spatial dimensions of environmental regulations
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Spatial Dimensions of Environmental Regulations. How can economics help us better regulate when the damages occur over space?. Carpinteria marsh problem. Many creeks flow into Carpinteria salt marsh; pollution sources throughout. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Spatial Dimensions of Environmental Regulations
How can economics help us better regulate when the damages occur over space?
Carpinteria marsh problem
Many creeks flow into Carpinteria salt marsh; pollution sources throughout.Pollution mostly in form of excess nutrients (e.g. Nitrogen & Phosphorous)How should pollution be controlled at each source to achieve an ambient standard?
“Transfer coefficients”
If emissions increase in a greenhouse on Franklin Creek, how much does N concentration change in salt marsh?Index sources with i ; receptors with j.Pollution at receptor j is fn of emissions:
pj = fj(e1, e2, …, eI)
dfj/dei = aij = transfer coefficient
Natural attenuation, concrete channels?
Pollution if no interaction effects
pj = aijei + Bj
Where Bj is background level of Nitrogen.
Now aij = dpij/dei
The cost of emissions control
Cost is a function; depends on how much emission the source has to control:
ci(Ei – ei), where Ei = uncontrolled emissions level.E.g. ci(Ei – ei) = i + i(Ei-ei) + i(Ei-ei)2
Then MC is linear.Control costs (by industry) often available from EPA, other sources.
How much abatement?
To achieve ambient standard, A, which sources should abate and how much?
Mine ci(Ei-ei) s.t. aiei A
In words: minimize abatement cost such that total pollution at Carpinteria Salt Marsh A.
Possible regulations to consider
RollbackStandard engineering solution.
Marketable permitsNot efficient because ai’s different.
Constant fee to all pollutersSame effect as permits
Spatial version of Equi-marginal Principle
“Rollback”
Standard engineering solution.Everyone “rolls back” pollution by the same percentage:
x = A/P0
ei = Eix
E.g. A=100 ppm, P0=1000 ppm.Everyone rolls back by 10%If I started at 40, new level is 36.
Effects of the rollback
Structured to exactly hit target (A).Ignores cost of abatement!Ignores different contribution of each source to receptor (Carpinteria Marsh)
Can we do any better with an economic approach?
Marketable permits / Emission fees
Permits: Fix total amount of pollution that is allowed (A).Distribute A permits, where permit required for polluting, let firms trade.
But this ignores the different contribution of each source to MarshSame for uniform Emission fees.
Treat firms differently
Since each polluter has a different contribution to overall pollution, they need to be treated differently.If we’re only worried about N in ocean, then likely to be worse the closer you are to ocean!Need a mechanism that captures this effect…need an adjusted version of equi-marginal principle.