid with his son (Rafael) and daughter (Consuelo).

Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Hispano-Philippine Circle)- a society of Spaniards and Filipinos which Rizal joined shortly after his arrival in Madrid in 1882

Me Piden Versos (They Ask Me For Verses)- upon the request of the members of this society, Rizal wrote this poem which he personally declaimed during the New Years Eve reception of the Madrid Filipinos held in the evening of December 31, 1882

In this sad poem, Rizal poured out the cry of his agonizing heart

Rizal economized his living expenses, and with the money he saved, he purchased books from a second-hand book store owned by a certain SeorRoses

Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin and Eugene Sues The Wandering Jew-these two books aroused Rizals sympathy for the oppressed and unfortunate people

FIRST VISIT TO PARIS (1883)

During his first summer vacation in Madrid, Rizal went to Paris, gay capital of France

The prices of food, drinks, theatre, tickets, laundry, hotel accommodations, and transportation were too high for Rizals slender purse so that he commented in a letter to his family: Paris is the costliest capital in Europe.

June 17 to August 20, 1883- Rizal sojourn in Paris Hotel de Paris- located on 37 Rue de Maubange wherein Rizal billeted but later, he moved to a cheaper hotel on 124 Rue de Rennes in the Latin Quarter

Laennec Hospital- where Rizal observed Dr. Nicaise treating his patients

Lariboisiere Hospital- where Rizal observed the examination of different diseases of women Rizal was impressed by the way the Spanish Mason openly and freely criticized the government policies and lambasted the friars, which could not be done in PhilippinesRizal joined the Masonic lodge called Acacia in Madrid Rizals reason for becoming a mason was to secure freemasonry's aid in his fight against the friars in the Philippines

After Rizals departure for Spain, things turned from bad to worse in Calamba: (1) harvests of rice and sugarcane failed on account of drought and locusts (2) the manager of the Dominican-owned hacienda increased the rentals of the lands (3) a dreadful pest killed most of the turkeys.Due to hard times in Calamba, the monthly allowances of Rizal in Madrid were late in arrival and there were times when they never arrived.

June 24, 1884- in Madrid, he was broke and was unable to take breakfast

- Rizal attended his class at the university, participated in the contest in Greek language and won the gold medal

http://opinion.inquirer.net/24571/bonifacios-teeth-rizals-breathAmbeth Ocampo

The new dental findings on Rizal confirm that he really needed braces to correct the Class 3 Malocclusion, but there was much more.

Rizal probably had: gingivitis (inflammation of the gums), and periodontitis (an inflammation or infection of the ligaments and bones that support the teeth), both resulting in halitosis (BAD BREATH)!

Evening of June 25, 1884- a banquet was sponsored by the Filipino community to celebrate the double victory of the Filipino artist in the National Exposition of Fine Arts in MadridLunas Spoliarium winning the first prize andHidalgos Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace (Virgenes CristianasExpuestas al Populacho), second prize

November 20, 21, and 22, 1884- the serene city of Madrid exploded in bloody riots by the students of the Central University

These student demonstrations were caused by the address of Dr. Miguel Morayta, professor of history, at the opening ceremonies of the academic year on November 20, in which he proclaimed the freedom of science and the teacher The Rector, who also took the side of the students, was forced to resign and was replaced by Doctor Creus, a very unpopular man, disliked by everybody November 26, 1884- Rizal wrote the recounting tumultuous riots to his family

The next academic year (1884-1885), Rizal studied and passed all subjects leading to the degree of Doctor of Medicine but he did not present the thesis required for graduation nor paid the corresponding fees, he was not awarded his Doctors diploma

June 19, 1885- on his 24th birthday, Rizal was awarded the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters by the Universidad Central de Madrid with the rating of Excellent: (Sobresaliente)

November 26, 1884- a letter to Rizals family written in Madrid wherein he said:

My doctorate is not of very much value to me because although it isuseful to a university professor, yet, I believe they will never appointme as such in the College of Santo Tomas. I say the same thing ofphilosophy and letters which may serve also for a professorship, but Idoubt if the Dominican fathers will grant it to me.

PARIS TO BERLIN

(1885-1887)

Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to specialize in ophthalmologyRizal chose this branch of medicine because he wanted to cure his mothers eye ailment

IN GAY PARIS (1885-1886)

November 1885, Rizal was living in Paris where he sojourned for about four months

Dr. Louis de Weckert (1852-1906)- leading French ophthalmologist wherein Rizal worked as an assistant from November 1885 to February 1886

Paz Pardo de Tavera- was a pretty girl, who was engaged to Juan Luna At the studio of Luna, Rizal spent many happy hours. Rizal helped Luna by posing as model in several paintings

In Lunas canvas The Death of Cleopatra, Rizal posed as an Egyptian priest. In another of Lunas great paintings, The Blood Compact, he posed as Sikatuna, with Trinidad Pardo de Tavera taking the role of Legazpi

IN HISTORIC HEIDELBERG

February 1, 1886- Rizal reluctantly left gay Paris for Germany

February 3, 1886- Rizal arrived in Heidelberg, a historic city in Germany famous for its old university and romantic surroundings

Chess Players Club- a club wherein the students made Rizal as a member because of being a good chess player

Dr. Otto Becker- distinguished German ophthalmologist where Rizal workedUniversity Eye Hospital

April 22, 1886- Rizal wrote a fine poem A Las Flores de Heidelberg (To the Flowers of Heidelberg)

In the spring of 1886, Rizal was fascinated by the blooming flowers along the cool banks of the Neckar River. Among them was his favorite flowerthe light blue forget-me-not

Wilhelmsfeld- a mountainous village near Heidelberg where Rizal spent a three-month summer vacation

Dr. Karl Ullmer- a kind Protestant pastor where Rizal stayed, who became his good friend and admirer

June 25, 1886- Rizal ended his sojourn at Pastor Ullmers home

July 31, 1886- Rizal wrote his first letter in German (which he had improved after his stay with the Ullmers) to Professor Blumentritt, Director of the Ateneo of Leitmeritz, Austria

Aritmetica (Arithmetic)-Rizal sent this book he mentioned and was published in two languages Spanish and Tagalogby the University of Santo Tomas Press in 1868. the author was Rufino Baltazar Hernandez, a native of Santa Cruz, Laguna August 6, 1886- the famous University of Heidelberg held its fifth centenary celebration

Pencil sketch of Dr. Blumentritt Pencil

Made in Leitmeritz, 1886

Brooklyn Bridge Pencil - De Nueva York (illustration)

diary. Made in 1886

Sketches made in 1886

Sketches made in 1886Monkey and the Turtoise Ink - Made by Rizal in

the album of Mrs. Juan Luna in Paris in 1886 B

Sketches made in 1886 Monkey and the Turtoise Ink - Made by Rizal in

the album of Mrs. Juan Luna in Paris in 1886 C

Sketches made in 1886 Limang Salita A

Sketches made in 1886Limang Salita B

Sketches made in 1886Limang Salita C

Sketches made in 1886

Sketch of Fritz Ullmer Pencil - Made in Heidelberg in 1886 Cartoons made in Heidelberg Ink - made in

Heidelberg in 1886

Sketches made in 1886

Sketch of Pastor Ullmer Pencil - made in Heidelberg in 1886 Sketch of Ephigenia Pencil - Made in Heidelberg in 1886

Sketches made in 1886

Sketch of a gladiator Pencil - Made in Heidelberg in 1886Sketch of a boat Ink - Made in Leitmeritz in 1886

IN LEIPZIG AND DRESDEN

August 9, 1886- Rizal left Heidelberg August 14, 1886- boarded by a train. Rizal arrived in Leipzig Professor Friedrich Ratzel- a famous German historian, Rizal

befriend with him Dr. Hans Meyer- German anthropologist, a friend of Rizal In Leipzig, Rizal translated Schillers William Tell from German

into Tagalog so that Filipino might know the story of that champion of Swiss independence

Rizal also translated into Tagalog for his nephews and niece Hans Andersens Fairy Tales

Rizal found out that the cost of living in Leipzig was cheapest in Europe so that he stayed two months and a half

Because of his knowledge of German, Spanish, and other European languages, Rizal worked as proof- reader in a publishers firm

October 29, 1886- Rizal left Leipzig for Dresden where he met Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, Director of the Anthropological and Ethnological Museum Rizal heard Mass in a Catholic church; evidently, this Mass impressed him very much, for he wrote on his diary: Truly I have never in my life heard a Mass whose music had greater sublimity and intonation.

Morning of November 1, 1886- Rizal left Dresden by train reaching Berlin in the evening

BERLIN

Rizal met for the first time Dr. Feodor Jagor, celebrated German scientist-traveler and author of Travels in the Philippines, a book which Rizal read and admired during his student days in Manila

Dr. Rudolf Virchow- introduced to Rizal by Dr. Jagor; famous German anthropologist

Dr. Hans Virchow- son of Dr. Rudolf Virchow, professor of Descriptive Anatomy

Dr. W. Joest- noted German geographer

Dr. Ernest Schweigger (1830-1905)- famous German ophthalmologist where Rizal worked

Rizal became a member of the Anthropological Society, the Ethnological Society, and the Geographical Society of Berlin, upon the recommendation of Dr. Jagor and Dr. Meyer

Tagalische Verkunst (Tagalog Metrical Art)- Rizal wrote this scholarly paper in German which he read before the society in April 1887

this paper was published by the society in the same year, and elicited favorable comments from all scientific quarters

Rizal lived in Berlin, famous capital of unified Germany for five reasons: (1) to gain further knowledge of ophthalmology (2) to further his studies of sciences and languages (3) to observe the economic and political conditions of the German nation (4) to associate with famous German scientists and scholars (5) to publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere

Madame Lucie Cerdole-Rizals professor of French in order to master the idiomatic intricacies of the French language Unter den Linden- the most popular boulevard of Berlin wherein Rizal enjoyed promenading, sipping beer in the citys inns and talking with the friendly Germans

March 11, 1886 - one of Rizals important letters written while he was in Germany that addressed to his sister, Trinidad

- in this letter, Rizal expressed his high regard and admiration for German woman

- The German woman, said Rizal to his sister, is serious, diligent, educated, and friendly. She is not gossipy, frivolous and quarrelsome

Aside from the German women, Rizal admired the German customs which he observed well

NOLI ME TANGERE

PUBLISHED IN BERLIN

(1887)

The bleak winter of 1886 in Berlin was Rizals darkest winter because no money arrived from Calamba and he was flat broke.

The diamond ring which his sister, Saturnina, gave him was in the pawnshop. It was memorable in the life of Rizal for two reasons(1)it was a painful episode for he was hungry, sick and despondent in a strange city (2) it brought him great joy after enduring so much sufferings, because his

first novel, Noli Me Tangere came off the press in March, 1887 Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin- inspired Dr. Rizal to prepare a novel that would depict the miseries of his people under the lash of Spanish

tyrants

January 2, 1884- in a reunion of Filipinos in the Paterno residence in Madrid, Rizal proposed the writings of a novel about the Philippines by a group of Filipinos Toward the end of 1884

Rizal began writing the novel in Madrid and finished about one-half of it

When Rizal went to Paris, in 1885, after completing his studies in the Central University of Madrid, he continued writing the novel, finishing one half of

the second half Rizal finished the last fourth of the novel in Germany. He wrote the last few chapters of the Noli in Wilhelmsfeld in April-June, 1886 In Berlin during the winter days of February, 1886, Rizal made the final revisions on the manuscript of the Noli

Maximo Viola- Rizals friend from Bulacan, arrived in Berlin at the height of Rizal despondency and loaned him the needed funds to publish the novel; savior of Noli

After the Christmas season, Rizal put the finishing touches on his novel. To save printing expenses, he deleted certain passages in his manuscript, including a whole chapterElias and Salome

February 21, 1887- the Noli was finally finished and ready for printing

Berliner Buchdruckrei-Action-Gesselschaft- a printing shop which charged the lowest rate, that is, 300 pesos for 2,00 copies of the novel

March 21, 1887- the Noli Me Tangere came off the press

March 29, 1887- Rizal, in token of his appreciation and gratitude, gave Viola the galley proofs of the Noli carefully rolled around the pen that he used in writing it and a complimentary copy, with the following inscription: To my dear friend, Maximo Viola, the first to read and appreciate my workJose Rizal

The title Noli Me Tangere is a Latin phrase which means Touch Me Not. It is not originally conceived by Rizal, for he admitted taking it from the Bible

Rizal, writing to Felix Hidalgo in French on March 5, 1887, said: Noli Me Tangere, words taken from the Gospel of St. Luke, signify do not touch me but Rizal made a mistake, it should be the Gospel of St. John (Chapter 20 Verses 13 to 17)