Sparta and AthensSparta and AthensAgenda

• What do we know?

• Sparta and Athens

I. Sparta: The Military IdealI. Sparta: The Military IdealA. Established by invaders from the north who A. Established by invaders from the north who

conquered the Peloponnesus.conquered the Peloponnesus.1.1. Conquered people called Conquered people called helots.helots.

2.2. Established Sparta – in a valley, not on a Established Sparta – in a valley, not on a hill.hill.

B. Spartan SocietyB. Spartan Society1.1. Three social groups (classes)Three social groups (classes)

a.a. Equals – descended from invaders – controlled Equals – descended from invaders – controlled the city-state.the city-state.

b.b. Half-citizens – free, but without political power – Half-citizens – free, but without political power – farmers, traders, industry. They served in the farmers, traders, industry. They served in the army.army.

c.c. Helots – Slaves who made up the majority of the Helots – Slaves who made up the majority of the population. Controlled by force.population. Controlled by force.

I. Sparta: The Military IdealI. Sparta: The Military IdealC. Government in SpartaC. Government in Sparta

1.1. Two kings – one for the army and one for home.Two kings – one for the army and one for home.

2.2. Council of elders – 28 men who proposed laws Council of elders – 28 men who proposed laws and acted as a criminal court.and acted as a criminal court.

3.3. AssemblyAssemblya.a. Voted on laws proposed by elders.Voted on laws proposed by elders.

b.b. Elected 5 ephors to one-year terms to make sure the Elected 5 ephors to one-year terms to make sure the kings obeyed the law.kings obeyed the law.

I. Sparta: The Military IdealI. Sparta: The Military IdealD. Life in Sparta’s military societyD. Life in Sparta’s military society

1.1. Controlled the life of all citizens – especially helots.Controlled the life of all citizens – especially helots.

2.2. Unhealthy babies left to die.Unhealthy babies left to die.

3.3. At 7 – boys went to military school. Learned At 7 – boys went to military school. Learned reading/writing and trained for the military. From 18-reading/writing and trained for the military. From 18-20 – trained exclusively for war.20 – trained exclusively for war.

4.4. At 20 – could marry, but could not live at home until At 20 – could marry, but could not live at home until they were 30. Served in the military until 60.they were 30. Served in the military until 60.

5.5. Girls – received physical training and studied music Girls – received physical training and studied music (for discipline and coordination).(for discipline and coordination).

6.6. Gave up individual freedom for an unbeatable army.Gave up individual freedom for an unbeatable army.

7.7. No art, literature, philosophy or science from Sparta.No art, literature, philosophy or science from Sparta.

II. Athens: The birth of II. Athens: The birth of democracy.democracy.

A.A. Unfertile land leads Athenians to become Unfertile land leads Athenians to become sea traders. sea traders.

B.B. Introduced coined money in 600s BCEIntroduced coined money in 600s BCE

C.C. City built inland, but constructed port City built inland, but constructed port for trading.for trading.

D.D. Athenian SocietyAthenian Society1.1. Citizens – Athenian born men.Citizens – Athenian born men.

2.2. Metics – non-citizens - free – merchants Metics – non-citizens - free – merchants and artisans.and artisans.

3.3. Slaves – conquered in war. Natural part Slaves – conquered in war. Natural part of society. Freed slaves become metics. of society. Freed slaves become metics. Slaves/metics = half of the population.Slaves/metics = half of the population.

II. Athens: The birth of II. Athens: The birth of democracy.democracy.

E. Early government in AthensE. Early government in Athens1.1. After monarchy – AristocracyAfter monarchy – Aristocracy

a.a. Assembly – all adult male citizens participated.Assembly – all adult male citizens participated.

b.b. 9 Archons elected as rulers.9 Archons elected as rulers.

2.2. At first – laws not written – caused complaints by non-At first – laws not written – caused complaints by non-aristocrats.aristocrats.

3.3. Draco – first written laws (circa 621 BCE) – harsh and Draco – first written laws (circa 621 BCE) – harsh and severe – “Draconian”severe – “Draconian”

4.4. SolonSolon

a.a. Archon in 594 BCE – erased debts of the poor and Archon in 594 BCE – erased debts of the poor and outlawed slavery as repayment of debt.outlawed slavery as repayment of debt.

b.b. Divided citizens in 4 groups based on wealth. Only Divided citizens in 4 groups based on wealth. Only top two could hold office but all citizens elected top two could hold office but all citizens elected leaders.leaders.

5.5. Peisistratus – tyrant – improved economy, but did not Peisistratus – tyrant – improved economy, but did not have support of nobles. Government returns to have support of nobles. Government returns to aristocracy after him.aristocracy after him.

II. Athens: The birth of II. Athens: The birth of democracy.democracy.

F. Athenian democracyF. Athenian democracy1.1. Cleisthenes – first leader to create democratic Cleisthenes – first leader to create democratic

government in Athens.government in Athens.

2.2. Athens divided into 10 tribes. Each tribe had 50 Athens divided into 10 tribes. Each tribe had 50 representatives (Council of Five Hundred). representatives (Council of Five Hundred). Served for 1 year at a time – could only be re-Served for 1 year at a time – could only be re-elected once.elected once.

3.3. Assembly (all adult-male citizens) had final say Assembly (all adult-male citizens) had final say on all laws proposed by Council of Five on all laws proposed by Council of Five Hundred.Hundred.

4.4. Jurors chosen from citizens by lot – heard court Jurors chosen from citizens by lot – heard court cases – voted in secret ballots.cases – voted in secret ballots.

5.5. Direct democracy – all citizens participate Direct democracy – all citizens participate equally in decision-making.equally in decision-making.

6.6. Representative democracy (U.S. today) – Representative democracy (U.S. today) – citizens elect representatives to govern for citizens elect representatives to govern for them.them.