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Spatial Databases and
Geographic Information
Systems
Karl Neumann
Sarah Tauscher Institut für Informationssysteme
Technische Universität Braunschweig
http://www.ifis.cs.tu-bs.de
1.1 Motivation
1.2 Organizational Issues
1.3 Content and Overview
1.4 Literature
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 2
1 Introduction
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• Route
planning
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 3
1.1 Motivation
http://www.viamichelin.de/
• Sentiment
maps
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 4
1.1 Motivation
[TN12]
• Search for point of interest
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 5
1.1 Motivation
• Tree register
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 6
1.1 Motivation
http://www.baumbuero.de/ http://falk-weihs.com/
• Railway noise prediction
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 7
1.1 Motivation h
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• Ship tracking
– "Halunder Jet"
• Ship type:
passenger
• Built: 2003
• Size: 59×12 m
– Arrival
at Helgoland
(~ 12:45 – 13:15 h)
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 8
1.1 Motivation
http://www.vesselfinder.com/
• Land cover - Germany
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 9
1.1 Motivation
http://www.corine.dfd.dlr.de/
• Lecture
– 20.10.2017 – 02.02.2018
– 9:45 – 12:00
– Exercises and detours integrated into lecture
– URL: www.ifis.cs.tu-bs.de/teaching/ws-1718/gis
• Credits: 5
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 10
1.2 Organizational Issues
• Exams
– Oral exam
– 05. – 09. 02.2018
– Register at examination office
– Get an appointment
at the Ifis secretariat
→ Regine Dalkiran
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 11
1.2 Organizational Issues
• 2 Spatial Data Modelling
– 2.1 Introduction
– 2.2 Geometry
– 2.3 Conversion between Vector and Raster Models
• Outline extraction for polygons
– 2.4 Topology
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 12
1.3 Content and Overview
– 2.5 Fields
• Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW)
– 2.6 AAA-Project
– 2.7 Operations
– 2.8 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 13
1.3 Content and Overview
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• 3 Mapping of Spatial Data
– 3.1 Properties of Maps
– 3.2 Signatures, Text, Color
• For maps and map series the signatures on-hand, fonts, and
colors are specified in signature catalogs and color tables
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 14
1.3 Content and Overview
– 3.3 Geometric Generalization
• Douglas/Peucker algorithm
– 3.4 Label and Symbol Placement
– 3.5 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 15
1.3 Content and Overview
• 4 Spatial Queries
– 4.1 Development of SQL
– 4.2 Core SQL Queries
– 4.3 Spatial Queries and Core SQL
• Distance calculation between points
P1(x1, y1), P2(x2, y2)
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 16
1.3 Content and Overview
SELECT SQRT(((p2.x-p1.x)**2)+ ((p2.y-p1.y)**2)) FROM Points p1, Points p2 WHERE p1.id = ’restaurant’ AND p2.id = ’church’;
– 4.4 Spatial Extensions of SQL
• Names of owners of adjacent residential buildings
– 4.5 Evaluation of Spatial Queries
– 4.6 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 17
1.3 Content and Overview
SELECT p1.name, p2.name FROM Person p1, Person p2, Building b1, Building b2, Owner o1, Owner o2 WHERE p1.persNo = o1.persNo AND p2.persNo = o2.persNo AND b2.typeOfUse = ’residential’ AND o2.buildingId = b2.id AND b1.typeOfUse = ’residential’ AND o1.buildingId = b1.id AND Touches(b1.groundPlan,b2.groundPlan) AND b1.id < b2.id;
• 5 Spatial Access Methods
– 5.1 Quadtree
– 5.2 R-tree
• Insertion: MBR of the parent node has to be enlarged if the
new object is not entirely inside (AdjustTree)
– 5.3 K-d tree
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 18
1.3 Content and Overview
– 5.4 BSP tree
– 5.5 Grid file
• Exact match query
– 5.6 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 19
1.3 Content and Overview
10.1, 54.3 Kiel 10.3, 52.2 Braunschweig 11.5, 51.0 Jena
6
2 0
1 S1 10
3 12
4 15
5 45
2 0
1 S2 49
3 55
4
find (10.3,52.2)
• 6 Spatial Data and XML
– 6.1 Standards
– 6.2 XML
• Main components of XML are elements, attributes, entities
• Attributes specify additional properties of elements
– 6.3 GML
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 20
1.3 Content and Overview
<text font-family= "Arial" font-weight= "bold" font-size= "350" stroke= "#FFFFFF" fill= "#FFFFFF" x= "-130.0" y="115.0"> U </text>
– 6.4 SVG
• Path instruction for complex shapes, lines, and areas
– 6.5 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 21
1.3 Content and Overview
<g id="SN3338SymbolApotheke"> <!-- Priority 350 --> <path d="M -250.0 250.0 L -250.0 -250.0 250.0 -250.0 250.0 250.0 Z“ fill= "#FFFFFF"/> <path d="M -200.0 145.0 L -118.0 88.0 -94.0 97.0 -94.0 72.0 -148.0 72.0 -148.0 -27.0 -94.0 -27.0 -94.0 -152.0 33.0 -200.0 161.0 -134.0 161.0 80.0 200.0 115.0 132.0 200.0 62.0 150.0 62.0 72.0 0.0 72.0 0.0 150.0 -73.0 200.0 Z“ fill= "#FF0000"/> <path d="M 0.0 -27.0 L 0.0 -119.0 62.0 -95.0 62.0 -27.0 Z" fill= "#FFFFFF"/> </g>
• 7 Application Programming
– 7.1 Connecting SQL with Programming Languages
– 7.2 PostgreSQL and JDBC
• For processing geometric attributes special
Java classes and methods are offered
• They are subclasses of
class "PGobject"
– 7.3 Oracle Spatial and JDBC
– 7.4 Processing of GML-based Data
– 7.5 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 22
1.3 Content and Overview
• 8 Architecture of Geographic Information
Systems
– 8.1 GIS Hardware and Software
– 8.2 Hybrid vs.
Integrated Systems
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 23
1.3 Content and Overview
– 8.3 Clients and Servers
• PostGIS extends PostgreSQL by implementing missing types
and functions
– 8.4 Web-based Spatial Databases
– 8.5 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 24
1.3 Content and Overview
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Intersection( ST_GeomFromText( 'MULTIPOLYGON(((-77 56,-52 18,-88 -27, -10 -13,-11 38,-77 56)))'), ST_GeomFromText( 'MULTIPOLYGON(((-49 63,-32 24,-39 -7,-66 -19, -72 -9,-74 31,-49 63)))')));
• 9 Remote Sensing
– 9.1 Physical Basics
– 9.2 Recording Techniques
• Radar: Azimuth
resolution AR
depends on beam
width (β) and
the ground
range distance
(GR)
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 25
1.3 Content and Overview
B
GR2
GR1
R2
R1 A
A
B β
[LKC15]
– 9.3 Image Processing
– 9.4 Thematic Classification
• Classification with iterative k-means clustering
(k=3 was chosen)
– 9.5 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 26
1.3 Content and Overview
• 10 Location Based Services
– 10.1 Positioning
• Global Positioning System (GPS):
Enables three dimensional
positioning near the earth
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 27
1.3 Content and Overview
http://www.uni-giessen.de/ilr/frede/ lehrveranstaltungen/MP_51/2.6-GPS.pdf
[La13]
http://www.zess.uni-siegen.de/
– 10.2 Car Navigation
• Inertial navigation system:
Three gyroscopes and
three accelerometers
(MEMS sensors)
– 10.3 Map Matching
– 10.4 Privacy
– 10.5 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 28
1.3 Content and Overview
• 11 Environmental Information Systems
– 11.1 Environmental Data
– 11.2 Collection of Environmental Data
– 11.3 Monitoring Networks
• Tropical Atmosphere- Ocean Array (TAO Network)
– 11.4 Laboratory Data
– 11.5 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 29
1.3 Content and Overview
http://tao.ndbc.noaa.gov/
• 12 Review and Outlook
– 12.1 Review
– 12.2 Outlook
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 30
1.3 Content and Overview
[TN16]
• [AS14] Albertz, J.; Scholten, F.: Einführung in die Fernerkundung. 5. Aufl., Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2014.
• [Ba05] Bartelme, N.: Geoinformatik – Modelle, Strukturen, Funktionen. 4. Aufl., Springer, 2005.
• [BCKO10] Berg, M. de; Cheong, O.; Kreveld, M. van; Overmars, M.: Computational Geometry – Algorithms and Applications. 3. Ed. , Springer, 2010.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 31
1.4 Literature – Books
Chap. 9
Chap. 2, 3
• [Be08]
Bernhardsen, T.: Geographic Information
Systems – An Introduction.
3. Ed., Wiley, 2008.
• [Be11]
Bertin, J.: Semiology of Graphics: Diagrams,
Networks, Maps. ESRI Press, 2011.
• [Bi16]
Bill, R.: Grundlagen der Geo-Informations-
systeme. 6. Aufl., Wichmann, 2016.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 32
1.4 Literature – Books
Chap. 4, 5
• [CW11]
Campbell, J.B.; Wynne, R.H.: Introduction to
Remote Sensing. 5. Ed., Guilford Publ., 2011.
• [EE04]
Eckstein, R.; Eckstein, S.: XML und
Datenmodellierung. dpunk, 2004.
• [Gü10]
Günther, O.: Environmental Information
Systems. Springer, 2010.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 33
1.4 Literature – Books
Chap. 9
• [He14]
Hennermann, K.: Kartographie und GIS –
Eine Einführung. 2. Aufl., Wissen-
schaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2014.
• [HGM02] Hake, G.; Grünreich, D.; Meng, L.: Kartographie.
8. Aufl., de Gruyter, 2002.
• [KGB11]
Kothuri, R.; Godfrind, A.; Beinat, E.: Pro Oracle
Spatial. Apress, 2011.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 34
1.4 Literature – Books
Chap. 2.4, 3
Chap. 7.3
Chap. 2, 3, 4
• [KO15]
Kraak, M.-J.; Ormeling, F.: Cartography –
Visualization of Spatial Data. 3. Ed.,
Taylor & Francis, 2015.
• [La13]
Lange, N. de: Geoinformatik in Theorie und
Praxis. 3. Aufl., Springer, 2013.
• [LKC15]
Lillesand, T.; Kiefer, R.; Chipman, J.: Remote
Sensing and Image Interpretation. 7. Ed.,
Wiley, 2015.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 35
1.4 Literature – Books
Chap. 5.1, 5.2
Chap. 9
• [Sa06] Samet, H.: Foundations of Multidimensional and Metric Data Structures. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2006.
• [SX08] Shekhar, S.; Xiong, H. (Eds.): Encyclopedia of GIS. Springer, 2008.
• [WD04] Worboys, M.; Duckham, M.: GIS: A Computing Perspective. 2. Ed., CRC Press, 2004.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 36
1.4 Literature – Books
Chap. 3, 4
Chap. 5
• [BO79] Bentley, J.L.; Ottmann, T.: Algorithms for Reporting and
Counting Geometric Intersections. IEEE Transactions on
Computers 28(9), 1979, pp. 643–647.
• [DP73]
Douglas, D.H.; Peucker, T.K.: Algorithms for the Reduction
of the Number of Points required to represent a
digitized Line or its Caricature. The Canadian
Cartographer 10(2), 1973, pp. 112–122.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 37
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [Gu84]
Guttman, A.: R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for
Spatial Searching. In Proc. "SIGMOD Conference", 1984,
pp. 47–57.
• [HBS11]
Huang, H.; Brenner, C.; Sester, M.: 3D Building Roof
Reconstruction from Point Clouds via Generative
Models. In Proc. "19th ACM SIGSPATIAL International
Symposium on Advances in Geographic Information
Systems, ACM-GIS", 2011, pp. 16–24.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 38
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [MMG12]
Marti, E.D.; Martin, D.; Garcia, J.; de la Escalera, A.; Molina,
J.M.; Armingol, J.M.: Context-Aided Sensor Fusion for
Enhanced Urban Navigation. Sensors, 2012, 12,
pp. 16802–16837.
• [NGNSW07]
Neumann, K.; Grutza, M.; Nordmann, T.; Schlutow, F.; Wolf,
C.: Metaautomation der Liegenschaftskarte. Mitteilungen
des Bundesamtes für Kartographie und Geodäsie
(MdBKG), Band 39, 2007, pp. 15–29.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 39
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [NHS84]
Nievergelt, J.; Hinterberger, H.; Sevcik, K.C.: The
Grid File: An Adaptable, Symmetric Multikey File
Structure. ACM Transactions on Database
Systsems, 9(1), 1984, pp. 38–71.
• [NKP08]
Neumann, K.; Kupfer, A.; Panse, F.: Generierung
von Gebäude-Präsentationsobjekten für NAS-
Bestandsdatenauszüge. MdBKG, Band 41, 2008,
pp. 83–92.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 40
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [NPW06]
Neumann, K.; Petri, J.; Wolf, C.: Erzeugung karten-
ähnlicher Graphiken: XML-basierte Verdrängung
und Platzierung von Punktsignaturen. MdBKG,
Band 36, 2006, pp. 89–98.
• [NSe01]
Neumann, K.; Selke, M.: Elemente der Program-
miersprache Java vorgestellt an einer Modifikation
des Douglas/Peucker-Algorithmus zur Erhaltung
rechter Winkel. MdBKG, Band 20, 2001, pp. 87–97.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 41
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [PP97]
Petzold, I.; Plümer, L.: Platzierung der Beschriftung in
dynamisch erzeugten Bildschirmkarten. Nachrichten aus dem
Karten- und Vermeesungswesen (NaKaVerm),
Reihe I, Nr. 117, 1997, pp. 95–113.
• [Se00]
Sester, M.: Automatische Generalisierung mittels
Ausgleichung. MdBKG, Band 17, 2000, pp. 105–113.
• [Se07]
Sester, M.: Generierung von kartographischen Präsentationen
im Maßstab 1:25.000 und 1:50.000 mit PUSH und TYPIFY.
MdBKG, Band 39, 2007, pp. 93–101.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 42
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [SH95]
Schoppmeyer, J.; Heisser, M.: Behandlung von Geometrie-
typwechseln in GIS. NaKaVerm, Reihe I, Nr. 113,1995,
pp. 209–224.
• [St12]
Storandt, S.: Quick and Energy-Efficient Routes –
Computing Constrained Shortest Paths for Electric
Vehicles. In Proc. "ACM SIGSPATIAL Int. Workshop
on Computational Transportation Science", 2012,
pp. 20–25.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 43
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [TN12]
Tauscher, S.; Neumann, K.: Combining Web Map Services and Opinion Mining to generate Sentiment Maps of Touristic Locations. In Proc. "Int. Symposium on Service Oriented Mapping", M. Jobst (Ed.), Wien 2012, pp. 277–286.
• [TN16]
Tauscher, S.; Neumann, K.: A Displacement Method for Maps Showing Dense Sets of Points of Interest. In "Progress in Cartography", Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography, Springer International Publishing, 2016, pp. 3–16.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 44
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [Bu10] Budgenhagen, B.: Automatische Visualisierung von Quadtrees mit XFig. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2010.
• [Bu11] Budgenhagen, B.: Visuelle Darstellung des Überganges von
Polygonen zu Linienzügen durch Rasterisierung und topologische Skelettierung. Diplomarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2011.
• [Da12] Darda, R.: Visuelle Darstellung von Rasterisierung und
Blockcodierung vektorbasierter Polygone. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2012.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 45
1.4 Literature – Student Works
• [Hu14]
Huy, M.: Ein durch Kriging berechnetes Höhenmodell aus Wikipedia-Daten. Masterarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2014.
• [Lu13]
Luthmann, L.: Erzeugung von speziellen zweidimen-sionalen Parkettierungen. Bachelorarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2013.
• [Me11]
Menzel, M.: Übergang von Polygonen zu Linienzügen:
Implementierung des Petzold/Plümer-Verfahrens. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2011.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 46
1.4 Literature – Student Works
• [Ra10] Rath, C.: Visualisierung von unregelmäßig verteilten Messpunkten durch Delaunay-Triangulation mit XFig, CGAL-Methoden und Java. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2010.
• [Sp10] Spannknebel, J.: Visualisierung der Splitmöglichkeiten beim R-Baum. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2010.
• [Zo13] Zorigoo-Graap, S.: Konstruktion und anspruchsvolle
Visualisierung von experimentellen Variogrammen mit XFig und Java. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2013.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 47
1.4 Literature – Student Works