Narrative/story

SpeakingListeningReadingWritingLanguage InformationalLiteraryExpositoryProceduralPersuasiveFictionNonfictionNonfictionMediaLiterary ElementsImportant parts of stories

Plot diagram model/story map

Denouement/WHETHER AND HOW CONFLICTS ARE RESOLVEDPossible examples of conflict resolution:Everybody winsFight/run away/avoidFight/resistDeathCompromiseSomeone wins: someone losesAcceptance UnresolvedSetting:

Time - When is the story taking place?Place Where is the story taking place?Environment What does it feel like? (e.g., weather, mood, social conditions)Culture - What cultural influences are part of the setting? (e.g., geographic region, race, religion, etc.)Historical background - What historical influences are part of the setting? (e.g., historical events, movements, time periods, etc.)

Plot continuedSetting: When and where a story takes place.Suspense: Building tension in a story. You wonder, What will happen next?Flashback: When a story is interrupted and we go back in time.Dialogue: What is said between characters in a story. There are quotation marks. Theme: The message that an author wants you to know about life, nature or society after reading the story. NOT THE MAIN IDEA!!! Foreshadow: When the author gives clues about an event that may take place in the future.Symbolism: Using an object to represent another idea. Example: a dove represents peace. A heart represents love.

CharactersCharacters:The people or animals in a story.Antagonist: The character causing the problems in the story.Protagonist: Main Character in the storyTraits: How you describe a character.- physical emotional , intellectualMotivations: What causes a character to act or speak in a certain manner.

ConflictConflict:Problem: What is wrong,. What needs to be solved.Solution/Resolution:How the problem/conflict is solved. 4 main types of conflict:Character vs. self The character must make a decision.Character vs. character The character has a problem with another character.Character vs. nature The character must overcome a natural disaster. Character vs. society The character has ideas different to society. School rules

Point of ViewPoint of view: How the story is being told.First person: The narrator is a character in the story. Use I, me , we, my. etc. Second Person: Use of You giving of directions (Speeches)Third person: The narrator is NOT a character in the story. Use characters names, he, she they, etc.. ReportingAdvantagesAdvantages of first person point of view:Credibility First-hand experience is more believable.It is far more natural for a character to reveal her own thoughts. Intimacy - the I narrator seems to address the reader directly from the heart, sharing his personal observations and insights with an interested listener.It is far more natural for a character to reveal her own thoughts. than it is for the author to tell us what she is thinking and feeling10

Disadvantages of first-person point of view:

The reader can see, hear, and know only what the narrator sees, hears, and knows.Third Person/All KnowingThird person/omniscient - the narrator tells the story in third person from an all-knowing perspective. The narrator knows everything about all the characters.Third person/limited - the narrator restricts his or her knowledge to one characters view or behavior

Advantage of third-person omniscient:Obvious freedom and unlimited scopeDisadvantage of third-person omniscient:Relative loss of involvement and intimacy

Advantage of third-person limited:Encourages personal connections to one characterDisadvantage of third-person limited:Surrenders the privileges of seeing and knowing everything and typically follows one character throughout the story, presenting only those incidents in which the character is involvedThe readers perception of other characters is colored by the narrators predispositions, prejudices, and personal limitations

Third PersonSubjective - perspective is restricted to one character including their inner thoughts and feelingsObjective - the narrator reveals only the actions and words without the benefit of the inner thoughts and feelings

Culture/Custom-activities, ideas, beliefs, values, attitudes, behavior, dress, and language of a particular group of people

Culture determines what is acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, right or wrong.

ValuesImportant and lasting beliefs shared by the members of a group of people about what is good or desirable and what is not. Values influence behavior of an individual.

BeliefsWhat you think to be true about concepts, events, people, and things.

Sensory ImageryThis is a technique used by writers that involve the 5 senses. ISee HearTasteTouchSmellIt draws the reader in and helps the reader a participate in the experience.

Words that tell. Sight

What would you see ?What would it look like?

Examples: old, frail, sunny, shy, hysterical, healthy, broken, fresh, tall, round,

Words that tellSound

What would you hear ?What does it sound like?

Examples: shout, thud, whistle, clatter

Words that tellTaste

What would you taste ?What does it taste like?

Examples: sweet, burnt, buttery, salty, warm, crisp, tangy

Words that tellTouch/FeelingWhat does it feel like?How does it feel?

Examples: sharp, smooth, tickly, warm, fuzzy, dry

Words that tellSmell

How does it smell?What does it smell like?

Examples: musty, fresh, spicy, piney

Now, see how many examples of Sensory Imagery you can find. Walls of thick vegetation rose up on all sides and arched overhead in a lacy canopy that filtered the light to a soft shade. It had just rained; the air was hot and steamy. I felt enclosed in a semitropical terrarium, sealed off from a world that suddenly seemed a thousand miles away.- From Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil by John Berendt

"The Most Dangerous Game" by Richard Connell "He leaped upon the rail and balanced himself there, to get greater elevation; his pipe, striking a rope, was knocked from his mouth. He lunged for it; a short, hoarse cry came from his lips as he realized he had reached too far and had lost his balance. The cry was pinched off short as the blood-warm waters of the Caribbean Sea closed over his head.

"He struggled up to the surface and tried to cry out, but the wash from the speeding yacht slapped him in the face and the salt water in his open mouth made him gag

Example of a Setting: Crunch! Crunch! Crunch! Joes boots broke the forests silence. A full moon peeked out from behind two clouds. Tree shadows licked the snow drifts in its shimmering light. Joe shivered as a cold gust of wind blew through his jacket.

Types of narratives/stories

MythMyth Stories that were created to explain a belief or natural happening that people could not understand. These stories included Gods and Goddesses.

Fable:Fable a brief story or poem that teaches a moral or lesson usually through animal characters.

Once Upon A TimeLegend a widely told story about the past that may or may not have any truth to it.Fairy tale - a story about fairies or other mythical or magical beings.Folk tale a story originated by people that could not read or write and passed from person to person by word of mouth.

Oral tradition the passing of songs, stories, and poems from generation to generation by word of mouth and their origin is not known

There is no worse death than the end of hope King ArthurHero/Heroine characters that struggle to overcome obstacles and problems; and whose actions are inspiring or noble.

The face that launched a thousand shipsEpic - a long poem from ancient oral tradition, telling about the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary characters.

Autobiography

true account-nonfictionwritten by the author

Biographytrue account-nonfictionwritten by someone elseothers thoughts and feelings about the person

AutobiographyPurpose To tell my story

Ist Point-of-viewwriters thoughts and feelings

MePerceptionHow I want people to see me.Author Me

BiographyPurpose To tell my story

Author someone else3rd Point-of-viewOthers thoughts and feelings

MePerceptionHow others see meSpeakingListeningReadingWritingLanguage InformationalLiteraryExpositoryProceduralPersuasiveFictionNonfictionInformational TextExternal Features

Using the Table of Contents to locate main topics Utilizing the Glossary to identify the unknownMaking use of Headings and Subheadings to locate informationAnalyzing Graphic Features to support meaningUsing the Index to navigate textFinding useful information in Captions and Footnotes

Internal Features Textual organizations/patterns

main idea/details cause/effect, compare/contrast, problem/solution, chronological order, sequence

Main Idea/ details detail

Detail detail

detail

Main IdeaCause/effectCompare/Contrast AlikeProblem and SolutionSequence/chronological orderPersuasive TechniquesMethods a writer uses to make an audience think a certain way.It appeals to:ReasonEmotionsRespect for expert opinionIf you are trying to persuade someone, that means you have a bias.A tendency, or showing favoritismFactual ClaimsCan prove with evidence.Aphorisms/proverbsA statement of a general truth or principle A winner never quitsa quitter never wins. Failure to prepare is preparing to fail.

Epigraphs Epigraph - a quotation at the beginning of a literary work to introduce its theme.Loaded TermsAppealing to someones emotions. Making them happy, scared, sad, worried, excited, etc.

Examples: St. Jude commercials, SPCA commercialsLogical FallacyPersuasive techniques used to deceive.

You can try to persuade someone by making your argument ambiguousUnclear, open to many opinions.

You are not very specific

You can also try to persuade someone by using extraneous information.Including information that is extra or unimportant.

BandwagonDoing something because everyone else is doing it.

Examples: Celebrity endorsementsFalse AssumptionsFlawed ideas that the reader creates when ideas are put together by inferring and not knowing the whole truth.

Incorrect PremiseA faulty idea that is used as the foundation of an argument.

CaricatureA distortion of characteristics or defects of a person or object with words or pictures.

Example:

Leading QuestionA question that leads to a specific/obvious answer.

Example: Are you tired of always having dirty stains on your clothes that you cant get out?MediaMessage

Medium

Genre: DramaWhat is a drama?A drama/play is a story written to be performed by actors.

How is a drama organized?A drama is very similar to story plot. Remember our plot diagram?

Scriptwritten form of a play

The main difference is that a drama is written like a script.

65ScriptsScreenplays : scripts written for films

Teleplays: scripts written for television

Radio plays: scripts written for radio

Playwrightthe author of the play

DifferencesFiction TextThe author writes specific character traits that tell the reader about the characters.

The reader must draw conclusions based on how someone acts in order to learn about them.DramaThe viewer can draw conclusions on how someone acts based on what other characters say.

Elements of staging (props, costumes, body language, and facial expressions) allow the viewer to understand a character.DialogueA conversation between two characters in written or spoken form.In a poem or novel quotation marks

In a play dialogue is written in the script form and no quotations marks are used.

MonologueA long uninterrupted speech that is spoken by a single character and reveals his or her thoughts and feelings

Narrator:the person who tells the story to the audience.

Audience: the intended reader or viewer

Act: is a part of adrama. Many acts make up a play/drama.

Scene: is a part of an act.Many scenes make an act.

Using a circle draw a representation that show the relation between drama, scene, and act.72StagingStaging reveals the setting, time, and place (through on stage props and costumes) of the play.Staging helps the playwright establish the mood.Off stage: action taking place in the area of a stage that is invisible to the audience

On stage: The opposite of off stage. Taking place in a public setting.Illustrate on stage off stage.74Stage Directions tell actors how to move and speak. Most stage directions are in parentheses ( ) or in italics (words that are slanted). They can also tell you where the play is taking place.

Stage setDescribes how the stage should look

Gives the audience and idea of where the play takes place.SetOn stage scenery that suggest time and place of actionBody Language:

communicating nonverbally through conscious or unconscious gestures, movements, and facial expressionsCostumeA style of dress, accessories, and hairstyle, especially for what is used in a particular country, time period, etc.

Types of DramaMelodrama:Exaggerates plot and characters in order to appeal to the emotions

Comedy: Characters in funny situationsMost of them have happy endings.

Tragedy: Based on human suffering or deathOften it is the protagonist.Visual techniqueSound techniqueLighting

Lighting and Facial Expression

Sound Techniqueshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_48470&feature=iv&src_vid=oti-rVv52ls&v=UyHuXley8-0

What emotions are evoked by these sounds?InferenceA logical assumption about ideas the writer suggests An assumption based on what the author tells you and what you already knowA way of reading between the linesConnecting characters actions to outcomesConnecting events to outcomesConnecting to your own experiences and ideas.

All About Poetry!!!!AuthorPoetFORMS OF POETRYLyrical PoemExpresses thoughts and feelings of a single speaker Often in musical verse

Epic PoemA long, narrative poem that tells an exciting or inspiring story. It focuses on heroic deeds and major events to a culture or nation.Narrative PoemA poem that tells a story.

Free VerseA type of poetry that has no real pattern to it. It has no rhyme scheme, no form, no set line or stanza length.Concrete PoemShape of the poem suggests its subject.Lines create an image on the page.

ELEMENTS OF POETRYImagery/sensory detailWriting or Speech that appeals to one or more of the five senses sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch.

Her slippered feet softly measures The tatami floor with even stepExtended MetaphorThe comparison is used throughout the entire text.HyperboleExaggeration or overstatement

--Used for Comic effect ---Express heightened emotion

It is so hot outside that you could fry an egg on the sidewalk.AlliterationRepetition of initial consonant sound

Creates musical effectDraws attention to the words

The blue bonnet looked beautiful on her babys head. DictionWriters or speakers word choice

It is part of the writers style.OxymoronIs a figure of speech that links two opposite words that seem unrelated but is somehow true.

Eyes wide shutPretty uglyDeafening silenceIdiomsExpressions that cannot be understood by the literal words that are seen.Hidden meaning according to cultureELEMENTS OF POETRYSound devices add a musical quality to poetryRhymeWords sound alike because they share the same ending vowel and consonant sounds. It is not what you see but what is heard.

Example: stamp lamp camp blue shoe plate eight doctor admirer, pleasure scholar

Journal EntryHow will the knowledge of poetic terms aid your understanding of poems?Rhyme SchemeA rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end rhyme, but not always).

Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually see the pattern. (See next slide for an example.)

A,A,B,B,C,C

Find the Rhyme SchemeThe Germ by Ogden Nash

A mighty creature is the germ,Though smaller than the pachyderm.His customary dwelling placeIs deep within the human race.His childish pride he often pleasesBy giving people strange diseases.Do you, my poppet, feel infirm?You probably contain a germ.

Internal RhymeRhyme occurs within single line

In mist for cloud, on mast or shroudMeterThe basic rhythmic structure in verse, composed of stressed and unstressed syllables. The beat. LinesStanza/VerseA group of lines in a poem.Similar to a paragraph.

Example:A word is deadWhen it is said,Some say.

I say it justBegins to liveThat day.

Group of words like a sentence. Usually begins with a capital letter

RepetitionA word or phrase is repeated more than just once in one specific area of the poem.

Oh, her eyes, her eyes, make the stars look like they're not shiningHer hair, her hair, falls perfectly without her trying She's so beautiful, and I tell her every day

RefrainWhen a poem repeats a phrase over and over. Like the chorus of a song.

You see you had a lot of crooks try to steal your heartNever really had luck, couldnt ever figure outHow to loveHow to love

See you had a lot of moments that didnt last foreverNow you in this corner tryna put it togetherHow to loveHow to love

Graphic ElementsWhen a poet puts emphasis on some words by capitalizing, having extra spacing, or bolding a word.

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