spc 2016 study material - juniors

7/26/2019 SPC 2016 Study Material - Juniors

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E

GREA INDIAN

SCIENCES ORY

IEN EINDIAFORUM,

BAHRAIN

hastraPratibhaExamination,2016

(HandoutforJuniors)

Sastra Prathibha Contest, 2016SCIENCE INDIA FORUM UAEStudy Material - J uniors


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#

4Launch Ready

Indian

Scientists Ancient 6

Scientists

Aryabhatta 8

Aryabhata 11 9Baudhayana 0

Bhaskara I

Bhaskara I 12

Brahmagupta 3

Chanakya 14

Char aka 15

Kanada 16

Ktyyana 18

Madhava 18

Manava 20

Nagarjuna 21

Patanjali 22

Pin gala 24

Sushruta 25

Vaghbhata 26

Modern 28

Scientists

Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray 30

Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri 30

Anil Kumar Gain 31

Anna Modayil Mani 31

Asima Chatterjee 32

Asutosh Mookerjee 32Atma Ram 33

Birbal Sahni 33

Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman 34

Dr. BP Pal 34

Dr. Har Gobind Khurana 35

Dr. Salim Ali 35

Gopalasundaram Narayana Ramachandran 36

Homi Jehangir Bhabha 36

Jagadish Chandra Bose 37

Kalpana Chawla 37

Manali Kallat Vainu Bappu 38

Meghnad Saha 38

Mokhagundam Visvesvaraya 39

Panchan Maheshwari 39

PC Mahalanobis 40

Ronald Ross 40

Satish Dhawan 41

Satyendra Nath Bose 41

Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar 42

Srinivasa Ramanujam 42

INDEX


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ien eIndiaForum,Bahrain hastraPratibha,2016(Juniors)

misedfo highqualityp intingo digitaldist ibutionmisedfo h ighqualityp intingo digitaldist ibution

inlovingmemoryof

Dr.APJABDULKALAM( October 93 27July20 )


Science India Forum UAE Sastra Prathibha Contest 2016 (Juniors)


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3


4

Laun hReady..

6

An ientIndian

ientists

28

ModernIndian

ientists

46

Contemporary

Indian ientists

CONTENTS

8

An ientArabian

ientists

68

An ientIndian

ien es

90

InternetOfThings

02

Kalam.

22

Index

2

CopyrightDis laimer





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24September2014whe Malayaa e teredthe

Marsorbit,I diabecamethefirstcou tryto

successfullye tertheMarsorbiti maide

attempt.Itisowi gtothegreatscie tificculture&

a cestrya dtimelessco tributio byourgreat

scie tiststhatwewereabletoachievethisgreat

feat..Needlesstome tio theco tributio made

bythegreatesthuma sworldhaseversee asDr.

APJAbdulKalamwillremai deeplyembedded

i theheartsofeveryaspiri gI dia .

I diahadaglorioushistoryofa cie tscie cesi

thepastbutwelostthemi timeduetoseriesof

i vasio sa dvariousotherexter ali terve tio s.

I diasscie tificjour eyhasbee aco ti uousa d

treme douso ea dweca traceitbackto

thousa dsofyearsi thepast.

Itispleasa tlysurprisi gto otethateve today

weareabletoextractthea cie twisdomstoour

adva tageassee i therece texampleslikei

Cha draya ,duri gwhichAryabhattasequatio s

ofGravitywereusedas otedbyG.Madhava

Nair,FormerChiefofISR whosaid"Eve for

Cha drayaa ,theequatio ofAryabhattawas

used.Eve the(k owledgeof)gravitatio alfield...

Newto fou ditsome1500yearslater.The

k owledgeexisti g(i ourscriptures)".

Alsorece tlyaswit essedduri gthede gue

outbreaki NorthI diai 2015whe Ayurvedic

specialistsfromacrossthecou trywerei vitedto

delivercriticalcaresolutio swhichwereavailable

o lyu derTraditio alAyurvedicMedicalSystem.

Ithasbee 5300yearssi ceTheI dusValley

Civilizatio ,theScie cea dTech ologyofBharat

hasbee o theupswi gthroughoutthece turies.

Itis earlyimpossibleeve toimagi ea d

u dersta dthevastexpa seofscie tific

competitive esswhichI diahasexhibited

throughoutages.

Letsmakeahumbleattempttobrieflyco template

a dcomprehe dthescie tificjour eyofBharat.

LAUNCHREADY...





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misedfo highqualityp intingo digitaldist ibutionmisedfo h ighqualityp intingo digitaldist ibutionmisedfo h ighqualityp intingo digitaldist ibutionmisedfo h ighqualityp intingo digitaldist ibution


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7



AN IENT

INDIAN

IENTI T



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1



haskara-1wasthe

firstexperimental

remotesensing

satellitebuiltby

India,namedafter

haskaracharya.

Bor toafamilyofscholars,helear tmathematics

fromhisastrologerfatherMahesvara.

Aleadi gmathematicia of12thce tury,hewrotehis

firstworko thesystematicuseofthedecimal umber

system.Healsoheadedtheastro omicalobservatoryat

Ujjai ,theleadi gmathematicalce treofa cie t

I dia.

Hismai workSiddha taSjhiroma i,whichhasfour

parts, amelyLilavati,Bijaga itaGrahaga itaa d

Goladhayaa ddealswitharithmetic,algebra,

mathematicsofthepla ets,a dspheres,respectively.

Bhaskaraisparticularlyk ow forthediscoveryofthe

pri ciplesofdiffere tialcalculusa ditsapplicatio to

astro omicalproblemsa dcomputatio s.

BhaskaraII

BhaskaraII,alsok ow asBhaskaracharya,

wasbor i 1114AD earVijjadavidaorthemoder -

dayBijapuri thestateofKar ataka.





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ho ourofCha akya.

I stitutes amedafterhim

i cludeTrai i gShip

Cha akya,Cha akyaNatio al

LawU iversitya dCha akya

I stituteofPublicLeadership.

Arecoveredmanuscrip of

Ar hashas ra.

Aphysician who fails to enter the

body of a patient with the lamp of knowledge

and understanding can never treat diseases.

He should first study all the factors, including

environment, which influence a patient's

disease, and then prescribe treatment. It is

more important to prevent the occurrence of

disease than to seek a cure.

haraka

Charak,sometimesspelled

Charaka,

waso eofthepri cipal

co tributorstothea cie tarta d

scie ceofAyurveda,asystemof

medici ea dlifestyledevelopedi

A cie tI dia.Heissometimes

datedtoc.800BCasheworkedo

oldertreatisebyPur vasuAtreya

(c.1000BC)a dAg ivesha

Ag ivesa,ofwhosework,the

Ag iveshaTa tra,wasthebasisof

hisCharakaSamhitaCharakais

alsoreferredtoastheFatherof

Medici e.

ThetermCharakaisalabelsaidto

applyto"wa deri gscholars"or

"wa deri gphysicia s".Accordi gto

Charaka'stra slatio s,healtha d

diseaseare otpredetermi eda dlife

maybeprolo gedbyhuma efforta d

atte tio tolifestyle.





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0



Manava

a ava(ca.750BC

690BC)isa authorofthe

I dia geometrictextof

SulbaSutras.TheMa ava

Sulbasutrais ottheoldest

(theo ebyBaudhaya ais

older), orisito eofthe

mostimporta t,therebei g

atleastthreeSulbasutras

whichareco sideredmore

importa t.Historia splace

hislifetimeatarou d750

BC.

U doubtedlyhewrotethe

Sulbasutratoproviderules

forreligiousritesa dit

wouldappearalmosta

certai tythatMa ava

himselfwouldbeaVedic

priest.Themathematics

give i theSulbasutrasis

theretoe ableaccurate

co structio ofaltars eeded

forsacrifices.Itisclearfrom

thewriti gthatMa ava,as

wellasbei gapriest,must

havebee askilled

craftsma .

M

RecoveredmanuscriptofManava's

Sulbasutra





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2



Ngrju a(150250AD)iswidely

co sideredo eofthemostimporta tBuddhist

philosophersafterGautamaBuddha.Alo g

withhisdiscipleryadeva,heisco sideredto

bethefou deroftheMadhyamakaschoolof

MahyaBuddhism.

Nagarjuna

Relativity

Nagarju aalsotaughttheideaof

relativityi Rat val.

Nagarju aasAyurvedicphysicia

Nagarju awasalsoapractitio er

ofAyurveda.Hewasthecompiler

oftheredactio ,ma yofhis

co ceptualisatio s,suchashis

descriptio softhecirculatory

systema dbloodtissue(described

asraktadhtu)a dhispio eeri g

worko thetherapeuticvalueof

speciallytreatedmi eralsk ow s

asbhasmas,whichear edhimthe

titleofthe"fatherof

iatrochemistry





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MaharishiPata jaliis

thecompileroftheYoga

Sutras,alo gwithbei g

theauthorofa

comme taryo Pa i i's

Ashtadhyayi,k ow as

Mahabhasya.

Thelifehistoryof

Pata jaliisfullof

lege dsa d

co tradictio s.Thereare

oauthe ticrecords

regardi ghisbirth.As

pero elege d,hefell

(pata)i totheha ds

(a jali)ofawoma ,thus

givi ghimthe ame

Pata jali.

Pata jaliYogaSutras

YogaSutrasare

co sideredtoserveas

thebasisoftheyogic

tech iques.Maharishi

Pata jali,"TheFather

ofYoga",compiled195

sutras,whichserveasa

frameworkfor

i tegrati gYogai tothe

dailyrouti ea d

leadi ga ethicallife.

Theexactdateofthe

compilatio oftheYoga

Sutrasis otk ow .

However,itisbelieved

thattheywerewritte

somewherearou d200

BC.Thecoreof

Pata jali'steachi gslies

i theeightfoldpathof

yoga.Thepathshows

thewaytoliveabetter

lifethroughyoga.

Patanjali





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2


Sushrutha

A a cie tI dia

surgeo dati gbackto

almost2500yearsago,

Sushrutamade

umerous

co tributio stothe

fieldofsurgery.

Sushrutaisregarded

asthefatherof

surgery.Heauthored

thebookSushruta

Samhitai whichhe

describedover300

surgicalprocedures,

120surgical

i strume tsa d

classifiedhuma

surgeryi eight

categories.Helived,

taughta dpractised

hisarto theba ksof

theGa geswhichca

owbecalledVara asi

i NorthI dia.

Healsodescribed

removaloftheprostate

gla d,urethral,her ia

surgery,caesaria

sectio .Hehaswritte

about76sig sof

variouseyediseases,

symptoms,prog osis,

medical/surgical

i terve tio sa d

cataractsurgery.




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AcharyaPrafulla handraRay

Raywasbor o 2August1861i avillagei

thedistrictofJessore, owi Ba gladesh.

Raysstartedi hisvillageschool,fou dedby

hisfather.Hethe studiedatthe

metropolita College(VidyasagarCollege)i

Kolkata.Hepublishedabout120research

papersmostlyi researchjour alsof

i ter atio alrepute.Rayco ducted

systematicchemicala alysisofa umberof

rareI dia mi eralswiththeobjectof

discoveri gi themsomeofthemissi g

eleme tsi Me deleevsPeriodicTable.

PrafullaCha draRayisthefou derofthe

I dia schoolofmoder chemistry.

AmalKumarRaychaudhuri(4September

192318Ju e2005)wasaleadi gI dia

physicist,re ow edforhisresearchi

ge eralrelativitya dcosmology.Hismost

sig ifica tco tributio istheepo ymous

Raychaudhuriequatio ,whichdemo strates

thatsi gularitiesarisei evitablyi ge eral

relativitya disakeyi gredie ti theproofs

ofthePe roseHawki gsi gularity

theorems.

Hisequatio sleadstoasolutio i whichthe

everlasti gu iverseis otbor i aBig

Ba g.

AmalKumarRaychaudhuri





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AnilKumarGain

A ilKumarGai (1February19197

February1978)wasa I dia mathematicia

a dstatisticia bestk ow forhisworkso

thePearso product-mome tcorrelatio

coefficie ti thefieldofappliedstatistics,

withhiscolleagueRo aldFisher.

Hewasho ouredasaFellowoftheRoyal

StatisticalSocietya dthefamousCambridge

PhilosophicalSociety.

A aModayilMa i(Commo lyk ow as

A aMa i)iso eofthemostdisti guished

I dia scie tistsi meteorologicalscie ces..

Sheworkedo a umberofprojectsfor

har essi gwi de ergy&o atmospheric

ozo e.I recog itio ofA aMa is

phe ome alco tributio toozo estudies,she

wasmadeamemberoftheI ter atio al

zo eCommissio .

AnnaMani





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Asima hatterjee

AsimaChatterjee(23September191722

November2006)wasa I dia chemist oted

forherworki thefieldsoforga icchemistry

a dphytomedici e.Hermost otablework

i cludesresearcho vi caalkaloids,a dthe

developme tofa ti-epileptica da ti-malarial

drugs.

Asutoshwasbor i Kolkata(the

Calcutta)o 28Ju e1884to

Ga gaprasadMukhopadyhyaya d

Jagattari iDevi.Hewasa

disti guishedmathematicia ofhis

time.Hewroteabooki mathematics

titledGeometryofCo ics.He

establishedtheCalcuttaMathematical

Societyi 1908a ddirectedits

activitiesasitsPreside ttillhisdeath.

AsutoshMookerjee





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AtmaRam

AtmaRamwasbor o 12 ctober1908i a

smallvillage amedPila ai Bij orDistrict

ofwester UttarPradesh.Hispare ts

belo gedtoalowermiddleclassfamily.Atma

Ramsco tributio scoverfu dame tala d

appliedscie cesaswellastech ologyof

productio .Hismostsig ifica tachieveme t

wasthedevelopme ta dproductio of

opticalglass.I thosedaysitwasavitally

strategicmaterial,thetech ologyof

productio ofwhichwasacloselyguarded

secretofte cou triesi theworld.Someof

hisworkledtothedevelopme tofe tirely

ewi dustriesi thecou try.

There ow edpaleobota ist,BirbalSah i,

wasbor o November14,1891i Shahpur

District, owi Pakista .Hewasthethird

so ofIshwariDevia dLalaRuchiRam

Saha i.BirbalSah istudiedthefossilsofthe

I dia subco ti e t.Hewasthefou derof

BirbalSah iI stituteofPalaeobota y,

Luck ow.BirbalSah iwasthefirstbota ist

tostudyexte sivelyaboutthefloraofI dia

Go dwa aregio .Sah ialsoexploredtheRaj

Mahalhillsi Bihar,whichisatreasure

houseoffossilsofa cie tpla ts.Herehe

discoveredsome ewge usofpla ts.Forhis

studieso thetech iqueofcasti gcoi si

a cie tI diahewasawardedtheNelso

WrightMedaloftheNumismaticSocietyof

I dia.

Sah idiedo the ightofApril10,1949.

Birbal ahni





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Dr.HarGobindKhurana

Dr.HarGovi dKhura awasbor o

Ja uary9,1922i asmallvillagecalled

Raipuri Pu jab( owi Pakista ).

Khura ahadhisprelimi aryschooli gat

home.Dr.Khura areceivedtheNobelPrize

i PhysiologyorMedici ei 1968alo gwith

MWNie berga dRWHolleyforthe

i terpretatio ofthege eticcode,itsfu ctio

a dprotei sy thesis.TheGover me tof

I diaho oredhimwithPadmaVibhusha i

1969.Hewo umerousotherprestigious

awards,i cludi gtheAlbertLaskerawardfor

medicalresearch,Natio alMedalofScie ce

a dtheEllisIsla dMedalofHo or.DrHar

Govi dKhura adiedi ahospitali

Co cord,Massachusetts,o November9,

1911.

DrSalimAlibor o November12,1896i

Mumbaiwasorpha edataveryyou gage.

SalimAliwasbroughtupbyhismater al

u cle,Amiruddi Tyabjiwhoi troducedhim

to ature.Aliwashiredasguidelectureri

1926atthe ewlyope ed aturalhistory

sectio i thePri ceofWalesMuseumi

Mumbai.I Kihim,acoastalvillage ear

Mumbai,hebega maki ghisfirst

observatio softheBayaortheWeaverbird.

Thepublicatio ofhisfi di gso thebirdi

1930broughthimrecog itio i thefieldof

or ithology.Hewasho ouredwithaPadma

Vibhusha i I983.Hediedattheageof90,

o Ju e20,1987.

Dr. alimAli





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GopalasundaramNarayanaRamachandran

GopalasamudramNaraya aRamacha dra

wasbor o 8 ctober1922i Er akulam ear

Kochi(the Cochi )i Kerala.Hehadhisearly

schooli gi agover me tschooli

Er akulum.Ramacha dra joi edI dia

I stituteofScie ce,Be galuru,forhisMSc

degree.Ramacha dra obtai edhisMSc

degreei 1944a dstartedworki gforhis

doctoraldegreeu derthesupervisio ofC.V.

Rama .Afterobtai i ghisDoctorofScie ce

degreei 1947hepla edtogotoCambridge

i E gla dtoworki theCave dish

Laboratory,whereSirWilliamLawre ceBragg

wastheDirector.Afterfi ishi ghisdoctoral

worki Cambridge,Ramacha dra retur edto

I diai Ju e1949.I 1970,Ramacha dra

joi edtheI dia I stituteofScie ce.Hewas

give therespo sibilityofstarti ga ew

departme tofmolecularbiophysics.

Ramacha dra Diedo 7April2001.

HomiJeha girBhabhaisk ow asthechief

architectofI diasatomice ergyprogramme.

Bhabhawasbor o 30 ctober1909.Atthe

timeBhabhajoi edthePhysicsDepartme t

oftheIIScitwasheadedbyC.V.Rama .At

theIISc,Bhabhaguidedresearcho cosmic

rays.TheTataI stituteofFu dame tal

Research(TIFR)i Mumbai,wasi augurated

i 1945duetoBhabha'sdetemi atio .Later

Bhabhabuilta ewlaboratorye tirely

devotedtoatomice ergyresearcha d

developme t,whichwaslatercalledBhabha

AtomicResearchCe tre(BARC).Bhabhawas

thefirstChairma oftheAtomicE ergy

Commissio .

Bhabhawaskilledi aair-crash earthe

Mo tBla cpeakoftheAlpso 24Ja uary

1966.

HomiJehangirBhabha





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37

hastraPratibha,2016(Juniors)


Jagadish handraBose

JagadishCha drawasbor o 30November

1858i Myme si gh( owi Ba gladesh).JC

Boseisco sideredasthefirstscie tistfrom

I diau dertheGalilea rder.Bosewasa

pio eeri microwaveopticstech ology.He

wasthefirsttoshowthatsemico ductor

rectifierscoulddetectradiowaves.Boses

gale areceiverwasamo gsttheearliest

examplesofaledsulphidephotoco ducti g

device.Bosedemo stratedthatpla ttissues

u derdiffere tki dsofstimulilike

mecha ical,applicatio ofheat,electric

shock,chemicalsa ddrugs,produceelectric

respo sesimilartothatproducedbya imal

tissues.Bosei ve tedseveral ovela d

highlyse sitivei strume ts.Amo gthese

themostimporta twastheCrescograph,a

i strume tformeasuri gthegrowthofpla t.

Kalpa aChawlawasbor o July1,1961i

Harya asKar aldistrict.Shewasi spired

byI diasfirstpilotJRDTataa dalways

wa tedtofly.Shedidherschooli gfrom

Kar alsTagoreSchool,a dlaterstudied

Aero auticalE gi eeri gfromPu jab

U iversity.Shewasastrictvegetaria a d

wasa avidmusiclover.Chawlajoi ed

NASAsspaceprogrammei 1994a dher

firstmissio tospacebega o November19,

1997aspartofa6-astro autcrewo Space

ShuttleColumbiaFlightSTS-87.Shelogged

moretha 375hoursi space,asshe

travelledover6.5millio milesi 252orbits

oftheearthduri gherfirstflight.Chawla

waso eoftheseve crewmemberskilledi

theSpaceShuttleColumbiadisasteri 2003.

Kalpana hawla





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38



ManaliKallatVainuBappu

Vai uBappuisregardedasthemai

architectofrevivalofastro omicalstudies

i I dia.Vai uBappuwasbor i

Madras( owChe ai)o 10August1927.

I 1957, li C.Wilso a dM.K.Vai u

Bappureportedo theremarkable

correlatio betwee themeasuredwidth

oftheaforeme tio edemissio li ea d

theabsolutevisualmag itudeofthestar.

Thisisk ow astheWilso Bappueffect.

BappuwasthefirstPreside tofthe

Astro omicalSocietyofI dia(1973-74).

HeservedasVicePreside t(1967-1973)

a dPreside t(1979)oftheI ter atio al

Astro omicalU io .Bappudiedo 19

August1982i Mu ich,Germa y.Atthe

timeofhisdeathhewasjust55yearsold.

Megh adSahawasbor o the6 ctober,

1893i avillage earDhakai

Ba gladesh.Megh adSahamade

remarkableco tributio tothefieldof

Astrophysics.Hewe tabroada dstayed

fortwoyearsi Lo do a dGerma y.I

1927,Megh adSahawaselectedasa

fellowofLo do sRoyalSociety.I 1947,

heestablishedI stituteofNuclearPhysics

whichlaterwas amedafterhimasSaha

I stituteofNuclearPhysics.Sahawasalso

electedastheMemberofParliame t.The

Sahaio izatio equatio ,alsok ow as

theSahaLa gmuirequatio ,isa

expressio thatrelatestheio izatio state

ofa eleme ttothetemperaturea d

pressure.

Meghnad aha





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39



MokhagundamVisvesvaraya

SirMokshagu damVisvesvaraya,KCIE

(popularlyk ow asSirMV;15September

186014April1962wasaotableI dia

e gi eer,scholar,statesma a dtheDiwa

ofMysorefrom1912to1918.Everyyear,o

hisbirthday,15Septemberiscelebratedas

E gi eer'sDayi I diai hismemory.Heis

heldi highregardasapre-emi e t

e gi eerofI dia.Hewasthechiefdesig er

ofthefloodprotectio systemforthecityof

Hyderabadi Tela ga a,aswellasthechief

e gi eerrespo siblefortheco structio of

theKrish aRajaSagaradami Ma dya.

Healsodesig eda dpate tedasystemof

automaticweirwaterfloodgatesthatwere

firsti stalledi 1903attheKhadakvasla

Reservoir earPu e.Visvesvaraya

achievedcelebritystatuswhe hedesig eda

floodprotectio systemforthecityof

Hyderabad.

Bor i November1904i Jaipur,Rajastha ,

Pa cha a Maheshwariisafamousbiologist.

Maheshwarii ve tedthetech iqueoftest-

tubefertilisatio ofa giosperms.

Maheshwaristech iqueimmediatelyope ed

up ewave uesi pla tembryologya dhas

applicatio si eco omica dappliedbota y.

Waybacki 1950hetalkedofco tacts

betwee embryology,physiologya dge etics.

Healsoemphasizedthe eedofi itiatio of

worko artificialcultureofimmature

embryos.Hisworko testtubefertilisatio

a di tra-ovaria polli atio wo worldwide

acclaim.Tillhisdeathi May1966,hewas

editi ghisjour alPhytomorphology.

PanchananMaheshwari





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P Mahalanobis

Mahala obisisrememberedbyI dia sasa

I dia scie tista dasa appliedstatisticia .

Hismostsig ifica tco tributio i thefield

ofstatisticswastheMahala obisDista ce.

Aftercompletio ofhisstudies,heretur edto

I diaa dwasi vitedbythePri cipalof

Preside cyCollegetotakeclassesi

Physics.Themeeti gsa ddiscussio sat

Preside cyCollegeledtotheformal

establishme toftheI dia Statistical

I stitutea dwereformallyregisteredo

April28,1932.Themostimporta t

co tributio sofMahala obisarerelatedto

large-scalesamplesurveys.Mahala obis

washo ouredwiththeseco dhighestcivilia

awardofthecou try,PadmaVibhusha .

Mahala obisdiedo Ju e28,1972attheage

78. I year2006,Gover me tofI dia

declaredJu e29,thebirthdayof

Mahala obis,astheNatio alStatisticalDay.

Ro aldRosswasbor i I diai 1857at

Almoradistricti Uttarakha d.Hisfather

wasage erali theBritishArmyi I dia.

Ro aldRossprovedi 1897thelo g-

suspectedli kbetwee mosquitoesa d

malaria.Tillthattimeitwasbelievedthat

malariawascausedbybreathi gi badair

a dlivi gi ahot,humida dmarshy

e viro me t.I 1902,Rosswasawardedthe

NobelPrizei Medici eforhisremarkable

worko malariaa dwasco ferred

K ighthoodasmarkofhisgreatco tributio

totheworldofmedici e.I 1926,hebecame

DirectoroftheRossI stitutea dHospitalfor

TropicalDiseasesi Lo do ,whichwas

fou dedi hisho our.

RonaldRoss





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4



atishDhawan

SatishDhawa wasbor o 25September

1920i Sri agar,Jammu&Kashmir.Satish

Dhawa shapedI diasspaceprogrammeby

tra slati gVikramSarabhaisdreami to

reality.I 1943,hemovedtotheUSAwhere

hefirstatte dedtheU iversityofMi esota,

Mi eapolisa dcompletedaBachelorof

E gi eeri gdegreei Mecha ical

E gi eeri gi 1945.I 1947heobtai eda

MasterofScie cei AerospaceE gi eeri g

a dAero auticalE gi eersdegreefromthe

Califor iaI stituteofTech ology(Caltech).

I 1962,attheageof42,hebecamethe

you gestDirectoroftheI dia I stituteof

Scie ce,Be galuru.Dhawa tookupcharge

ofI diasspaceprogrammei September

1972.HebecameChairma ofthe ewly

establishedSpaceCommissio ,Secretaryto

theDepartme tofSpacea dChairma of

ISR .Dhawa diedo 3Ja uary2002atthe

ageof81.

Satye draNathBosehasbee i the ewsof

latei co ectio withthediscoveryofHiggs

boso orpopularlycalledtheGodParticle..

Heisk ow forhisworki Qua tumPhysics.

HeisfamousfortheBose-Ei stei Theory

a daki dofparticlei atomhasbee amed

afterhis ameasBoso .Satye dra athBose

wasbor o Ja uary1,1894i Kolkata.I

1926,Satye draNathBosebecameaProfessor

ofPhysicsi DhakaU iversity.Thoughhehad

otcompletedhisdoctoratetillthe ,hewas

appoi tedasProfessoro Ei stei s

recomme datio .I 1958,hewasmadea

FellowoftheRoyalSociety,Lo do .

Satye draNathBosewasho oredwith

PadmaBhusha bytheGover me tofI dia.

Hediedi Kolkatao February4,1974.

atyendraNathBose





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hanti warupBhatnagar

Sha tiSwarupBhat agarwasbor o 21

February,1894atBhera,districtShapur,

Pu jab( owi Pakista ).Bhat agarwas

i strume tali setti gupoftheCou cil

ofScie tifica dI dustrialResearch

(CSIR).HewasitsFou derDirector(a

postlaterre-desig atedasDirector

Ge eral).Thisbecameamajorage cyfor

scie tifica di dustrialresearchi

i depe de tI dia.Bhat agarplayeda

i strume talrolei theestablishme tof

theNatio alResearcha dDevelopme t

Corporatio (NRDC),whichwas

visualisedtobridgethegapbetwee

researcha ddevelopme t.

Sri ivasaRama uja wasa

mathematicia parexcelle ce.Heiswidely

believedtobethegreatestmathematicia

ofthe20thCe tury.Sri ivasaRama uja

madesig ifica tco tributio tothe

a alyticaltheoryof umbersa dworked

o ellipticfu ctio s,co ti uedfractio s,

a di fi iteseries.Sri ivasaRama uja

wasbor o December8,1820i thetow

ofErode,i TamilNadu.Hismostfamous

workwaso the umberp( )ofpartitio s

ofa i teger i tosumma ds.Rama uja

sailedtoI diao 27February1919

arrivi go 13March.Howeverhishealth

wasverypoora d,despitemedical

treatme t,hediedo April26,1920

rinivasaRamanujam





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48/130



VergheseKurien

Fo dlycalledtheMilkMa ofI dia,

VergheseKurie wasbor o 26November

1921i Kozhikode,Kerala.Aftercompleti g

hisdegree,hejoi edtheTataSteelTech ical

I stitute,Jamshedpur,fromwherehe

graduatedi 1946.Hethe we ttoUSAo a

gover me tscholarshiptoear hisMasterof

Scie cei MetallurgicalE gi eeri gfrom

Michiga StateU iversity.Heisfamously

k ow asthearchitectof peratio Flood

thelargestdairydevelopme tprogrammei

theworld.Kurie helpeda dthuse gi eered

theWhiteRevolutio i I dia,a dmade

I diathelargestmilkproduceri theworld.

Heisthefou deroftheGujaratCo-operative

MilkMarketi gFederatio ,thecooperative

orga izatio thatma agestheAmulfood

bra d.VergheseKurie diedo 9September

2012i Nadiad, earA a dattheageof90.

Ve katrama Radhakrish a (18May1929

3March2011)wasaspacescie tista d

memberoftheRoyalSwedishAcademyof

Scie ces.ProfessorRadhakrish a wasbor

i To daripet,asuburbofMadrastoNobel

laureatephysicistSirCha drasekhara

Ve kataRama a dhiswifeLokasu dari

Ammal.HeservedastheChairma of

Commissio J(RadioAstro omy)ofthe

I ter atio alU io ofRadioScie ces(1981

1984).Hewasa i ter atio allyacclaimed

Astrophysicista dalsore ow edforhis

desig a dfabricatio ofultralightaircraft

a dsailboats.HewasaSe iorResearch

fellowoftheCalifor iaI stituteof

Tech ology,USA.TheU iversityof

Amsterdamco ferredthemostprestigious

DoctorHo orisCausadegreeo Prof.

Radhakrish a i 1996.

VenkatramanRadhakrishnan



http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/%%EF%88%98%0E%E2%A9%92L%17%E8%AC%82X1%CB%80http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/ZX]o%E9%B2%8C;]*g%E6%9C%82http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/ZX]o%E9%B2%8C;]*g%E6%9C%82http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/%%EF%88%98%0E%E2%A9%92L%17%E8%AC%82X1%CB%80


49/130

4



VikramAmbalal arabhai

VikramAmbalalSarabhaiwasbor o 12

August1919i awealthyfamilyat

Ahmedabad.I 1947,hewasawardedPhDby

theCambridgeU iversityforhisthesis

e titledCosmicRayi vestigatio si

TropicalLatitudes.Aftergetti ghisPhD,he

retur edtoI dia.Hisgreatestco tributio

wasthefou di goftheI dia Space

Research rga izatio (ISR ).Thefirst

I dia-maderocket,styledRohi i,was

lau chedfromapadi Thumpai November

1967.Thecreditforthefou di gofI dias

satellitelau chi gstatio atShreeharikotta

alsogoestoDr.Vikram.Sarabhaidiedo 30

December1971atKovalam,

Thiruva athapuram,Kerala.

YellapragadaSubbaRowwasthema behi d

thedevelopme tofma ywo derful

a tibioticssuchastetracycli e,a tifolate

ca cerdrugs,a tifilarialdrugs,a timalarial

drugsa dsoo .YellapragadaSubbaRowwas

bor o 12Ja uary1895i Bhimavarami

theWestGodavaridistrictofA dhra

Pradesh.HegothisPhDdegreei 1930.He

co ti uedtoworki theHarvardMedical

Schooltill1940whe hemovedtoLederle

Laboratories.FolicAcidcameoutof

YellapragadaSubbaRow'ssearchof18lo g

yearsforAPAFthea ti-per iciousa aemia

factor.Tetracycli eshavesavedmillio sof

livesoverthelast50years.Aureomyci was

prese tedtomedici ei 1948,theyear

SubbaRowdied.Itwasthefirstbroad-

spectruma tibiotic,thatiseffectiveagai st

bothgram-positivea dgram- egativegerms

Yellapragada ubbaRow





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6




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47



ONTEMPORARY

INDIAN

IENTI T



52/130

8



Animesh hakraborty

A imeshChakraborty(bor 30Ju e

1935)isaBe galiI dia academica da

professorofchemistry.I 1975,hewas

awardedtheSha tiSwarupBhat agar

PrizeforScie cea dTech ologyi

chemistrybytheCou cilofScie tifica d

I dustrialResearch.

Hehadstartedasaresearchassociateat

theMITa dHarvard.Hehadalsoserved

asprofessora dheadofthedepartme t

ofchemistryattheI dia I stituteof

Tech ologyKa pur,a dasprofessora d

headofthedepartme tofi orga ic

chemistryattheI dia Associatio forthe

Cultivatio ofScie ceattheU iversityof

Calcutta,a dasavisiti gprofessoratthe

TexasA&MU iversity.

AbhasMitra(bor 18Ju e1955)isa

I dia astrophysicistbestk ow forhis

disti ctviewso severalfro t-li e

astrophysicsco cepts,particularlyblack

holesa dBigBa gCosmology.

Hehasregularlyquestio edthe

mai streamcosmologicalco ceptsofthe

"bigba g"a d"blackholes".Heclaimsto

haveofferedexactproofsthat:

Mitraisassociatedwiththe`Himalaya

GammaRay bservatorybei gsetupat

Ha Lehjoi tlybyTataI stituteof

Fu dame talResearch,BhabhaAtomic

ResearchCe trea dI dia I stituteof

Astrophysics.

AbhasMitra





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49



AbhayVasantAshtekar

AbhayVasa tAshtekar(bor July5,1949)is

a I dia theoreticalphysicist.Heisthe

EberlyProfessorofPhysicsa dtheDirector

oftheI stituteforGravitatio alPhysicsa d

GeometryatPe sylva iaStateU iversity.

AsthecreatorofAshtekarvariables,heiso e

ofthefou dersofloopqua tumgravitya d

itssubfieldloopqua tumcosmology.Hehas

alsowritte a umberofdescriptio sofloop

qua tumgravitythatareaccessibleto o -

physicists.I 1999,Ashtekara dhis

colleagueswereabletocalculatethee tropy

forablackhole,matchi galege dary1974

predictio byHawki g.

A ilBhardwaj(bor 1Ju e1967)isthe

DirectoroftheSpacePhysicsLaboratory,

VikramSarabhaiSpaceCe tre,ISR ,

Triva drum,I dia.Heistherecipie tofthe

Sha tiSwarupBhat agarAwardi 2007,

a dwasawardedNRCSe iorResearch

AssociteshipbyUSNatio alAcademyof

Scie cei 2003.Hewasawardedfellowship

gra tbyU itedNatio s fficeof uterSpace

Affairs,Vie a,Austria,i 1996.Heisa

FellowoftheI dia AcademyofScie ces,

Ba galore;I dia Natio alScie ceAcademy,

NewDelhi;Natio alAcademyofScie ces,

I dia,Allahabad;I dia GeophysicalU io ,

Hyderabad;a dKeralaAcademyofScie ces,

Triva drum.HewasalsoawardedISR

TeamExcelle ceAwardforCha drayaa -1

Scie cea dMissio i 2008.

AnilBharadwaj





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50



AnilKakkodkar

DrA ilKakodkar,thefamousI dia uclear

scie tistwasbor o 11November1943i

thevillageBarawa i,MadhyaPradesh.I

theyear1964,A ilKakodkarjoi edthe

BhabhaAtomicResearchCe tre(BARC).He

wasChairma oftheAtomicE ergy

Commissio ofI dia(AECI)a dSecretaryto

theGover me tofI dia,Departme tof

AtomicE ergy.HewasalsotheDirectorof

theBhabhaAtomicResearchCe treat

Trombayduri gtheperiod1996-2000before

leadi gI dias uclearprogramme.A il

Kakodkaralsowasalsoi thecoreteamof

architectsofI diasPeacefulNuclearTests

thatwereco ductedduri gtheyears1974

a d1998.I theyear1996,A ilKakodkar

becametheyou gestDirectoroftheBARC

afterHomiBhabhahimself.

DrGMadhava Nairwasbor o ctober31,

1943i Thiruva a thapuram,Kerala.This

formerchairperso oftheI diaSpaceResearch

rga isatio (ISR )isk ow asthema

behi d,I diasfirstu ma edmissio tothe

moo .Nairdidhisgraduatio i Electrical

a dCommu icatio E gi eeri gfromthe

U iversityofKeralai 1966.Hejoi edthe

ThumbaEquatorialRocketLau chi gStatio

(TERLS)i 1967.Duri ghissixyearste ure

atISR ,asma yas25successfulmissio s

wereaccomplished.U derhisproject,31,000

classroomshavebee co ectedu derthe

EDUSAT etworka dtelemedici e&healso

i itiatedtheVillageResourceCe tres(VRCs)

schemethroughsatelliteco ectivity.Hewas

awardedthePadmaVibhusha ,I diasseco d

highestcivilia awardi 2009.

G. MadhavanNair





55/130



JayantNarlikar

Jaya tVish uNarlikar(bor 19July1938)isa

I dia astrophysicist.HedevelopedwithSir

FredHoyletheco formalgravitytheory,

commo lyk ow asHoyleNarlikartheory.It

sy thesisesAlbertEi stei 'sTheoryof

Relativitya dMach'sPri ciple.Itproposes

thatthei ertialmassofaparticleisafu ctio

ofthemassesofallotherparticles,multiplied

byacoupli gco sta t,whichisafu ctio of

cosmicepoch.I 1960,hewo theTyso Meda

forastro omy.Duri ghisdoctoralstudiesat

Cambridge,hewo theSmith'sPrizei 1962.

Duri g19941997,hewasthePreside tofth

CosmologyCommissio oftheI ter atio al

Astro omicalU io .I dia'sseco dhighest

civilia ho our,PadmaVibhusha ,was

awardedtohimi 2004forhisresearchwork.

Ma i draAgrawal(bor 20May1966)isa

professorattheDepartme tofComputer

Scie cea dE gi eeri ga dtheDea of

FacultyAffairs(DoFA)attheI dia I stitute

ofTech ology,Ka pur.Hewasalsothe

recipie tofthefirstI fosysPrizefor

Mathematics.a dtheSha tiSwarup

Bhat agarAwardi MathematicalScie cesi

2003.Hehasbee ho oredwithPadmaShri

i 2013.Heco-createdtheAKSprimalitytest

withNeerajKayala dNiti Saxe a,for

whichhea dhisco-authorswo the2006

Fulkerso Prize,a dthe2006GdelPrize.He

wasalsoawardedwith2002ClayResearch

Awardforthiswork.I September2008,

Agrawalwaschose forthefirstI fosys

MathematicsPrize.

ManindraAgarwal



ighestcivilia awardi 2009.




56/130

5



ManjulBhargava

Ma julBhargava(bor 8August1974)is

aCa adia -America mathematicia of

I dia origi .HeistheR.Bra do Fradd

ProfessorofMathematicsatPri ceto

U iversity,theStieltjesProfessorof

NumberTheoryatLeide U iversity,a d

alsoholdsAdju ctProfessorshipsatthe

TataI stituteofFu dame talResearch,

theI dia I stituteofTech ology

Bombay,a dtheU iversityofHyderabad.

Heisk ow primarilyforhis

co tributio sto umbertheory.Bhargava

wasawardedtheFieldsMedali 2014.I

2015,BhargavawasawardedthePadma

Bhusha ,thethirdhighestcivilia award

ofI dia.

Maa kombuSambasiva Swami atha was

bor o August7,1925i Kumbako am,

TamilNadu.Thisfamousge eticistis

k ow asthema behi dI diasGree

Revolutio ,whichrevolutio isedI dias

farmi gsce ariobyi troduci ghigh

yieldi gcrops.Swami atha broughti to

I diaseedsdevelopedi MexicobyUS

agriculturalguruNorma Borlauga d

createdawheatpla tthatyieldedmuch

moregrai tha traditio altypes.He

servedasDirectorGe eraloftheIRRIa d

becamePreside toftheI ter atio al

U io fortheCo servatio ofNaturea d

NaturalResources.HereceivedtheRamo

MagsaysayAwardforCommu ity

Leadershipi 1971.

M waminathan







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3



M. .Valiathan

M. S.Valiatha ,wasbor toMartha daa dJa aki

Varmai 1934.Hisearlyeducatio wasata

gover me tschooli Mavelikaraa dthe at

U iversityCollege,Triva drum.Valiatha 'smedical

educatio bega attheU iversityofKerala,

Triva drum,wherehestudiedfrom1951to1956.He

laterwe ttoU iversityofLiverpooli Liverpool,

E gla dasasurgicaltrai eea dreceivedhis

fellowshipfromtheRoyalCollegeofSurgeo sof

Edi burgha dE gla di 1960.Afterabriefsti tas

afacultymemberatthePostGraduateI stituteof

MedicalEducatio a dResearch,Cha digarhhe

u derwe tfurthertrai i gi cardiacsurgeryatthe

Joh sHopki s,GeorgeWashi gto ,a dGeorgetow

U iversityHospitals,USA.AtSreeChitraTiru al

Ce ter,Triva drum.Dr.Valiatha a dhisteam

developedamecha icalvalvewithatilti g-disc

desig .TheChitra-TTKvalvethatiscurre tly

marketedisthefourthmodelthatwasdevelopedover

adecadeofcollaborativeefforti I dia.

AshokeSe ,(bor 1956)isa I dia

theoreticalphysicista ddisti guished

professorattheHarish-Cha draResearch

I stitute,Allahabad.Healsoisthe

Mor i gstarVisiti gprofessoratMITa da

disti guishedprofessorattheKoreaI stitute

forAdva cedStudy.Hismai areaofworkis

Stri gTheory.Hewasamo gthefirst

recipie tsoftheFu dame talPhysicsPrize,

setupbytheRussia billio aireYuriMil er.

AshokeSe madehugeco tributio stostri g

theory,i cludi ghisla dmarkpapero

stro g-weakcoupli gdualityorS-duality.He

pio eeredthestudyofu stableD-bra esa d

madethefamousSe co jectureaboutope

stri gtachyo co de satio o suchbra es.

I 1998hewo thefellowshipoftheRoyal

Societyo bei g omi atedbythetheoretical

physicistStephe Hawki g.Hereceived

Dirac'sMedali 2014.Healsoreceived

PadmaBhusha i 2013.

Ashoke en







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5



abeerBhatia

SabeerBhatiaisa e trepre eurwhois

mostlyk ow asfou derofHotmailemail

service.SabeerBhatiawasbor i Pu jab

(I dia)o 30December,1968.Toughhewas

bor i Pu jab,Hegrewupi Ba galore.He

haddo ehisB.SdegreefromCalifor ia

I stituteofTech ologya dM.S.degreeo

electricale gi eeri gfromtheSta ford

U iversity.SabeerstartedhiscareeratApple

computersasahardwaree gi eer.Duri g

thattimehegottheideaofHotmail.Sabeer

Bhatiahasgotma yawards.TIME amed

himasa"PeopletoWatchi i ter atio al

busi essi 2002.

SatyaNadellaisa I dia e gi eerwhohas

joi edtheleagueoftech ologicalwizardslike

SteveJobsa dBillGatesbythevirtueofhis

greatworka ddedicatio .Nadellas

educatio albackgrou du doubtedlyplayeda

greatrolei shapi ghistech icala d

leadershipabilities.Nadellaslifecha ged

completelyafterhejoi edtheITgia t

Microsoft.Slowlybutsteadilyhegrabbed

biggeropportu itiesatthee terprisea d

we to toma ageseveraldivisio softhe

compa y. eofSatyaspath-breaki g

accomplishme tswithi thefirmwastopave

thewayforthecloudcomputi gtech ology,

whichlaterwe to tobecomeatre dsetter.

eofNadellasgreatestaccomplishme ts

waspio eeri gtheCloudcomputi gdivisio

ofMicrosoft.

atyaNadella







59/130



undarPichai

Su darPichaiisacomputere gi eera dthe

curre tCE ofGoogleI c.Pichai,whohad

bee servi gasGooglesheadofProductsa d

E gi eeri g,was amedthe ewCE of

Googlewhichisthebiggestcompa yu der

AlphabetI c.Pichaihadjoi edGoogleyears

agoi 2004asaproductma agera dledthe

i ovativeeffortsforseveralofGoogles

productsi cludi gGoogleChromea d

Chrome Swhichwe to tobecomehighly

successful.Eve tuallyhetookoverthe

ma ageme tofotherGoogleproductslike

Gmaila dGoogleDocs,a drosethroughthe

ra ksrapidly.Bor i Che ai,I dia,has

receivedhiseducatio fromsomeofthemost

prestigiousi stitutio si theworld.

Bor o 19September1965toDrDeepaka d

Bo iePa dyaat hioi theUS,Su ita

WilliamsPa dya,holdsthreerecordsfor

femalespaceTravelers,lo gestspaceflight

(195days) umberofspacewalks(four)a d

totaltimespe to spacewalks(29hoursa d

17mi utes).AsofNovember2012,Williams

hasmadeseve spacewalkstotali g50hours

a d40mi utesputti gheri No.5o thelist

ofmostexperie cedspacewalkers.Williamss

rootso herfatherssidegobacktoGujarati

I dia.ShetookwithheracopyofBhagavad

Gitaa da idolofGa eshawhe shevisited

theI ter atio alSpaceStatio o herrecord-

breaki gspaceflight.

unitaWilliamsPandya







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56



ThanuPadmanabhan

Tha uPadma abha (bor 10March

1957)isa I dia theoreticalphysicist

a dcosmologistwhoseresearchspa sa

widevarietyoftopicsi Gravitatio ,

Structureformatio i theu iversea d

Qua tumGravity.Ma yofhis

co tributio s,especiallythoserelatedto

thea alysisa dmodelli gofdarke ergy

i theu iversea dthei terpretatio of

gravityasa emerge tphe ome o ,have

madesig ifica timpacti thefield.

Ve katrama Ramakrish a wasbor i

Chidambaram,asmalltow i Cuddalore

districti TamilNadui 1952.Hemigrated

toAmericatodohishigherstudiesi physics.

Hethe cha gedhisfieldtobiologyatthe

U iversityofCalifor ia.HemovedtoMRC

LaboratoryofMolecularBiology,Cambridge.

Itwastherehecrackedthecomplexfu ctio s

a dstructuresofRibosome,whichfetchedhim

NobelPrizeforChemistryi 2009,alo gwith

ThomasESteitza dAdaEYo ath.I 2007,

hewasawardedwiththeLouis-Jea tetPrize

forhisco tributio toMedici e.I 2008,he

wasprese tedwithHeatleyMedalofBritish

BiochemistrySociety.Forhisco tributio to

Scie ce,hewasco ferredwithI dia'sseco d

highestcivilia award,thePadmaVibhusha

i 2010.

VenkatramanRamakrishnan





http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/67%EA%8F%8F%EF%8C%91%E3%83%80%3EQ5zhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/%E3%A5%B2%E1%AA%97%18%01%07%E6%94%8Dl%0F.%C5%80http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/%EE%BA%9Bn%E8%B6%95%EE%92%B4%E6%9B%8C~%EA%A3%80http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/@%DF%99%E9%A9%9D%ED%9F%85%E4%BE%9A%C7%92%EE%89%A4F%07%E2%AC%AFnbK%DC%BB%D7%B5%0B%E7%80%80http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/4%DA%93v%5E%EC%9B%A8a%1D%E0%A3%95http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/%1A%EA%84%B0%CC%AAq%E5%B7%A0%EF%BE%81%E9%8F%A7http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/%E1%A8%B3%14I%E0%BB%87_%DF%BC%EA%AA%B3ohhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/%E1%A8%B3%14I%E0%BB%87_%DF%BC%EA%AA%B3ohhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/%1A%EA%84%B0%CC%AAq%E5%B7%A0%EF%BE%81%E9%8F%A7http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/4%DA%93v%5E%EC%9B%A8a%1D%E0%A3%95http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/@%DF%99%E9%A9%9D%ED%9F%85%E4%BE%9A%C7%92%EE%89%A4F%07%E2%AC%AFnbK%DC%BB%D7%B5%0B%E7%80%80http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/%EE%BA%9Bn%E8%B6%95%EE%92%B4%E6%9B%8C~%EA%A3%80http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/%E3%A5%B2%E1%AA%97%18%01%07%E6%94%8Dl%0F.%C5%80http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/67%EA%8F%8F%EF%8C%91%E3%83%80%3EQ5z


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7



DrVijayPa dura gBhatkarisbestk ow as

thearchitectofI diasfirstsupercomputer

Parama dasthefou derExecutiveDirectorof

C-DAC,I dias atio ali itiativei

supercomputi g.Heiscreditedwiththecreatio

ofseveral atio ali stitutio s, otablyamo gst

thembei gC-DAC,ER&DC,IIITM-K,I2IT,

ETHResearchLab,MKCLa dI dia

I ter atio alMultiversity.Asthearchitectof

I diasPARAMseriesofSupercomputers,Dr

Bhatkarhasgive I diaGISTmultili gual

tech ologya dalotofotherpath-breaki g

i itiatives.Bor o ctober11,1946at

Muramba,Akola,Maharashtra,Bhatkar

obtai edhisBachelorofE gi eeri gdegree

fromVNITNagpuri 1965.Thiswasfollowedby

mastersfromMSU iversity,Barodaa daPhD

i E gi eeri gfromIITDelhi,i 1972.Hehas

bee aMemberofScie tificAdvisoryCommittee

toCabi etofGover me tofI dia,Gover i g

Cou cilMemberofCSIR,I diaa deGover ace

CommitteeChairma ofGover me tsof

Maharashtraa dGoa.AFellowofIEEE,ACM,

CSI,INAEa dleadi gscie tific,e gi eeri g

a dprofessio alsocietiesofI dia,hehasbee

ho ouredwithPadmashria dMaharashtra

Bhusha awards. therrecog itio si clude

Sai tD ya eshwarWorldPeacePrize,

Lokma yaTilakAward,HKFirodiaa d

DataquestLifetimeAchieveme tAwards,a d

ma yothers.Hewasa omi eeforPetersburg

Prizea disaDisti guishedAlum iofIIT,

Delhi.Hiscurre tresearchi terestsi clude

ExascaleSupercomputi g,AI,Brai -Mi d-

Co scious ess,a dSy thesisofScie cea d

Spirituality.Heisprese tlytheCha cellorof

I diaI ter atio alMultiversity,Chairma of

ETHResearchLab,ChiefMe torofI2IT,

Chairma oftheBoardofU athBharat

Abhiya ,Chairperso of versightCommiteeat

Sce ce&E gi eeri gResearchBoard.Heis

alsotheNatio alPreside tofVij a aBharati.

VijayPBhatkar







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AN IENT

ARABIAN

IENTI T



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AbbasIbnFirnas

AbbasIb Fir as(810-887)waspolymath

a i ve tor,physicia ,e gi eer,musicia

a dpoet.Heisalsoalsok ow asAbbas

AbuAl-QasimIb Fir asIb Wirdasal-

Takuri i.Hewasbor i Iz -Ra d da,

Al-A dalus(todaysRo da,Spai ).Helived

i EmirateofCordoba.

Hedevisedachai ofri gsthate abledto

simulatethemotio softhepla etsa d

starsa damea sofma ufacturi g

colourless;desig edawaterclockcalledAl-

Maqata;i ve tedvariousglass

pla ispheres;a dmadecorrectivele ses.

AlIdrisi

AbuAbdAllahMuhammadal-Idrisial-

Hasa ial-SabtiorsimplyAlIdrisi(1099

1165or1166)wasbor i thecityofCeuta

the belo gi gtoMorocca Almoravids.He

livedSicilya dservedi thecourtofKi g

RogerII.Hewasageographer,

cartographer,a dEgyptologist.Al-Idrisiis

bestk ow forhismap,TabulaRogeria a.

ItwaspreparedforKi gRogerII.







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AlBattani

AbuAbdAllahMuhammadib Jabirib

Si a al-Raqqial-Harra ial-Sabial-

Batta i(c.858-c.929)wasbor i Harra

earUrfai UpperMesopoamia( owi

Turkey).Heliveda dworkedi thecityof

Ar-Raqqahi orthce tralSyria.I Lati

literatureheisreferredtoasAlbateg ius,

Albateg iorAlbate ius.Hewasa

astro omer,astrologera dmathematicia .

Heexte deda umberoftrigo ometric

relatio swhichweretra smittedfrom

I diaa dGreco-Rome.

Alhazen

Abual-Hasa ib al-Hasa al-Haytham(c.965-

c.1040),ofte referredtoasib al-Haytham

wasa Arabpolymath.Heisalsok ow asby

hisLati ised ameAlhaze orAlhace .Hewas

bor i Basra,the partofBuyidemirate.He

livedmai lyi Cairo,Egypt.Hemade

sig ifica tco tributio stothepriciplesof

optics,astro omy,mathematics,meteorology,

visualperceptio a dscie tificmethod.Heis

regardedasfatherofmoder optics,

ophthalmology,experime talphysicsa d

scie tificmethodology.Heisalsoregardedas

thefirsttheoreticalphysicist.I medieval

Europe,hewas ick amedPtolemaeus

Secu dus("PtolemytheSeco d")]orsimply

called"ThePhysicist".JimAl-Khalili,a

British-IraqitermsAlhaze asbethe"firsttrue

scie tist"basedo Alhaze 'spio eeri gwork

o scie tificmethod.







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Abual-QasimKhalafibnal-AbbasAl-Zahrawi

Abual-QasimKhalafib al-AbbasAl-Zahrawi

(9361013),wasa ArabMuslimphysicia .

Heisalsok ow asAlbucasis.Hewasbor i

thecityEl-Zahra,A dalusia.Helivedmostof

hislifei Crdoba.Heisco sideredthe

greatestmedievalsurgeo .Ma yregardhim

asthefatherofmoder surgery.Hisgreates

worko medici ewasathirty-volume

e cyclopediaofmedicalpracticestitledKita

al-Tasrif.Hemadepio eeri gco tributio s

tothefieldofsurgicalproceduresa d

i strume tsa dsomeofhisdiscoveriesare

stillappliedi medici etothisday.He

illustratedvariousca ualeforthefirsttime

a dtreatedwartwitha iro a dcaustic

metalasabori gi strume t.

AbuIshakIbrahimib Yahyaal-Naqqashal-

Zarqali(1029-1087)waso eoftheleadi g

astro omersofhistime.Hewasalsoa

i strume tmakera dastrologer.Although

heisusuallycalledasal-Zarqlbuthis

correct amewasal-Zaqalluh.I Lati heis

referredtoasArzachelorArsechieles.He

wasbor i bor i avillage earthe

outskirtsofToledo,the thecapitalofthe

TaifaofToledo.Hewastrai edas

metalsmith.

Heisalsoreferredtoi theworksof

Chaucer,as'Arsechieles'.

Al-Zarqalisworksweretra slatedi toLati

i the

AbuIshakIbrahimibnYahyaal-Naqqashal-Zarqali







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Ibnal-Nafis

Ala-al-di abuAl-Hassa Aliib Abi-Hazm

al-Qarshial-Dimashqi,(1231-1288)wasa

Arabphysicia .HeisalsocalledIb al-

Nafis.Hewasbor i Damascus.Heis

mostlyk ow forbei gthefirsttodescribe

thepulmo arycirculatio oftheblood.He

madeorigi alco tributio sto

ophthalmology.HisbookKitabal-

Mukhtarfial-Aghdhiyadescribeshis

studieso theeffectsofdieto health.

Al-SabiThabitib Qurraal-Harra i

(826-901)livedi Baghdad.Hewasbor i

Harra i HigherMesopotamia/Assyria

(Moder -dayTurkey).Hewasa

mathematicia ,physicia ,astro omera d

tra slator.Hewaso eofthefirstperso sto

reformthePtolemaicsystem.Hepublished

hisow observatio softheSu .Heis

regardedasafou derofstaticsi mecha ics.

Amo ghisdiscoveriesi mathematicswasa

equatio fordetermi i gamicable umbers.

Al- abiThabitibnQurraal-Harrani







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OmarKhayyam

Ghiyathad-Di AbulFathUmarib Ibrahim

al-KhayyamNishapuri(10481131)waso e

ofthemajormathematicia sa dastro omers

ofthemedievalperiod.Heispopularlyk ow

marKhayyam.Hewasbor i Nishapuri

NorthEaster Ira .Afterstudyi gat

Samarka dhemovedBukhara.Hewasa

polymathphilosopher,mathematicia ,

astro omera dpoet.Healsostudied

mecha ics,geography,mi eralogy,musica d

Islamictheology.

Hu ay ib Ishaq(809873)wasafamous

scholar,physicia a dscie tist.Hewasbor

i al-Hirai souther Iraqa dworkedi

Baghdad.Heisk ow forhistra slatio of

Greekscie tifica dmedicalworksi to

Arabica dSyriac.Hetra slated116works

i cludi gPlatosTimaeus,Aristotles

Metaphysicsa dthe ldTestame ti to

Syriaca dArabic.Amo gtheArabshewas

callSheikhofthetra slators.Hismethodof

tra slatio wasfollowedbylatertra slators.

u ay ib Isaqwasthemostproductive

tra slatorofGreekmedicala dscie tific

treatisesi hisday.HestudiedGreeka d

becamek ow amo gtheArabsasthe

"Sheikhofthetra slators."Hemasteredfour

la guages:Arabic,Syriac,Greeka dPersia .

Hisdevelopme tsi thestudyofthehuma

eyeca betracedthroughhisi ovativebook,

Te Treatiseso phthalmology.

HunaynibnIshaq







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MohhammadibnZakariyaal-Razi

Mohhammadib Zakariyaal-Razi

(854-925/935),i Lati heisk ow asRhazes

orRasis.Hewasaplymathphysicia ,

alchemist,chemista dphilosopher.He

occupiesa importa tplacei historyof

medici e.Heisregardedasthediscovererof

alcohola dvitriol(sulphuricacid).

Hewasa earlyadvocateofexperime tal

medici e.Hewaso eofthefirstperso sto

useHumoralismtodisti guisho eco tagious

diseasefroma other.Heisregardedasthe

fatherofpaediatricsa dapio eerof

ophthalmology.

Muhammadib Musaal-Khwarizmi(c.780-c.

850) wasamathematicia ,astro omera d

geographer.Hehasalsobee me tio edi

Lati literatureasAlgoritmiorAlgaurizi .

Hewasbro i aPersia family,probablyi

Chorasmia.Ithasbee arguedbyD.M.

Du lopthatMuammadib Msal-

Khwrizmwasi factthesameperso as

Muhammadib Shakir,theeldestofthethree

Ba uMusa.

Heprese tedthefirstsystematicsolutio of

li eara dquadraticequatio si Arabici

histreatise,Compe diousBooko

Calculatio byCompletio a dbala ci g.He

isregardedasi ve torofalgebra.Itwashis

systematicapproachtosolvi gli eara d

quadraticequatio sthatledtoalgebra.The

wordalgebraisderivedfromal-jabr,o eof

thetwooperatio sheusedtosolvequadratic

equatio .

HerevisedPtolemysGeography.

MuhammadibnMusaal-Khwarizmi







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AN IENT

INDIAN

IEN E



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NAN TECHN L GY

INARTS

Accordi gtoRobertFloydCurl,

Jr.,NobelPrizeWi eri

Chemistryi 1996,I dia

craftsme used a otech ology

i Wootzsteelaswellasi

pai ti gs.Aja tapai ti gs,

traditio alI dia cosmetic

Kajalallserveasexamples

showi gthetech ological

u dersta di gof

a otech ologyapartfrom

macroscie cesbya cie t

scie tists.

I Aja tapai ti gs,o estudies

havefou dprese ceofcarbo

a otubeswhicharebelieved

tohavebee utilizedforlo ger

lasti gimpressio s.

Chemistryprofessor

SabyasachiSarkarhasbee

abletoextractupto40

perce tcarbo a otubes

fromkajal,aswellas

re derthe a otubes

water-solublebytreati g

themwith itricacid.







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defi itio sofsolaryear,lu armo th,

civilday,siderealday,i tercalary

mo ths,omittedlu ardays,pla etary

ordersa dmoveme ts,theecce tric-

TheIndianCalendar,alsoknownasPanchang

epicyclemodels,useofthese

modelsforthecalculatio softhe

truepla etarypositio sfromthe

Eartha dotherrelatedtopics.







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Whatarege erallyreferredtoasthe

Fibo acci umbersa dthemethodfor

theirformatio weregive by

Virahaka(betwee a.d.600a d800),

Gopala(priortoa.d.1135)a d

Hemaca dra(c.a.d.1150),allpriorto

L. Fibo acci(c.a.d.1202).Naraya a

Pa dita(a.d.1356)establisheda

relatio betwee hissmasika-pakti,

whichco tai sFibo acci umbersas

aparticularcase,a dthe

multi omialcoefficie ts

Formationsofaccurate

fibonnaccirepresentation,canbe

observedeverywhereinnature,

eveninstorm&hurricanne

patterns.







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hastraPratibha,2016(Juniors)


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INTERNETOFTHING



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ighest civilia award i 2009.




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IOTPenetrationEstimate







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Kalam.







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AvulPakir

Jai ulabdee Abdul

Kalamwasbor i toa

Muslimfamilyo

ctober15,1931,o

theisla dof

Dha ushkodioffthe

southeaster coastof

I dia.Hedeveloped

a earlyfasci atio

withflightby

watchi gbirds,which

developedi toa

i teresti aero autics

afterhesawa

ewspaperarticle

aboutaBritishfighter

pla e.

Despitehismodest

begi i gshisdad

builta dre tedboats

Kalamwasabright

stude twhoshowed

promisei scie cea d

mathematics.He

atte dedSt.Joseph's

College,a dwe to

toear adegreei

aero autical

e gi eeri gfromthe

MadrasI stituteof

Tech ology.

Kalamwithhis

friends.

DrSarabhai ndDr

KalamatThumba

DrKalamsHome

inRameshwaram

EarlyLife







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Thebreakthroughi hisillustriouscareercamewhe hewaswelcomedatISR

(I dia SpaceResearch rga izatio )a dappoi tedtheprojectdirectoroftheSLV-III

missio I diasfirstsatellitelau chprogramme!A dthus,hebecametheMissile

Ma ofthecou try.

I the1980sheledI diasmissileprogramme.U derhisleadership,I diabecamea

majormilitarypowerafterthesuccessesofAg ia dPrithvi

DrKalam oto lysuccessfullylau chedthesatelliteRohi ii 1980,butalso

expa dedI diasspaceprogrammetobri gitatparwiththepowe

spc 2016 study material - juniors

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