Spanish Basics in a Week!

The Ultimate Spanish Learning Course forBeginners

Language Guru

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Table of Contents

IntroductionChapter 1 Spanish Alphabet and PronunciationChapter 2 Spanish NumbersChapter 3 Telling Time and DateChapter 4 Greetings and Common Spanish PhrasesChapter 5 NounsChapter 6 PronounsChapter 7 VerbsChapter 8 AdjectivesChapter 9 AdverbsChapter 10 Prepositions

Chapter 11 Forming Spanish SentencesChapter 12 Vocabulary Lists Conclusion

Introduction

I want to thank you and congratulate you for purchasing this book… “Spanish Basics in a Week!: The Ultimate Spanish Learning Course for Beginners”

This book contains highly-informative chapters on the fundamentals of Spanish grammar andcommunication. It is written to help beginners master the basics of Spanish in a week’s time. It is designed to build their skills and confidence to communicate eloquently in Spanish. Thebook offers a straightforward approach that has been proven to make language learning anenjoyable and productive experience. It provides relevant examples, visual study aids, and well-designed charts to optimize eachlearning session and lessen learning time considerably.

Thanks again for purchasing this book, I hope you enjoy it!

Chapter 1 The Spanish Alphabet and Pronunciation

The Spanish Alphabet (El Abecedario) The Spanish language uses the same alphabet used in English except for the letter Ññ. Theletters Kk and Ww are used almost exclusively for words derived from foreign languages.Vowels are often written with diacritical marks but these are not considered separate letters. Letters Name PronunciationAa a ahBb be bayCc ce sayDd de dayEe e ayFf efe effayGg ge hayHh hache ah-chayIi i eeJj jota hotah

Kk ka kahLl ele el-layMm eme em-mayNn ene en-nayÑñ eñe en-yayOo o oohPp pe payQq cu cooRr erre air-raySs ese es-sayTt te tayUu u ooVv uve behWw uve doble bveh doh-bvlehXx equis ay-keysYy i griega ee-gree-ay-gahZz zeta say-tah

Pronunciation Guide Spanish pronunciation is relatively easier to learn than English. Vowels are alwayspronounced in the same manner and do not change from word to word or within the sameword. The same is true for most consonants. Only the consonants c, and g and the lettercombination gu change their pronunciation depending on the vowel that follows. In addition,the letter x is pronounced in three different ways. Letter Pronunciation Examplea like the "a" in father la casa (house)

bhard sound, no aspiration - like the "b" inball la boca (mouth)

soft sound - lips don't touch like the English"v"

c hard sound before a, o, u - like the "c" in car la camisa (shirt)

soft sound before e and i - like "c" in cellbut in Spain,

like "th" in thick el cielo (sky)

dhard sound - like the "d" in dog after l,m,n ora pause el dedo (finger)

soft sound - like a whispery "th" sound la ciudad(city)

e sounds close to the "a" in mate pero (but)f like the "f" in fire el final (end)g hard g before a, o, u - like the "g" in game el gato (cat) soft g before e and - - like the "h" in hello la gente (people)h silent la hora (hour)i like the "ee" in see el lápiz (pencil)j close to the English "h" but throaty el jamón (the ham)k like the "k" in kit (used for foreign words) kilo (kilo)l like the "l"in lad lindo (pretty)ll like the "y" in year llamar (to call)m like the "m" in mouth la madre (mother)n like the "n" in net la noche (night)o like the "o" in roll como (like)p like the "p" in pit but with less aspiration el perrp (dog)q always used with "u", like the "k" in kelp el queso (cheese)

rat the start of a word or after l, n, s trilled -like RR rico (rich)

elsewhere - like the "dd" in ladder (pero =peddo) la cara (face)

rrtrilled, like saying "brr" with the tongueinstead of the

lips el perro (dog)s like the "s" in sing la salud (health)t like the "t" in top but softer el tamaño (size)u like the "u" in lunar el mundo (earth)

vsounds like the Spanish "b" where the lipsdon't touch la vaca (cow)

wlike the "w" in weight, found in foreignwords el waffle (waffle)

x in general, like the "x" in taxi examen (exam)

at the start of a word - like "ss" in missel xilófono(xylophone)

like a throaty "h" México (Mexico)

y like "y" in yetel desayuno(breakfast)

when used as a word or vowel, like theSpanish i y (and)

zlike the "s" in supper, like "th" in thin inSpain la cabeza (head)

Diphthongs

Diphthongs English Sound Examplesei like the 'ey' in hey rey (king)au like the 'ow' in bow aunque (although)ai eye aire (air)

euno English equivalent but closeto eew neutro (neutral)

io like 'yo' in yoyo radio (radio)iu you viuda (widow)ia ya piano (piano)oi like the 'oy' in boy hoy (today)ue like the "we" in wet fuego (fire)ua like 'wa' in water agua (water)uo woe cuota (share)ui sounds like the word "we" huir (run away)

Syllabication Knowing how to form syllables in Spanish is an important part of learning properpronunciation. Spanish syllabication rules are straightforward and with constant practice,they will become second nature.

A syllable is usually a consonant-vowel combination. cow vaca va-cayoung girl niña ni-ña table mesa me-sa living room sala sa-la When a consonant stands between two vowels, it forms a syllable with the second vowel. gold oro o-ro handle asa a-sa A syllable may only contain one strong vowel. In Spanish, the vowels ‘a’, ‘e’, and ‘o’ are called strong vowels while the vowels ‘i’ and ‘u’are weak vowels. When two strong vowels are placed adjacent to each other, they form twoseparate syllables. A strong vowel may combine with a weak vowel or two weak vowelsmay combine to form one syllable. comb peine pei-nemail correo cor-re-oTwo adjacent consonants will commonly form different syllables.

belt cinturón cin-tu-rónwhen cuando cuan-dobank banco ban-co Some consonant combinations, however are not separated: bl, br, ch, ch, dr, cr, gl, gr, fr, fl,ll, pl, pr, qu, rr, and tr. car carro ca-rrojob trabajo tra-ba-joto apply aplicar a-pli-caralways siempre siem-pre town pueblo pue-blodog perro pe-rroglory Gloria glo-riafruit fruta fru-tato call llamar lla-markey alave cla-veyellow Amarillo a-ma-ri-lloclimate clima cli-mabicycle bicicleta bi-ci-cle-ta

frequent frequente fre-quen-tebehind atras a-traspalace Castillo cas-ti-llo The combinations ‘rl’, ‘nr’, ‘sl’, ‘sr’, and ‘tl’, however, form separate syllables: atlantic atlantico at-lan-ti-co pearl perla per-la island isla is-la atlas atlas at-las When three consonant are adjacent to each other, the first will usually form part of a separatesyllable: English inglés in-glés pamphlet panfleto pan-fle-to I buy compro com-pro belly button ombligo om-bli-go constant constante con-stan-te entry entrada en-tra-da

A word’s prefix forms a separate syllable: suburban sub-ur-ba-nosubliminal sub-li-mi-nal X is syllabicated as two consecutive consonants when it takes the sound of ‘ks’: exit éxito ek-si-to exam exámen ek-sa-men The combination rr is commonly treated as one syllable but an exception will commonlyarise when the word’s origin suggest that they should be separated. For example: interrelaciondo in-ter-re-la-cio-na-do

Chapter 2 Spanish Numbers

Learning how to count and use numbers are important steps in acquiring a new language. Youwill use numbers to tell time, date, and year, indicate rank, shop, pay for your purchases, andtalk about money among other things.

You can easily memorize Spanish numbers but its usage can be confusing for new languagestudents. Some numbers change in form when used with certain nouns.

You can cut your learning time by simply memorizing unique numbers such as the numbers 1to 20. Numbers 1 to 9, in particular, are useful when forming bigger numbers. The numbers21 to twenty combines veinti (twenty) and digit numbers 1 to 9 as one word. Here are thecardinal numbers 1 to 29:

The next batch of numbers starts with treinta (thirty). Unlike the numbers 21 to 29 where tensand digit numbers are joined together after changing the final vowel of veinte from e to i,you will form the numbers 31 to 39 with the conjunction ‘y’ (and) between treinta and thedigit numbers.

The numbers 40 to 99 are expressed like the numbers 31 to 39. You will just have toremember the multiples of tens to be able to form the numbers.

The number ciento (100) takes the shortened form ‘cien’ when used before nouns, whenstanding on its own, or when spoken. The longer form ‘ciento’ is used in larger numbersexcept with ‘mil’. Hence, you would commonly say: cien casas 100 housescien coches 100 carsciento dos libros 102 bookscien mil chicas 100,000 girls From the number 200 and up, hundreds digits have to change in form to agree with thegender of the noun they refer to. Hence:

doscientos coches 200 carstrescientas casas 300 housesdoscientos cinco plumas 205 pensdoscientas tres casas 203 houses

Ordinal Numbers Spanish has a corresponding ordinal number for every cardinal number. However, only theordinal numbers first to tenth are generally used when indicating rank or order. You will usethe cardinal number instead of ordinal numbers when referring to the 11th rank and up.

Here are the Spanish ordinal numbers: First primeroSecond segundoThird terceroFourth cuartoFifth quintoSixth sextoSeventh septimoEighth octavoNinth novenaTenth decimo

Chapter 3 Telling Time and Date Time and date are important information in any language. You use them to schedule youractivities, set up appointments, and plan your travel. In this chapter, you will learn relevant

words and build your Spanish vocabulary to help you tell time and date accurately. Telling the Time in Spanish To ask for the time, you will usually say “¿Qué hora es?” To tell time, you will use the feminine articles “la”or “las” and the verb “ser”. To say oneo’clock, you’ll use “es”, the third person singular form of “ser” and the article ‘la’ beforethe hour. To express all other hours, you will use “son”, the third person plural form of “ser”and the feminine article ‘las’.

1:00 4:00

Es la una. Son las cuatro. It’s one o’clock. It’s 4 o’clock.

11:00 Son las once. It’s 11 o’clock. After passing an exact hour, the minutes can be expressed with the use of the conjunction “y”(and).

9:23 1:10 Son las nueve y veintetres. Es la una y diez. It’s twenty-three minutes past nine. It’s ten minutes past one. Time can likewise be expressed with the word “menos”, which means less, to state thenumber of minutes remaining before the clock reaches the next hour. Examples:

9:39 12:55 Son las diez menos veintiuno. Es la una menos cinco.It’s twenty-one minutes before ten. It’s five minutes till one.

1:45 Son las dos menos cuarto. It’s quarter till two. The words media (half) or treinta (thirty) may be used to express the half hour. The wordscuarto (quarter) and quince (fifteen) may be used to express the quarter of an hour.

3:40 2:30 Son las tres y media. Son las dos y treinta. It’s half past three. It’s two thirty.

4:15 1:15 Son las cuatro y cuarto. Es la una y cuarto. It’s quarter past four. It’s quarter pastone. Like in most parts of Europe, the 24-hour clock is widely used in Spain. You’re not likely tohear the time expressions a.m. and p.m. It is more common to hear the time expressions de latarde, de la mañana, and de la noche to describe the time of day. Es la una y media de la mañana. It’s one thirty in the morning.Son las dos de la tarde. It’s two o’clock in the afternoon.Son las diez de la noche. It’s ten o’clock in the evening.

Telling the Date in Spanish To be able to tell the date, you have to know the Spanish words for months and days. Takenote that months and days are not capitalized in Spanish. Months of the Year Months Spanish PronunciationJanuary enero eh-NEH-roFebruary febrero feh-BREH-roMarch marzo MAR-zoApril abril ah-BRILMay mayo MAY-oJune junio HOO-nioJuly julio HOO-lioAugust agosto ah-GO-stoSeptember setiembre se-TEE-YEM-brayOctober octubre ok-TOO-brey

November noviembre no-VEE-YEM-bray

December diciembredee-CEE-YEM-bray

Days of the Week English Spanish PronunciationMonday lunes LOOH-nayssTuesday martes MAHR-tayssWednesday miércoles mee-AIR-coh-layssThursday jueves WHAY-vayssFriday viernes vee-AIR-nayssSaturday sábado SAH-bah-dohSunday domingo doh-MEEN-goh

To ask for the date in Spanish, you will use any of these expressions which all mean “Whatday is today?”: ¿Qué día es hoy?

¿A cuántos estamos hoy?¿Cuál es la fecha de hoy? To tell the date, you will use the format el+ number+de+month+de+year Examples: English Date Spanish Date January 15, 2011 el 15 de enero de 2011June 18, 2016 el 18 de junio de 2016August 31, 1910 el 31 de agosto de 1910 The exception to the date formula occurs when stating the first day of the month. You willuse the ordinal number ‘el primero’ instead of a cardinal number. Example: August 1, 2015 el primero de agosto de 2015 If you want to state the day, you’ll have to place it before the date and use a commaafterwards.

Hoy es lunes, el 28 de marzo de 2016. To write and read the date in numbers or in short format, always remember that the daycomes before the month. Hence, 2/6/2016 is June 2, 2016. When expressing dates, the year is not broken into two parts like how it is done in English.Instead, you will read the year like a regular large number. Examples: 2015 is read as “dos mil quince”.2016 is read as “dos mil dieciséis”.1995 is read as “mil novecientos noventa y cinco” Common Time Expressions la hora hourel minuto minuteel segundo second

el año yearel mes monthla semana weekel día dayayer yesterdayanteayer day before yesterdayhoy todayesta noche tonightanoche last nightpróximo/próxima nextpasado/pasada past/lastultimo/última lastmañana tomorrowel milenio millenniumel siglo centuryla década decade When planning your travel, you will probably consider the season besides time and date.Here are the names of the seasons in Spanish: Seasons of the Year

Summer verano VEH-ra-noSpring primavera pri-ma-VEH-rahWinter invierno in-VYEH-noAutumn otoño OH-to-NYO

Chapter 4 Greetings and Common Phrases Knowing common greetings and phrases will help you start Spanish conversations at thebasic level and get you through different situations when traveling. Here are extremely usefulphrases: Spanish Pronunciation EnglishHola! (informal) OH-lah Hello!¡Buenos días! bway-nohs dee-ahs Good morning!¡Buenas tardes! bway-nahs tard-ays Good afternoon!¡Buenas noches! bway-nahs noh-chays Good evening!Hasta la vista. ah-stah lah vees-tah See you.Hasta pronto. ah-stah prohn-toh See you soon.Hasta mañana. ah-stah mahn-yahn-ah See you tomorrow.Hasta luego. ah-stah loo-ay-go See you later.¡Que le vaya bien! keh leh vah-yah bee-ehn Have a nice day!¡Buena suerte! bweh-nah swehr-teh Good luck!Adiós. ah-dee-ohs Goodbye.

¡Que le vaya bien! keh leh vah-yah bee-ehn Have a nice day!Bienvenidos! byen-veh-nee-dohs Welcome!¡Felicitaciones! ¡Felicitaciones! Congratulations!¡Salud! sah-lood Bless you!Lo siento. loh see-ehn-toh I'm sorry.Perdone. (to ask forpardon) pehr-DOHN-eh Excuse me.Disculpe. (to callattention) dees-KOOL-peh Excuse me.

Muchas Gracias. moo-chahs grah-see-ahs Thank you verymuch.

De nada. day nah-dah You're welcome.Gracias grah-see-ahs Thank youPor favor. por fah-bor Please.Te amo. tay ah-moh I love you.¿Cómo se llama usted?formal

KOH-moh SAY YAH-mahoos-TEHD? What is your name?

¿Cómo te llamas?(familiar) KOH-moh TAY YAH-mahs? What is your name?¿Quién es usted?(formal) KYEN ehs oos-TEHD? Who are you?

Me llamo____. MEH YAH-moh My name is_____.Soy______ SOY I am______

¿Cómo estáusted? (formal) koh-moh ay-stah oo-sted How are you?¿Cómoestás? (familiar) koh-moh ay-stahs How are you?¿Qué tal? kay tahl How's it going?Muy bien . moy bee-ehn Very good.Está bien. ehs-tah bee-ehn That's alright.¿Qué pasa? keh pah-sah What's happening?Quizás. kee-sahs Maybe.Depende. deh-pehn-deh It depends.¿Listo? lees-toh Ready?¡Qué chistoso! keh chees-toh-soh How funny!Sí. SEE Yes.No. NOH No.Tengo hambre. tehn-goh ahm-breh I'm hungry.Tengo sed. tehn-goh sed I'm thirsty.Me olvidé. meh ohl-vee-deh I forgot.Todavía no. toh-dah-vee-ah noh Not yet.Tengo calor. tehn-goh kah-lohr I'm hot.

Tengo frío. tehn-goh free-oh I'm cold.¡Buena idea! bweh-nah ee-deh-ah Good idea!

¿Qué es esto? keh ehs ehs-toh What is that?¿Cuánto cuesta? KWAHN-toh KWEHS-tah? How much is this? Claro. klah-roh Sure.Claro que sí. klah-roh keh see Of course.Hay ___ eye There is/are ___.

Había ___ ah-bee-ahThere was/were___.

Aquí ah-kee HereAhí ah-ee ThereSeñor sayn-yor MisterSeñora sayn-yor-ah Mrs.Señorita sayn-yor-ee-tah Miss¿Puede ayudarme?(formal) pweh-deh ah-yoo-dar-meh Can you help me?¿Entiende usted?(formal) ehn-tyen-deh oo-sted Do you understand?¿Entiendes? (familiar) ehn-tyen-dehs Do you understand?Entiendo. ehn-tyen-doh I understand.

No Entiendo. noh ehn-tyen-doh I don't understand.No lo sé. noh loh seh I don't know.¡Ayuda! ah-YOO-dah Help!Estoyenfermo/enferma. ehs-TOY ehn-FEHR-moh I'm sick.Estoy perdido/perdida. ehs-TOY ehn-FEHR-moh I'm lost.

Perdí la cartera.pehr-DEE lah kahr-TEH-rah I lost my wallet.

Necesito ayuda.neh-seh-SEE-toh ah-YOO-dah I need help.

Chapter 5 Nouns

Nouns are words that name people, places, things, animals, ideas, and feelings. Theyfunction as subject or object of a sentence. Spanish nouns differ to a large extent from theirEnglish counterparts because of the grammatical gender ascribed to each noun. Spanish Gender Rules In Spanish, a noun is either masculine or feminine. The distinction is important becausemodifiers have to match the gender and number of the noun they describe. Hence, articlesand adjectives commonly have four forms to modify the feminine and masculine noun aswell as singular and plural nouns. These are the most common articles you’ll see before the noun: The Definite Articles Definite Articles Singular PluralMasculine el los

Feminine la las The Indefinite Articles Indefinite Articles Singular PluralMasculine un unosFeminine una unas

Since a noun will either use an ‘el’ or ‘la’ article and their plural counterparts, learning thenoun and its corresponding article will help accelerate your gender identifications skills. The following simple gender rules will help you master Spanish gender in no time: When it comes to living creatures, grammatical gender corresponds to the natural gender ofthe noun. Hence, the following nouns are masculine: el abuelo the grandfather los abuelos the grandparentsel padre the father los padres the parentsel tío the uncle los tío the uncleel chico the boy los chicos the boysel hombre the man los hombres the menel hermano the brother los hermanos the brothers

el rey the king los reyes the kingsel perro the male dog los perros the male dogsel gato the male cat los gatos the male cats el oso the male bear los osos the male bears The following nouns that refer to female living creatures are feminine: la chica the girl las chicas the girlsla abuela the grandmother las abuelas the grandmothersla madre the mother las madres the mothersla tía the aunt las tías the auntsla mujer the woman las mujeres the womenla hermana the sister las hermanas the sistersla reina the queen las reinas the queensla gata the female cat las gatas the female cats la perra the female dog las perras the female dogsla osa the female bear las osas the female bears Nouns ending in ‘o’ are generally masculine

el teatro theatreel dedo fingerel campo fieldel dormitorio bedroomel vestido dress el ojo eyeel trabajo job Nouns ending in ‘a’ are generally feminine la manzana applela guitarra guitarla casa housela rosa rosela cara the facela mesa tablela palabra wordla piscina poolla hora the hour/time A group of mixed genders is considered as masculine.

If you have a group of 1 niño (boy) and 99 niñas (girls), then you’ll have 100 niños.Similarly, when there are 3 gatos (male cats) and 1000 gatas (female cats), there are 1003gatos (cats) in all. Masculine nouns ending in –o or a consonant have corresponding feminine nouns ending in –a. Masculine Femininedoctor el doctor la doctoraprofesor el profesor la profesorateacher el maestro la maestrawriter el mesero la meserabanker el banquero la banqueraengineer el ingeniero la ingenieramail carrier el cartero la carterapresident el president la presidenta Some nouns referring to professions have similar forms for both genders and are onlymodified by the accompanying article.

Masculine Femininepoet el poeta la poetasoldier el soldado la soldado manager el gerente la gerenteboss el jefe la jefe Nouns ending in –ción, –sión, –umbre, -dad, and –tud are feminine nouns. la decision the decisionla canción the songla legumbre the vegetablela ciudad the cityla edad the agela juventud the youthla gratitude the gratitudela felicidad the happinessla universidad the university Nouns ending in –ta, –ma, and -pa are masculine

el planeta the planetel cometa the cometel mapa the mapel programa the programel axioma the axiomel idioma the languageel sistema the systemel stigma the stigmael clima the climateel tema the topicel charisma the charismael telegrama the telegramel clima the climateel dilemma the dilemmael fantasma the ghosel poema the poemel prisma the prismel problema the problem Some nouns ending in “a” are masculine and some nouns ending in “o” are feminine: Masculine nouns ending in –a

el día the dayel cura the priest Feminine nouns ending in –o la foto the photola radio the radiola moto the motorcyclela mano the hand Pluralizing Nouns Spanish plural nouns usually end in –s or –es. By learning a few rules, you should be able todetermine which ending should be used to form the plural. Nouns ending in a stressed é form the plural by adding –s: el bebé (baby) los bebés (babies)

el café (coffee) los cafés (coffees)el hincapié (emphasis) los hincapiés (emphases) Nouns ending in unstressed vowels form the plural by adding –s: el hermano (brother) los hermanos (brothers)la tribu (tribe) las tribus (tribes)la pluma (pen) las plumas (pens) el sonido (sound) los sonidos (sounds)el color (color) los colores (colors)el padre (father) los padres (fathers)la pera (pear) las peras (pears)el chico (boy) los chicos (boys)el juego (game) los juegos (games)la bota (boot) las botas (boots)el vaso (glass) los vasos (glasses)la mesa(table) las mesas (tables)la cosa (thing) las cosas (things)el mono (monkey) los monos (monkeys)la casa (house) las casas (houses)la cama (bed) las camas (beds)

la puerta (door) las puertas (doors) Nouns ending in a consonant, -y, and stressed vowels á, í, ó, ú form the plural by adding –es: la pared (wall) las paredes (walls) el botón (button) los botones (buttons)el borrador (eraser) los borradores (erasers)la ciudad (city) las ciudades (cities)el reloj (watch) los relojes (watches)la universidad (university) las universidades (universities)el mes (month) los meses (months)el país (country) los países (countries)el papel (paper) los papeles (papers)el professor (teacher) los profesores (teachers)el rey (king) los reyes (kings)el maní (peanut) los maníes (peanuts)el ñandú (rhea) los ñandúes (rheas)el león (lion) los leones (lions)el autobús (bus) los autobuses (buses)el jabalí (wild boar) los jabalí es (wild boars)el bambú (bamboo) los bambú es (bamboos)el tabú (taboo) los tabú es (taboos)

Exceptions: Nouns ending in –z form the plural by replacing ‘z’ with ‘c’ and adding –es. Examples: la vez (time) las veces (times)la voz (voice) las voces (voices)la actriz (actress) las actrices (actresses)la luz (light) las luces (lights)la paz (peace) las paces (peace)el avestruz (ostrich) los avestruces (ostriches)el pez (fish) los peces (fishes)el tapiz (tapestry) los tapices (tapestries) Some nouns ending in –ión form the plural by dropping the written accent and adding –es: la canción (song) las canciones (songs)el avión (airplane) los aviones (airplanes)la sección (section) las secciones (sections)

la oración (sentence) las oraciones (sentences)la conversación (conversation) las conversaciones (conversations) el violín (violin) los violines (violins)la televisión (television) las televisiones (televisions) Some nouns ending in a stressed vowel form the plural with –s: el papa (dad) los papas (dads)la mama (mom) las mamas (moms)el sofa (sofa) los sofas (sofas)el champú (shampoo) los champús (shampoos)el menu (menu) los menus (menus) Some nouns ending in –c and –g form their plural by changing c and g to ‘qu’ an ‘gu’respectively and adding –es. el zigzag (zigzag) los zigzagues (zigzags)el frac (skirt) los fraques (skirts) Some nouns have identical forms for singular and plural and number is distinguished by the

accompanying article. Nouns ending in –s have identical forms for the singular and plural if the final syllable isunstressed: el atlas (atlas) los atlas (atlases)el análisis (analysis) los análisis (analyses)el énfasis (emphasis) los énfasis (emphases) el jueves (Thursday) los jueves (Thursdays)el sacacorchos (corkscrew) los sacacorchos (corkscrews)el virus (virus) los virus (viruses) Nouns ending in –x have similar forms for the singular and plural: el tórax (thorax) los tórax (thoraces/thoraxes)el fénix (phoenix) los fénix (phoenixes)el bórax (borax) los borax (boraxes) Pluralia Tantum

Some Spanish nouns are used exclusively or dominantly in the plural form: los celos jealousylos ambages hesitationlos fauces throatlas pinzas pincerslos modales mannerslas fauces jawslas afueras outsidelos fastos chroniclelas creces the increaselas gafas sunglasseslas nupcias nuptialslas cosquillas ticklinglas albricias glad tidingslos ensures belongingslos anales annalslos víveres supplieslas expensas expenses A few geographical names only appear in the plural form:

los Andes the Andslos Alpes the Alpslas Antillas the Antilleslas Baleares the Balearic Islandslos Carpatos the Carpathians Some nouns are used interchangeably in plural and singular without change in meaning: la calza, las calzas socketsla enagua, las enaguas underskirtla tenaza, las tenazas pincersla tijera, las tijeras scissorsel pantaloon, los pantalones pants Singularia Tantum Some Spanish nouns are used exclusively in the singular. Here are the most common ones: Nouns designating unique phenomena and objects la luna moon

el sol sunel horizonte horizonel sur southel norte north Nouns that denote materials, products, and substances el pan breadla leche milkel trigo wheatla mantequilla butterel carbón coal Abstract nouns that denote state, action, or quality el desarollo developmentla alegría joyla ingratitud ingratitudela valentía valorel orgullo pride

Singular nouns implying total plurality: la ropa dressel dinero moneyla gente people Names of sciences and nouns ending in –ismo: la medicina medical sciencela ingenería engineeringel impresionismo impressionism Chapter 6 Pronouns Pronouns are words that replace a noun in a sentence. Unlike English pronouns, Spanishpronouns must agree with both gender and number of the noun they replace. Subject Pronouns

Subject pronouns take the place of subject nouns. You won’t hear them spoken frequently bynative Spanish speakers because the subject is often relayed by the ending of the verb. Youmust learn them, however, as they are used as reference in verb conjugations. Here is a table of subject pronouns. Take note of the order of the pronouns as you will oftensee verb conjugations in the same sequence.

Singularyo Itú you (informal)usted, Ud. you (formal)él, ella he, she, it

Pluralnosotros, nosotras wevosotros, vosotras you all (informal)ustedes, Uds. you all (formal)ellos, ellas they

First Person singular: yo (I)

The Spanish first person singular need not be capitalized unless it is used at the beginning ofa sentence. Second Person singular – informal : tú (you) The second person personal pronoun tú is used when addressing people informally. You willnormally use it when talking to children, friends, relatives, and peers. This pronoun carriesan accent mark to distinguish it from a similarly-spelled possessive adjective (tu). Second Person singular – formal : usted, Ud. (you) The pronoun ‘usted’ is used when addressing people formally. You will use it to talk to asuperior, a new acquaintance, an older person, and someone you want to defer to. Third Person singular: él (he), ella ( she) The pronouns él and ella stands for the third person singular noun. The third person singularpronoun shares the same verb conjugation with the second person formal pronoun usted.

First Person plural: nosotros, nosotras (we) Nosotros is used in place of a group of masculine nouns while nosotras is used to refer to agroup comprising exclusively of female members. You will use nosotros when referring to agroup of different genders. Second person plural - informal: vosotros, vosotras (you) Vosotros and vosotras are used to address a group of people in an informal way. Just like thefirst person plural pronouns, you will use vosotros to refer to an all-masculine group as wellas a group of mixed genders. Vosotras may only be used when referring to an groupcomposed exclusively of feminine nouns. Second person plural – formal: ustedes (you) Ustedes is used to address a group of people formally. Third person plural - ellos, ellas (they)

Like the plural pronouns nosotros and vosotros, ello is used whenever a group has at leastone masculine member. On the other hand, you will only use ella when referring to a groupof purely feminine members. Direct object pronouns Direct object pronouns replace nouns used as a direct object in a sentence. Here are thedirect object pronouns in Spanish: English Spanishme meyou tehim/her/it, you(formal) lo, laus nosyou osthem, you (formalplural) los, las

Direct object pronouns generally precede the conjugated verb. Examples: Lo vimos. We saw him.Os conozco. I know you.Lo tienes. You have it.Te quiero pero lo quiero. I love you but you love him.Lo necesito. I need him.Las chicas lo saben. The girls know it. Chapter 7 Verbs Verbs are words that denote a state of being or action. Spanish verbs change their endingand/or stem to convey the mood, tense, voice, and person.Verb Moods There are three verb moods in Spanish: the indicative, subjunctive, and imperative.

The Indicative Mood The indicative mood expresses facts and reality or at least what is believed to be such. It iswhat you would normally use in regular conversations. The indicative mood has thefollowing tenses: present, future, imperfect, preterit, present perfect, future perfect, and pastperfect. The Subjunctive Mood The subjunctive mood expresses wishes, doubts, hypothetical situations, uncertainties,opinions, and feelings. Most of the tenses in the indicative mood also exist in the subjunctiveexcept for the preterit, conditional, and informal future. The Imperative Mood The imperative mood is used when expressing a direct command or telling someone to act ordo something. Commands can be formal or informal and each type uses a correspondingverb form.

Conjugation of Verbs To be able to convey important information such as person, tense, or mood, the verb’s endingshould reflect the standard endings under the mood, tense, and person for each verb group. Regular verbs are grouped into three main categories according to their infinitive ending:AR verbs, ER verbs, and IR verbs. Most Spanish verbs are AR verbs. To conjugate verbs, you must first obtain the stem of the verb. The stem is what’s left of theverb after dropping the –ar, -er, and –ir ending. Examples: Meaning Infinitive Stemto speak hablar habl-to eat comer com-to live vivir viv- Next, you have to identify the subject and look up the ending on the applicable verb chart.

The Present Tense The present indicative tense in Spanish has many uses and imparts the equivalent of severaltenses in English. To illustrate, the first person form of the verb cantar, ‘canto’, may expressdifferent meanings: Canto. I sing. habitual actionCanto. I am singing. progressive action¿Canto? Do I sing? interrogativeCanto. I will sing. near futureCanto. I do sing. emphaticCanto. I have been singing . past action continuing topresent Here are the endings for verbs in the present indicative tense: Subject -ar Verbs -er Verbs ir Verbyo -o -o -otú -as -es -esél/ella/usted -a -e -enosotros/nosotras -amos -emos -imos

vosotros/vosotras -áis -éis -ísellos/ellas/ustedes -an -en -en

To conjugate the verbs hablar, comer, and vivir, you’ll have the following forms: Subject hablar comer vivirStem habl- com- viv-yo hablo como vivotú hablas comes vivesél/ella/usted habla come vivesnosotros/nosotras hablamos comemos vivimosvosotros/vosotras habláis coméis vivísellos/ellas/ustedes hablan comen viven

Some verbs, however, has to change their stem in the present indicative tense. Stem changesoccur for most subject except for the first person plural (nosotros/nosotras) and secondperson plural (vosotros/vosotras). Stem change from e to i

Verbs like empezar (to start), perder (to lose), and sentir (to feel) change their stem from e toi in the present indicative tense. Subject empezar perder sentirStem empiez- pierd- sient-yo empiezo pierdo sientotú empiezas pierdes sientesél/ella/usted empieza pierde sientesnosotros/nosotras empezamos perdemos sentimosvosotros/vosotras empezáis perdéis sentísellos/ellas/ustedes empiezan pierden sienten

Other verbs with similar stem changes include: advertir (to advise), atravesar (to cross),calendar (to heat), cerrar (to close), comenzar (to begin), convertir (to convert), defender (todefend), despertar (to awaken), diverter (to amuse), gobernar (to govern), herir (to injure),pensar (to think), querer (to want), tropezar (to stumble). Stem change from o to ue:

Verbs such as almorzar (to take lunch) volver (to return) and dormer (to sleep) change theirstem from o to u in the present indicative tense: Subject almorzar volver dormirStem almuerz- vuelv- duerm-yo almuerzo vuelvo duermotú almuerzas vuelves duermesél/ella/usted almuerza vuelve duermenosotros/nosotras almorzamos volvemos dormimosvosotros/vosotras almorzáis volvéis dormísellos/ellas/ustedes almuerzan vuelven duermen

Other verbs that change their stem from o to ue includes apostar (to bet), contra (to count),costar (to cost), poder (to be able to), encontrar (to find), llover (to rain), probar (to prove,to try), morir (to die), mover (to move), oler (to smell), recorder (to remember), rogar (tobeg), sonar (to dream), sonar (to sound), and volar (to fly). Stem change from e to i Verbs like seguir (to follow) repeater (repeat) and medir (to measure) change their stem

from e to i in the present tense: Subject seguir repetir medirStem sig- repit- mid-yo sigo repito midotú sigues repites midesél/ella/usted sigue repite midenosotros/nosotras seguimos repetimos medimosvosotros/vosotras seguís repetís medísellos/ellas/ustedes siguen repiten miden

Other verbs with similar stem changes include the following: competir (to compete),corregir (to correct), conseguir (to get), elegir (to elect), sonreír (to smile), derretir (tomelt), despedir (to say goodbye/fire), reír (to laugh), server (to serve), vestir (to dress),pedir (to ask for). The verb jugar changes its stem for u to ue in the present tense: Subject jugarStem jueg-

yo juegotú juegasél/ella/usted jueganosotros/nosotras jugamosvosotros/vosotras jugáisellos/ellas/ustedes juegan

Describing the Weather with the Verbs Hacer and Estar The verbs hacer (to make, do) and estar (to be) are commonly used in several idioms thatdescribe the weather. Here are examples of weather expressions and idioms with theconjugated forms of hacer and estar:

Está nevando. Está lloviendo. It’s snowing. It’s raining.

Hace sol. Hacefrío It’s sunny. It’s cold.

Hace viento. Hace calor. It’s windy. It’s hot.

Hace buen tiempo. Hace mal tiempo. The weather is good. The weather is bad. The Verbs Ser and Estar Ser and estar are irregular verbs that both mean “to be” in English. They are not, however,interchangeable and it’s important for Spanish students to know when to use each verb asboth are very important verbs in Spanish.

Ser The verb ser is used to describe inherent characteristics and long term conditions. It is usedto express time, day, a person’s nationality or origin, marital status, possession, andprofession. It is also used in impersonal expressions. Ser has the following conjugations in the present, future, preterite, and imperfect: Subject Present Future Preterite Imperfect yo soy ser é fui eratú eres serás fuiste erasél/ella/usted es será fue eranosotros/nosotras somos seremos fuimos éramosvosotros/vosotras sois seréis fuisteis eraisellos/ellas/ustedes son serán fueron eran

Examples: Él es alto. He is tall.Son las dos de la tarde. It’s two o’clock in the afternoon.Soy de los Estados Unidos. I’m from the United States

Soy un abogado. I’m a lawyer.Esta casa es el mía. This house is mine.Es verdad. It’s true.Soy casado. I’m married. Estar The verb estar is used to indicate physical locations. It is used to express a temporary orchangeable condition like the weather. Estar has the following conjugations in simple tenses: Subject Present Future Preterite Imperfect yo estoy estaré estuve estabatú estás estarás estuviste estabasél/ella/usted está estará estuvo estabanosotros/nosotras estamos estaremos estuvimos estábamosvosotros/vosotras estáis estaréis estuvisteis estabaisellos/ellas/ustedes están estarán estuvieron estaban

Usage: ¿Donde está tu casa? Where is your house?El perro está debajo de la mesa. The dog is under the table.Estoy enfermo. I’m sick.Estoy bien. I’m fine. The Simple Future Tense The Spanish future tense is primarily used to tell future action or events and expressprobability or conjecture in the present. To conjugate verbs in the simple future tense, you will retain their infinitive form and simplyadd the following endings: Subject Endingsyo -étú -ásél/ella/usted -ánosotros/nosotras -emosvosotros/vosotras -éis

ellos/ellas/ustedes -án For example, to conjugate the verbs cantar, comer, and escribir in the future tense, you willhave these endings: Subject cantar comer escribiryo cantaré comeré escribirétú cantarás comerás escribirásél/ella/usted cantará comerá escribiránosotros/nosotras cantaremos comeremos escribiremosvosotros/vosotras cantaréis comeréis escribiréisellos/ellas/ustedes cantarán comerán escribirán

The above conjugations are translated as: Yo cantaré. I will sing.Tu comerás. You will eat.Nosotros escribiremos. We will write.Vosotros escribiréis. You will write.Ellos comerán. They will eat.

The simple future is commonly used to express conjectures, suppositions, or assumptionsabout the future. For example: Probablemente viajará a España el próximo verano. She will probably travel to Spain next summer. Él encontrará un amigo nuevo. He will find a new friend. The future tense, however, is not used when you want to express something that is expectedto occur in the future. In such cases, you will use the present form of the verb. Example: Mis padres me visitan mañana.My parents will visit me tomorrow. Yo caso el 12 de mayo de 2016. I’m getting married on May 12, 2016.

The Informal Future Tense The future tense may also be expressed by conjugating the verb “ir” (to go) in the presenttense with the structure: ir + a + infinitive. The verb “ir” has the following irregular forms in the present tense: yo voytú vasél/ella/usted vanosotros(as) vamosvosotros(as) vaisellos/ellas/ustedes van Usage: Vamos a ver una película próxima semana. We will watch a movie next week. Voy a viajar a Nueva Zelanda en la primavera. I will travel to New Zealand in spring.

The Simple Past Tenses Spanish has two simple past tenses: the preterite and the imperfect. The Preterite The preterite is generally used to denote past actions or events that were completed within aparticular time and those that have definite starting and ending point. To conjugate verbs in the preterite, you’ll get the verb stem and use the following endings: Subject -ar verbs -er verbs -ir verbsyo -é -í -ítú -aste -iste -isteél/ella/usted -ó -ió -iónosotros/nosotras -amos -imos -imosvosotros/vosotras -asteis -isteis -isteisellos/ellas/ustedes -aron -ieron -ieron

Usage: Jugamos al fútbol la semana pasada. We played football last week.Ellos limpiaron la casa ayer. They cleaned the house yesterday.Él viajó a México el verano pasado. He travelled to Mexico last summer. The Imperfect Tense The imperfect tense denotes past actions or events with no definite end. It is used to expresspast actions continuing to the present and actions that used to be habitually repeated. It isused to refer to past dates and time. It is also used to tell a person’s age, characteristics, andconditions in the past. To conjugate verbs in the preterite, you will have to add the following endings to the verb’sstem:

Subject AR verbsER

verbs IR verbsyo -aba -ía -ía

tú -abas -ías -íasél/ella/usted -aba -ía -íanosotros/nosotras -ábamos -íamos -íamosvosotros/vosotras -abais -íais -íaisellos/ellas/ustedes -aban -ían -ían

Usage:(Yo) hablaba con mi madre cuando llegó.I was talking to my friend when he arrived. Era jueves, 7 de abril.It was Thursday, the 7th of April. Íbamos a la biblioteca cada viernes. We used to go to the library every Friday. Common Spanish Verbs abandonar to leave, abandonabatir to knockdown, overthrow

abolir to abolishabrazar to hugabrir to openabsorber to absorbaburrir to be boring, to boreabuser to misuse, abuseacabar to finish, complete, endacampar to go camping, to campacelerar to hurry, accelerate, hastenaceptar to acceptaclamar to shout, applaud, acclaimaclarar to clarify, explainacompañar to go with, accompanyaconsejar to advise, counselacordar(se) to rememberacostar(se) go to bed/to putacostumbrar to be accustomed toacuchillar to cut, slashacudir to come to rescue, attendacumular to accumulateacusar to accuse

adaptar to adapt

adelantar to progress, advanceadivinar to foretell, guessadministrar to administeradmirar to admireadmitir to permit, grand, admitadopter to adoptadorer to worship, adoreadorner to decorate, adornafectar to pretend, affectafeitar to shaveafirmar to affirmagachar to bend down, loweragarrar to seize, grab, graspagitar to agitate, shake up, stir upagotar to exhause, use upagrandar lto increase, enlargeagravar to worsen, aggravateagregar to addagrupar to form groups

aguantar to tolerate, endureaguardar to wait for, expect

agujerearto puncture, perforate,pierce

ahorrarto save (opposite ofwaste)

alarmar to alarmalcanzar to reachalimentar to nourish, sustain, feed

aliviarto alleviate, lighten,relieve

almacenar to storealmorzar to eat lunchalojar to lodgealquilar to hire, rentalterar to change, alter, disturbalumbrar to enlighten, illuminteamar to loveamenazar to threatenañadir to augment, join

anular to annulanunciar to proclaim, announceapagar to turn offapartar to divide, part, separateapestar to plague, sicken, corruptaplacarse to calm downaplaudir to applaudapoyar to back, favor, supportapreciar to appreciateaprehender to apprehendaprender to learnapretar to be tightapurarse to worry, grieve, fretargumentar to dispute, to reasonarmar to armarrancar to pullarreglar to settle, arrange, adjustarrestar to arrestarrojar to throw, fling

articularto pronounce clearly,articulate

as altar to assail, assaultasegurar to insure, assure, affirmasesinar to murder, assasinateasignar to allot, assignasistir to attend (classes)asociar to associateaspirer to inhale, draw, vacuumasumir to assumeasustar to frighten, scareatrapar to catch, overtakeatterizar to landaumentar to increase, augmentaveriguar to find outayudar to assist, helpayunar to fastbailar to dancebajar to go down, lowerbalancear to balancebañar to wash, rinse, bathebarrer to sweepbeber to drink, sip

beneficiar to benefitbesar to kissbloquear to blockborrar to erasebrindar to present, offer, toastbuscar to look forcachear to frisk, searchcalcular to calculatecallar to shut upcalmar to pacify, calm downcambiar to changecaminar to walkcancelar to cancelcansarse to become weary, get tiredcantar to chant, singcargar to loadcariciar to pet, caress, fondlecasarse to get married, wed, marrycausar to create, causecelebrar to celebrate

cenar to eat dinnercepillar to brushcharlar to talk, chatchiflar to whistle, scoffchillar to squeak, shout, shriekchismear to gossip, chatchupar to draw, suckcircular to circulatecitar to cite, quotecobrar to chargecocinar to cookcolaborar to collaboratecolgar to hangcolocar to putcolumpiar to sway, swingcombater to combat, fightcombiner to combinecomentar to commentcomer to eatcometer to commit

comparar to comparecompeler to compelcompensar to compensatecompilar to compilecompletar to completecomprar to buy

comprender to understand, comprehend

concederto concede, grant, bestow,award

concentrar to concentratecondenar to condemncondensar to condenseconectar to connectconfirmar to confirmconformar to conformconfortar to comfortconfrontar to confrontconfundir to confound, confuse

conllevarto commiserate withsomeone

conocer to know

conquistar to conquerconseguir to obtain, get

conservarto save, maintain,conserve

considerar to considerconsolar to console

constipar to constipateconsultar to consult, seek counselconsumer to consumecontaminar to contaminatecontemplar to contemplatecontester to respond, answercontratar to hire, engagecontrolar to controlconversar to converseconvertir to change, convertcoordinar to coordinatecorer to runcorer to run, race, hasten, go fastcortar to cut

costar to costcrear to createcreer to believecubrir to covercuidar to take care of, guardcumplir to carry out, fulfill, finishcurar to heal, cure

deber to owe, to ought todecidir to resolve, decidedecir to tell, saydeclarar to declaredecorar to decoratedefinir to definedefraudar to cheat, defrauddejar to leave, let standdeliverar to deliverdemandar to demanddenunciar to denouncedepender to dependdeprimir to depress

derivar to derivedesayunar to eat breakfastdescansar to restdescifrar to decode, figure outdescribir to describedescubrir to uncover, discoverdesear to desire, wishdesempeñar to recover, redeem

desenchufar to unplugdesengañar to disabuse, disillusiondesfigurar to disfiguredesilusionar to disillusiondesmayar to lose heart, paintdesocupar to leave empty, vacatedesorientar to disorientdespreciar to condemn, despisedetectar to detectdeterminar to determinedevorar to devourdibujar to draw

dictar to dictate, suggestdirigir to directdisculpar to excusediscutir to discussdisfrutar to enjoydisgustar to disgustdisparar to discharge, shootdisputar to disputedistinguir to distinguish

disuadir to dissuadedividir to dividedivorciar to divorcedoblar to fold, double, bendduchar to showerdudar to doubtdurar to lastechar to cast, put inejecutar to carry out, executeelevar to elevateeliminar to remove, eliminate

emborrachar to intoxicateemitir to emitempeorar to deteriorate, worsenemplear to use, employ, hireenamorarse to enamourencantar to enchantencarcelar to imprisonenfadar to anger, displeaseenfermarse to become ill, get sickengañar to cheat, deceive

engendrar to engenderengordar to gain weight, get fatenojar to madden, angerenseñar to teach, showensuciar to stain, pollute, soilentrar to enterentrevistar to interviewenumerar to enumerateenvidiar to envyescapar to escape

escoltar to escortesconder to hideescribir to writeescuchar to hear, listenescupir to spitesperar to hope, waitestacionar to parkestipular to stipulateestornudar to sneezeestudiar to studyevitar to evade, avoid

exagerar to exaggerateexaltar to exaltexaminar to test, examineexceder to exceedexcusar to excuseexhalar to exhaleexhibir to exhibitexistir to existexpresar to express

expulsar to eject, expelextirpar to extirpatefacilitar to facilitatefallar to be deficient, failfaltar to lackfascinar to bewitch, fascinatefastidiar to bother, annoyfecundar to fertilize, fecundatefelicitar to congratulatefijar to focus, fixfirmar to signformar to formformular to formulatefracturar to fracturefrustrar to frustratefumar to smokefuncionar to workfundar to establish, foundfusilar to shootganar to earn, win, gaingastar to spend money

gobernar to governgolpear to strike, hitgozar to enjoygrabar to recordgritar to shout, screamgustar to pleasehablar to talk, speakhacer to do; to makehallar to findheredar to inherithinchar to swell uphonrar to honorignorar to ignoreimaginar to imagineimitar to imitateimplantar to implantimplementar to implementimportar to be important, importimpresionar to influence, impressimprimir to printincapacitar to incapacitate

incorporar to incorporateincrementar to incrementincurrir to incurinfectar to infectinflamar to inflameinformar to informingresar to join, enteriniciar to initiateinscribir to inscribeinsistir to insistinspeccionar to examine, inspectinspirar to inspireinsultar to insultintentar to intendintercambiar to exchange, interchangeinteresar to interestinterpretar to interpretinterrumpir to interruptinvadir to invadeinventar to inventinvitar to invite

inyectar to injectir to goirritar to irritatejalar to draw, pull, dragjubilarse to retirejuntar to gather, joinjurar to take an oathladrar to howl, barklastimar to hurt, injure, woundlavar to washleer to readlevantar to raise, pick upliberar to set free, liberatelicenciar to licenselimitar to limitlimpiar to wipe, cleanllamar to callllenar to fillllevar to wear, takellorar to weep, crylloviznar to drizzle

luchar to wage war, fightmadrugar to get up earlymadurar to ripen, maturemalfuncionar to malfunctionmaltratar to abuse, mistreatmanchar to stain, spotmandar to order, command, sendmanejar to manage, drive, operatemanipular to manipulatemartillar to hammermejorar to get bettermencionar to mentionmeter to insert, put inmirar to watch, look, seemoderar to moderatemojar to wet, moistenmolestar to bother, annoymontar to ride, mountmorir to diemudarse to relocate, movenadar to swim

necesitar to neednombrar to namenotar to notenublarse to get cloudyobservar to observeocupar to occupyocurrir to happen, occurodiar to hateofrecer to offerolvidar to forgetomitir to omitoperar to run, operateopinar to opineoptar to optorar to prayparar to stop, standparticipar to participate

partirto leave, break opn,divide

pasar to pass/spend timepatinar to skate

patrullar to patrolpedir to ask for, requestpeinar to combpelear to fightpenetrar to penetratepercibir to perceiveperdonar to excuse, pardon, forgiveperdurar to lastperfeccionar to perfectperforar to perforatepermitir to allow, permitperpetrar to perpetratepersistir to persistpersuadir to persuadeperturbar to perturbpesar to weighpintar to paintpitar to honk, whistleplanchar to ironponer to put

portar to carry, bearposeer to own, possess, holdprecisar to specify, state preciselypreguntar to ask questionsprender to switch on, grab, seizepreocuparse to convern, preoccupypreparar to get ready, fix, preparepresentar to presentpresidir to presideprestar to lend, loanpresumir to presumeprivar to deprive, forbidproceder to proceedprocrear to procreate

producir to produceprogramar to programprogresar to progressprohibir to ban, prohibitprometer to promisepronunciar to pronounce

proporcionar to proportionprotestar to protestproyectar to projectpudrir to decay, putrefypulir to finish, polishpulsar to beat, pulsatequebrar to breakquedar to stayquejarse to gripe, complainquemar to burnquerer to wantquitar to take away, removerecibir to welcome, receivereconocer to recognizeregañar to nag, gripe

regatear to barterregresar to go back, returnrentar to rentreparar to fix, repairrepetir to repeat

respetar to respectresponder to respondresultar to result

romperto break, break up with,tear

saber to know/to know howsacar to takesacudir to beat, shake offsalir to go out, leavesaltar to jumpsaludar to say hello, greetseguir to continue, followseñalar to signal, indicatesentarse to sit downsentir to regret, feelserver to serve

sorprender to surprisesubir to board, rise, climbtardar to delay, be late

to crochet, weave, knit,

tejer braidtemer to fear, be afraid oftener to haveterminar to end, stop, terminatetirar to pull, throw, drawtolerar to endure, toleratetomar to drink, taketoser to coughtrabajar to worktraicionar to betraytranscribir to transcribetransformar to change, transformtransmitir to transmittransportar to transporttrasladar to transfer, movetratar to try, treattriunfar to triumph

trotar to jumpunir to uniteuntar to anoint

usar to usevaler to be worthvariar to varyvender to sell, vendvenir to comever to seeviajar to travevlvibrar to vibratevigilar to watch overvincular to conquerviolar to violatevisitar to visitvivir to be alive, livevolar to flyvoltear to turnvomitar to puke, vomitvotar to voteyodurar to iodize

zapatear kick, give a shoe tozonar to zone

Chapter 8 Adjectives

Most Spanish adjectives are descriptive words that provide details about a noun’scharacteristics. Adjectives as well as other elements of a noun phrase must correspond tothe number and gender of the noun they describe. Hence, it is quite common for an adjectiveto have four forms to describe the two genders and numbers. These examples of noun phrases illustrate how articles, adjectives and nouns correspond ingender and number: un libro interesante an interesting bookunos libros interesantes some interesting booksel carro nuevo the new carlos carros nuevos the new carsuna falda corta a short skirtunas faldas cortas some short skirtsla casa nueva the new houselas casas nuevas the new houses Adjectives are listed in dictionaries in their singular masculine form. To be able to form the

feminine and the plural, you have to apply a few simple rules. Adjectives ending in -o Most Spanish adjectives that end in –o and have four forms to describe the masculine,feminine, plural, and singular. This group of adjectives take the following ending:

Masculine FeminineSingular -o -aPlural -os -as

For example, to use the adjective alto (tall) to describe feminine nouns, you will have tochange its endings from ‘o’ to ‘a’. To form the plural, you will just have to add –s to theadjective’s singular form. el chico alto > la chica altathe tall boy the tall girl

los chicos altos > las chicas altasthe tall boys the tall girls Adjectives ending in –e, or -ista This group of adjectives have similar forms for the masculine and feminine but have twoforms to correspond with the noun’s number. Adjectives ending in –e or –ista form the plural by adding –s to their singular form.

-e -istaSingular -e -istaPlural -es -istas

Examples: el chico amable > los chicos amablesla mujer amable > las mujeres amablesel muchacho pesimista > los muchachos pesimistasla muchacha pesimista > las muchachas pesimistas

Adjectives Ending in a Consonant Adjectives ending in a consonant generally have similar forms for the masculine andfeminine and form the plural by adding –es. Examples: el examen difícil>los exámenes difíciles el examen fácil>los exámenes fáciles Exceptions: Although they end in a consonant, adjectives ending in –an, -ón, -ín, or –or have feminineforms. To form the feminine singular, you will add –a to the masculine singular ending. Toform the feminine plural, you have to add –s to the feminine singular adjective. Theorthographic accent is likewise dropped when required. el chico hablador>los chicos habladoresla chica habladora>las chicas habladoras

Adjectives Ending in –z Adjectives ending in –z form the plural by changing their ending from -z to -c before adding–es. el perro feroz > los perros ferocesla niña feliz > las niñas felices Adjective Placement Spanish adjectives are generally placed after the noun they describe. For example: las largas pestañas the long lashesel marido perezoso the lazy husbandla fruta dulce the sweet fruit Some adjectives, however, are placed before the noun to describe inherent qualities:

el valiente león la blanca nieve la bella florthe brave lion the white snow the beautiful flower las verdes hojas el azul cielo la dulce mielthe green leaves the blue sky the sweet honey Adjectives may likewise be placed before the noun to emphasize the noun’s quality: Él es un magnífico bailarín. He is a brilliant dancer. Limiting adjectives restrict the quantity, quality, or amount of a noun. They are placed beforethe noun they modify. These quantity words are examples of limiting adjectives: bastante enoughcuanto as muchmucho a lotpoco a littlealguno someninguno no, none

suficiente enough, sufficienttodo allmucho manymenos lessvarios various, few, some Some adjectives mean differenty when placed before or after the noun they modify: Adjectives Adjective Placement After the noun Before the nounmedio half averagecierto true, right Certainnuevo (brand) new different, anothertriste sad dreadfulviejo old, aged formerantiguo ancient, old former, ex-dulce sweet good, nicegrande big greatalto tall high-class, toppropio proper his, her ownsimple simple mere

único unique onlypobre poor (penniless) poor (unfortunate)puro pure (clean) pure (merely, just)raro strange raremismo himself/herself, very samevarios different severalbueno good, generous simple, good

Common adjectives Spanish Englishabierto outgoingaburrido boredagradable likableagresivo aggressivealegre happyalto tall, highamable friendlyamargo bitteranalfabeto illiterate

ancho wideantiguo oldapacible gentleapagable extinguishableapasionado passionateapestoso smellyaplicado diligentasado roastedasustado scaredbaboso moronicbarato cheapbello beautifulbonito prettyborracho drunkbueno goodcaliente hotcansado tiredcapaz capablecariñoso loving, charitablecaro expensive, dearcasado married

celoso jealous

ciego blindclaro clearcochino filthy, nastycomestible ediblecómico funnycompasivo symphatheticcomplicado complicatedcomprensivo understandingconfortable comfortablecontento content, satisfiedcorajudo irritablecorrecto correctcorriente running, flowingcortés courteouscorto shortcruel cruelcuidadoso carefulculpable guilty, culpablecurioso curious, odd

débil weakdelgado thin

delicioso deliciousdescortés discourteousdecidido determineddesnudo nakeddespacio slowdifícil difficultdivertido entertainingdoloroso painfuldoméstico tame, domesticdulce sweetduro difficultembarazada pregnantencuerado nakedenfadado annoyedenfadoso annoyingenfermo sickenojado angryestrecho narrow

excelente excellentextraño foreign, strangefácil easy

favorito favoritefeliz happyfeo uglyferoz fierce, ferociousflaco skinny, thinflojo lazyfresco coolfrío coldfrito friedfuerte stronggeneroso generousgordo fatgrande biggrave gravegrueso thickguapo handsomehecho made

helado frozenhermoso beautifulhervido boiledhonesto honest

húmedo humidhumilde humbleignorante ignorantigual equalinolvidable unforgettableinteligente intelligentinteresante interestinginútil uselessjoven younglargo longleal faithfullento slowlibre freelimpio clean

listoready, quick-witted

llano flat, evenlleno fullloco crazy, insanemaduro mature, ripemagnífico magnificent

malo badmejor bettermodesto modestmojado wetmóvil moveablemucho many, muchmudo mutenatural naturalnervioso nervousnuevo newoloroso fragrantorgulloso proudoscuro darkotro another, one morepaciente patient

pálido palepequeño smallperdido lostperezoso lazypesado heavypicante spicy, sharp

pobre poorpoco little, fewpráctico practicalprofundo profoundpromedio averagepudrido rottenquebrado brokenquemado burntquerido beloved, dearrápido fastredondo round-shapedrico richrompible fragile, breakableruidoso noisy

sabio wisesabroso delicioussalado saltysalvaje wildsano healthyseco drysencillo simple

severo severe, harshsimpático pleasantsensato sensiblesordo deafsospechoso suspicioussucio dirtysuperior superior, bettertarde latetemprano earlytibio warm, tepidtonto stupidtranquilo calmtravieso mischievous

triste sadúnico unique, soleusado usedvacío emptyvenenoso poisonousvergonzoso shyviejo old

Demonstrative Adjectives Demonstrative adjectives indicate the location of the noun they modify in relation to thelocation of the speaker or listener. They are the equivalent of English demonstrativeadjectives this, that, these, and those. Demonstrative adjectives are usually placed before thenoun they modify. Like other adjectives, they must correspond to the number and gender ofthe noun. There are three groups of demonstrative adjectives in Spanish and each has four forms eachto describe singular, plural, masculine, and feminine nouns. Demonstrative adjectives that modify a noun near the speaker

Masculine FeminineSingular este (this) esta (this)Plural estos (these) estas (these) Este coche es nuevo. This car is new.Esta casa es grande y preciosa. This house is big and beautiful.Estos cuadros son interesantes. These paintings are interesting.Estas ferias son fantásticas! These fairs are fantastic! Demonstrative adjectives describe a noun which is not that close to the speaker but is nottoo far either. Masculine FeminineSingular ese (that) esa (that)Plural esos (those) esas (those) Quiero ese vestido amarillo.I want that yellow dress.

Tráeme esa caja de música linda por favor. Bring me that cute music box, please. Esos delfines son asombrosos. Those dolphins are amazing. Esas casas son caras. Those houses are expensive. Demonstrative adjectives that are used to describe a noun that is within visual distance butfar from the speaker and listener. Masculine Feminine Singular aquel (that over there) aquella (that over there)Plural aquellos (those over there) aquellas (those overthere) Mi hermana trabaja en aquel edificio. My sister works in that building over there.

Aquella casa es la mía.That house over there is mine. Aquellos puentes son peligrosos.Those bridges are dangerous. Aquellas chicas son muy guapas.Those girls over there are very pretty. Colors (Los Colores) In Spanish, colors are like other descriptive adjectives that change their forms to match thegender and number of the noun they describe. For example, when you describe a white female cat, you’ll say una gata blanca. To describe10 white female cats, you’ll say diez gatas blancas. Take note that Spanish adjectivesgenerally come after the word they modify.

Here’s how the colors are declined:

Masculine Feminine

Singular Plural Singular Pluralblack negro negros negra negrasblue azul azules azul azulesbrown marrón marrones marrón marronesgreen verde verdes verde verdesgrey gris grises gris griseslightblue azul claro azules claros azul clara azules clarasorange anaranjado anaranjados anaranjada anaranjadaspink rosado rosados rosada rosadaspurple violeta violeta violeta violetared rojo rojos roja rojaswhite blanco blancos blanca blancasyellow amarillo amarillos amarilla amarillas

Chapter 9 Adverbs Adverbs are words that modify adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs. They answer thequestions how, where, when, how often, how much, and how many. They express doubt,affirmation, and negation.

In English, most adverbs of manner are formed by adding the suffix –ly to adjectives. InSpanish, most adverbs are formed by affixing –mente to the feminine singular form of anadjective. For example, you can form an adverb from the adjective ‘claro’ (clear) by adding –mente toclara, its feminine singular form. Thus, clara+mente = claramente which means clearly. Here are examples of adverbs formed with –mente: rápidamente quicklysinceramente sincerlycompletamente completelyfácilmente easilycortésmente courteouslydulcemente sweetlyfinalmente finallybrevemente brieflypacientemente patientlydébilmente weaklyfrecuentemente frequentlyferozmente ferociouslyalegremente happily

There are many other adverbs which are not formed with –mente and must be learnedindividually.

How - Adverbs of Mannerbajo softlyasí like this, somal badly or poorlyalto loudlydespacio slowlybastante quitealrededor aroundsolo alonejuntos togethermuy verypeor worsemajor betterapenas barely

How often? - Adverbs of Frequencysiempre alwaysa veces sometimesnunca neverfrecuentemente frequentlyraramente rarelyrara vez rarelyalgunas veces s0metimesnormalmente normallycasi nunca seldom

Where - Adverbs of Placeaquí hereahi thereacá over hereallá over thereallí over therealguna parte somewheretodas partes everywherearriba upstairs, above

por arriba up thereadelante in front/aheaddelante in front/aheadpor delante in frontcerca nearbydetrás behindabajo downstairsencima on top, abovepor abajo down therelejos farpor atrás in backenfrente in front ofdentro insideadentro insidedebajo underdonde whereafuera outsidefuera outsidepor acá around hereparaallá that wayparaacá this way

When? (Adverbs of Time)pronto soontarde latetemprano earlyhoy todayahora nowluego sooncuando whenya alreadyactualmente currentlyanoche last nightayer yesterdaymientras whilepor fin finallydespués later, afterentonces thenposterior later, aftera veces sometimesaún yet, still

mañana tomorrow

anteayerthe day beforeyesterday

últimamente latelycuando whentodavía yet, stilltodavía no not yet

How many/much?-Adverbs ofQuantity

más morebastante enoughnada nothingmucho a lotmitad halfcasi almostsuficiente enoughpoco little, fewtanto so much, as much/manyapenas hardly

menos lessdemasiado too muchsuficiente enough

Adverbs of Affirmationsi yescierto that's rightasimismo as welltambien alsodesde luego of coursepor supuesto of courseen efecto in factclaro clearlyseguramente surelyciertamente for sureverdaderamente for sureefectivamente for sure

Adverbs of Doubt and Negationno nonada nothingtampoco neithernunca neverjamás nevernegativamente negativelyni norni…nor neither…nora lo major maybepor suerte fortunatelyquizas perhapsacaso by chancepuede canposiblemente possiblyprobablemente probably

Adverbial Phrases Besides adding –mente, you can also form adverbial phrases that function as adverbs by

combining prepositions with nouns or other words. A common way of forming adverbial prhases is with the preposition “con” (with) and anoun. You will use it when adding –mente just don’t seem proper or adequate enough toexpress your thoughts or ideas. Examples: con paciencia patientlycon perfección perfectlycon claridad clearlycon alegría happilycon cortesía courteouslycon habilidad skilfullycon respeto respectfullycon energía energetically Placement of Adverbs When it modifies a verb, the adverb is placed after the verb. Adora cocina bien. Adora cooks well.

Ella camina rápida. She walks fast. When it modifies an adjective or another adverb, the adverb comes before the adjective oradverb. Adora cocina muy bien. Adora cooks very well. Ella está siempre listo.She is always ready. Chapter 10 Prepositions Prepositions join and indicate a relationship between words. They are commonly used toshow time, direction, or location. They may consist of a single word (simple) or multiplewords (compound). Here are the most common prepositions:

Simple prepositions a to, for, by, atcon withde of, from, abouten in, on, at, aboutcomo likepara forpor on account of, fordurante duringante beforebajo undercontra againstdesde sincehacia towardsentre between, amongincluso includingsegún according tosin withoutmenos exceptsalvo except

sobre on, above, aboutvía viatras behind, afterhasta untilsobre above, on, about

Compound prepositions al lado de besidecerca de nearantes de beforedebajo de beneath, underdelante de in front ofdespués de afterdetrás de behinddentro de inside, withindebido a due toen vez de instead ofencima de on top, aboveenfrente de in front of

lejos de far fromfuera de outside

Prepositions are generally invariable. The articles “a” and “de”, however, contracts whenplaced before the masculine definite article “el”. When “a” is placed before “el” (the), they contract and form “al”. Examples: a + el mercardo > al mercado to the marketa + el aeropuerto > al aeropuerto to the airport When “de” is placed before “el”, they contract and form “del”. de + el mercado > del mercado from the marketde + el aeropuerto > del aeropuerto from the airport Usage: Vamos al museo mañana. We’re going to the museum tomorrow.

Empecé a gritar. I started to scream.Soy de Bélgica. I’m from Belgium.Me gustaría una taza de café. I would like a cup of coffee.Mi primo está durmiendo en el sofá. My cousin is sleeping in the couch.Se escondió detrás de las cortinas. He hid behind the curtains.Ella es como una hermosa flor. She is like a beautiful flower. Chapter 11 Forming Spanish Sentences Declarative Sentences A simple Spanish sentence will normally require a subject and a verb. For example, if youwant to say “Mario reads” in Spanish, you’ll say “Mario lee”. When the subject is clearlyidentified, it can even be omitted in the sentence. Hence, you can have a one-word sentenceby conjugating the verb properly. To say, for example, that “He reads”, you just need a wordto convey the same idea: “Lee.” The basic sentence structure or word order in Spanish is similar to that of English: Subject-Verb-Object (S-V-O).

Yo compro alimentos. I buy groceries.Ella bebe café. She drinks coffee.Ellos juegan futbol. They play football. Spanish word order, however, is more flexible. You can rearrange words to show emphasison an element of a sentence. Hence, the following sentences would be translated as “I buygroceries” and are all grammatically correct:

Alimentos compro. The sentence stresses the fact that I’mbuying groceries instead of clothes, pen, books, or other things.

Compro alimentos. The sentence emphasizes the action ofbuying groceries instead of giving, selling, or storing them.

Yo compro alimentos. The sentence emphasizes the doer of the action. Interrogative Sentences Some questions require yes-no answers and some require more detailed information.

Yes-No Questions Asking yes-no questions is quite simple if you know how to construct a declarative sentence.When writing, all you have to do is place an inverted question mark at the start of thestatement and a regular question mark at the end. When speaking, you have to raise yourpitch towards the end to indicate that you’re asking a question. Examples: Declarative: Antonio habla español. Antonio speaks Spanish.Interrogative: ¿Antonio habla español? Does Antonio speak Spanish? Declarative: Ella come el helado. She eats ice cream.Interrogative: ¿Ella come el helado? Does she eat ice cream? Using Interrogatives Interrogatives are question words that allow you to obtain more detailed information than ayes-no reply. They can be pronouns, adverbs, or adjectives. Interrogative pronouns areindicated by an orthographic accent which distinguishes pronouns from other parts of speechbut has no effect on the pronunciation.

Here are common question words:z¿Quién?/¿Quiénes? Who? Whom?¿Dónde? Where? ¿Qué? What?¿Para qué? For what?¿Por qué? Why?¿Cuándo? When? ¿Cuál?/¿Cuáles? Which, Which one(s)? ¿Cómo? How? What?¿Cuánto?/¿Cuánta? How much?¿Cuántos?/¿Cuántas? How many? ¿Adónde? To where? ¿De dónde? From where?¿A quién? ¿A quiénes? Whom?¿De quién?/¿De quiénes? Whose? Usage Quién, Quiénes (Who, Whom) ¿Quién viene a la fiesta?

Who is going to the party? ¿Quienes son tus padres?Who are your parents? Dónde (Where) ¿Dónde vive usted? Where do you live?¿Dónde eres? Where are you?¿Dónde está el teatro? Where is the theatre? Qué (What) ¿Qué quieres? What do you want?¿Qué pasa? What’s happening? The expression para qué is used to ask “for what purpose” while por qué is the morefrequently used phrase to ask “why”. ¿Por qué estás triste? Why are you sad?

¿Por qué te ríes? Why are you laughing?¿Para qué estudias español? For what purpose are you studying Spanish? Cuándo (When) ¿Cuando es tu cumpleaños? When is your birthday?¿Cuando vienes? When are you coming? Cuál, Cuáles (Which, Which one(s)) – frequently translated in English as what ¿Cuáles son sus planes? What are your plans? ¿Cuáles prefieres -un coche o una furgoneta? Which do you prefer – a car or a van? ¿Cuál es tu nacionalidad? What is your nationality? Cómo (How)

¿Cómo estás? How are you?¿Cómo te llamas? How do you call yourself?/What’s your name?¿Como vas al trabajo? How do you go to work? Cuánto, Cuánta (How much) ¿Cuánto dinero gana su marido? How much money does your husband earn?¿Cuánto cuestan estas camisas? How much are these shirts? Cuántos, Cuántas (How many) ¿Cuántos estudiantes hay en esta clase? How many students are in this class?¿Cuántos hermanos tiene usted? How many siblings do you have? Chapter 12 Vocabulary Lists

Parts of the Body

el cerebro brainla barbilla chinla oreja earel ojo eyela ceja eyebrowla pestaña eyelashel párpado eyelidel rostro facela frente foreheadla encía gumel cabello/ el pelo hairla cabeza headlos labios lipsla mente mindla boca mouthel cuello neckla nariz noselos dientes teethla garganta throatla lengua tonguelas amígdalas tonsil

la espalda backla barriga bellyel pecho chestel corazón heartel intestino intestine; bowel; gutel riñón kidneyel hígado liverel pulmón lungel páncreas pancreasla costilla ribel hombro shoulderel estómago stomachel brazo armel codo elbowel dedo fingerla uña de dedo fingernailel antebrazo forearmel dedo índice forefingerla mano handel dedo meñique little fingerel dedo del medio middle finger

el dedo anular ring fingerel pulgar thumbla muñeca wristel tobillo anklela pantorrilla calfel pie footel talón heella rodilla kneela pierna legla planta del pie sole of the footel muslo thighel dedo del pie toela uña del dedo de pie toenail

Professions abogado lawyeractor/actriz actor/actressaduanero customs officeragricultor farmer

albañil builderarquitecto architectasesor consultantastronauta astronautazafata air hostessbasurero garbage manbombero firemancamarero/a waiter/waitresscamionero lorry drivercantante cantante capataz foremancarnicero butchercartero postmancientífico scientistcirujano surgeoncocinero cookconductor drivercontable accountantcriado servantcura priestdentista dentist

dependiente shop assistantelectricista electricianempleado de banco bank clerkempleado employeeenfermero nurseescritor writerestudiante studentfarmacéutico chemistfontanero plumber granjero farmeringeniero engineerjardinero gardenerjoyero jewellerjuez judgelibrero bookseller marinero sailormecánico mechanicmédico doctorminero minermodelo model

monitor instructormonja nun

monje monkniñera nannyobrero laboureroficinista office workerpanadero bakerpastor shepherdpeluquero hairdresserperiodista journalistpescador fishermanpiloto pilotpintor painterpolicía policemanpolítico politicianportero caretakerprofesor teacherpsicólogo psychologistpsiquiatra psychiatristrecepcionista receptionist

relojero watchmakerreportero reportersacerdote priest

sastre tailorsecretario secretarysinger singersoldado soldiertaquimeca shorthand typisttaxista taxi drivertécnico techniciantorero bullfightertraductor translatorvendedor salesmanveterinario veterinarianzapatero shoemaker

Animals el oso bearel castor beaver

el gato catel chimpancé chimpanzeeel venado deerel perro dogel elefante elephantel pez fishel zorro foxla cabra goatel gorilla gorillael hipopótamo hippopotamusel caballo horsela hyena hyenael canguro kangarooel gatito kittenel leopard leopardla llama llamael mono monkeyel ratón mouseel panda pandael pingüino penguinla mascot pet

el cachorro puppyel conejo rabbitla rata ratel rinoceronte rhinola oveja sheepla ardilla squirrelel tigre tigerla ballena whaleel lobo wolfla cebra zebra

Names of CountriesAlemania GermanyArgentina ArgentinaBrasil BrazilCanadá CanadaChina ChinaCosta Rica Costa RicaCuba CubaEl Salvador El Salvador

España SpainFrancia FranceHonduras HondurasIndia IndiaInglaterra EnglandIrak IraqIrán IranJapón JapanLas Filipinas The PhilippinesLíbano LebanonLos Estados Unidos The United StatesMéxico MexicoNicaragua NicaraguaPanamá PanamaParaguay ParaguayPortugal PortugalRusia RussiaUruguay UruguayVietnam Vietnam

Vegetables el ajo garlicel apio celeryel berro watercressel brécol, el bróculi broccoliel calabacín zucchiniel chalote shallotel espárrago asparagusel garbanzo, elchícharo chickpeael hongo, elchampiñón, mushroomel jengibre gingerel maíz corn el nabo turnipel nabo sueco rutabagael pepino cucumberel perejil parsleyel pimiento rojo red pepperel pimiento verde green pepper

el puerro leekel quingombó okrael rábano radishel rapóntico,elruibarbo rhubarbel tomate tomatola acedera sorrella acelga chardla achicoria chicoryla alcachofa artichokela batata sweet potatola berenjena eggplantla calabaza pumpkinla casava cassavala cebolla onionla col china bok choyla col de Bruselas Brussels sproutla col, el repollo cabbagela coriflor cauliflowerla cucurbitácea squashla endivia, la endibia endive

la jícama jicama

la judía, la habichuela beanla lechuga lettucela lenteja lentilla pastinaca,lachirivía parsnipla pataca Jerusalem artichokela patata potatola remolacha beetla semilla de soja soybeanla tapioca tapiocala zanahoria carrotlas espinacas spinachlas habas verdes string beanslos chícharos, losguisantes pealos tallos de bamboo bamboo shoots

Fruits

Spanish Englishel aguacate avocadoel albaricoque apricotel arándano cranberryla banana bananael camu camu camu camuel cantalupo cantaloupela cereza cherryel melocotón peachla fruta de guaraná guaranael dátil dateel higo figel coco coconutel melón galia galia la grosellaEspinosa gooseberryla uva grapela toronja, elpomelo grapefruit el arándano huckleberry

el kiwi kiwiel kinoto kumquatel limón lemon la lima limela zarza, laframbuesa loganberry la mandarina mandarinla manzana apple el mango mangoel melon melonla mora mulberry la mora, lazarzamora blackberryla naranjilla, ellulo naranjilla la nectarine nectarinela papaya papaya la oliva, laaceituna olivela naranja orangela pera pear

el caqui persimmon

la piña, el ananá pineappleel plátano plantain la frambuesa raspberryla ciruela plumel tomatillo tomatillo el tomate tomatola Granada pomegranatela tuna, el higochumbo prickly pearla fresa, la frutilla strawberry la mandarina tangerinela sandía watermelon

The Family los padres parentsel padre fatherla madre motherlos abuelos grandparentsel abuelo grandmotherla abuela grandfatherel marido husbandla esposa wifeel hijo sonla hija daughterun niño adoptado adopted child (male)una niña adoptada adopted child (female)el nieto grandsonla nieta granddaughterel ahijado grandsonla ahijada granddaughterel hermano brother

la hermana sisterel hermano mayor older brotherla hermana mayor older sisterel hermano menor younger brotherla hermano menor younger sisterel hermanito, la hermanita baby brother, baby sisterel medio hermano half brotherla media hermana half sisterel tío unclela tía auntlos primos cousinel primo male cousinla prima female cousinel sobrino nephewla sobrina nieceel suegro father-in-lawla suegra mother-in-lawel cuñado brother-in-lawla cuñada sister-in-lawel yerno son-in-lawla nuera daughter-in-law

los hijastrados stepchildren

el hermanastro stepbrotherla hermanastra stepsister

Conclusion I’d like to thank you again for reading the book from start to finish. I hope this book was able to help you to learn the fundamentals of the Spanish language in aweek’s time. By the time you put down the book, I am confident that you will be able to formmeaningful Spanish sentences on your own, converse with native speakers, and comprehendsimple written Spanish works. The next step is to take your skills to the next level byenrolling yourself in advanced langauge courses, reading literary works, and perhapstravelling to Spanish-speaking countries.

Finally, if you enjoyed this book, please take the time to share your thoughts and post a

positive review on Amazon. It’d be greatly appreciated!

Thank you and good luck!