special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · special characteristics and...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the
fermentation process
Prof. Dr Ivan RadovićPoljoprivredni fakultet, Novi Sad
Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 2: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Farmeri danas moraju doneti odluku • „šta je cilј proizvodnje?“. • Da li je to lјubav prema svinjama i kravama ili je to
Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
2
![Page 3: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• ostvarenje profita?
3Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
Tržište nikada nije zasi ćeno dobrim proizvodom, ali je vrlo brzo zasi ćeno lošim. Henry Ford
![Page 4: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Svi mi to znamo, ali • šta ne znamo?
4Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 5: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• Koje je sredstvo do postizanja cilja?
5Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 6: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• Možda baš ovde leži NAŠ problem!!!• A to je pitanje???!!!:
6Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 7: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Znamo li šta je sredstvo???!!!
7Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 8: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Znamo li šta je cilj???!!!
8Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 9: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Za one koji nisu propratili predhodna dva slajda
• Na ta dva pitanja odgovor je nekad teško dati
9Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 10: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• Ako možemo iskustveno da zaključimo.• A na osnovu svega što se dešavalo proteklih
decenija.
10Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 11: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Da nam je cilj proizvodnja JEFTINOG tovljenika
11Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 12: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Onda postavljamo pitanje!!• Šta je sredstvo???
12Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 13: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• I ulazimo u problem,
13Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 14: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Odnosno u
• Kojim putem ići???
14Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 15: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• Pri ovakvom pristupu, odluka se • VEOMA TEŠKO DONOSI
15Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 16: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• Ono o čemu razmišljamo?• Nepostojanje .....
16Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 17: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Ko je odgovoran?
17Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 18: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• Ko je odgovoran?
18Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 19: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• Ko je odgovoran?• Tržište
19Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 20: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Ko je odgovoran?• Zakon ponude i tražnje
20Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 21: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• Ko je odgovoran?• ili
21Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 22: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• Šta još mislimo da znamo?
22Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 23: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Šta još mislimo da znamo?• Imamo vrstu koja ima izrazitu
–plodnost, –izrazit porast, –izrazitu mesnatost, –malu konverziju hrane.
23Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 24: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• Nije to sve–danas krmače prase preko 30prasadi godišnje,–daju 23 tovlјenika, –preko 2300 žive mere, –preko 1700 kg ohlađene polutke i –1200 kg čistog mesa.
24Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 25: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• I još–Prase za sedam dana udvostruči svoju težinu, a za tri
meseca poveća telesnu masu za 17 puta.–Procenat mesa u pulutki i preko 60%.
25Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 26: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
I za one koji se razumeju u mehaniku
krmača godišnje ima tzv. praznog hoda u proseku 17 dana, čime postiže stepen iskoristlјivosti od 95%, što je daleko iznad ostalih vrsta domaćih životinja, a i iznad npr. motora sa unutrašnjim sagorevanjem.
26Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 27: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• Pa šta onda nije u redu?
27Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 28: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• Pa šta onda nije u redu?
28
Ti ne odlučuješ kako ćeš umreti, ali ti sada možeš odlučiti kako ćeš živeti. Džoan Baez
Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 29: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• Zašto je teško doneti ispravnu odluku?
29Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 30: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
•Zato što?• Za razliku od svinjarstva pre nekoliko decenija, kada se ta
proizvodnja odvijala u zadnjem delu dvorišta, –bez vođenja računa o rasi koja će se koristiti, –cilјu proizvodnje, –odgajivačkom programu, –planu pripusta, –načinu smeštaja, –primenjene tehnologije proizvodnje, –današnje svinjarstvo je savremena proizvodnja, koja
treba da omogući dobijanje što jeftinijeg proteina za ishranu lјudi.
30Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 31: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
•Kao što vidimo, proizvodnja svinja je tehnologija koja je jaka koliko i najslabija karika u lancu.
31Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 32: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
• A samo znanjem možemo svinju osloboditi stega
32Workshop under the topic „Small Scale Biogas Manure plants as an additional income opportunity for Serbian farms“ with the
objective to provide incentives and information for the implementation and market development 22.-23.09.2015.
![Page 33: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Savremena agrarna politika EU nastoji
vratiti multifukcionalnu agrarnu politiku,
odnosno,
ravnotežu između profitabilne
proizvodnje pojedinih farmi, tržišne
orjentacije i zahteva održivog razvoja.
![Page 34: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Danas se rapravlja o nekoliko strategija u cilju pronalaženja rešenja za buduću proizvodnju:
34
Procenjivane oplemenjivačkih vrednosti za „fukcionalne osobine i visoko ekonomski vrednovanje u selekcijskim indeksima
Korišćenje heterozis efekta (testiraju se dvostruki i trostruki melezi u rotacijskom ukrštanju između HF, Jersey, Brown Swiss i Guernsey.
Ekonomski pritisak na postizanje maksimalne mlečnosti pod svaku cenu u EU slabi. Upravo i poruka Holstein Internacional jeste da proizvođači žele profitabilniju proizvodnju sa neproblematičnim kravama.
GOVEDARSTVO
![Page 35: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Ograničen uspjeh u popravljanju proizvodnih osobina odgajivanjem svinja u čistoj krvi – meleženje predstavlja jednu od dominantnih metoda odgajivanja svinja u svijetu
Heterozis efekat kod potomaka meleženja i različiti programi meleženja (hibridizacije) u svetu zavise od odgajivačkog cilja i programa komercijalnih meleženja svinja u svetu.
Stvaranje visokokomercijalnih hibrida pretstavlja stručan, skup i unosan posao (visoko razvijene zemlje)
SVINJARSTVO
![Page 36: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Dobra poljoprivredna praksa je koncept koji podrazumeva primenu određenih postupaka u procesu poljoprivredne proizvodnje, i u suštini predstavlja integraciju dobro postavljenog procesa rada i dobro postavljene kontrole
![Page 37: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Koncept dobre poljoprivredne prakse se zasniva na primenidosadašnjih iskustava vezanih za korišćenje prirodnih resursana održivi način.
Cilj je• proizvodnja bezbedne i zdrave hrane i drugih poljoprivrednih
proizvoda,• uz istovremeno ostvarenje ekonomske vrednosti,• društvene stabilnosti i• zaštite životne sredine.
![Page 38: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Ključne reči koje se vezuju za dobru poljoprivrednu
praksu su:
-ZNANJE
-RAZUMEVANJE
-PLANIRANJE
-KONTROLA
-MERENJE
-UPRAVLJANJE
![Page 39: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Pravila dobre poljoprivredne prakse (PDPP) za upravljanje otpadomiz poljoprivrede i organskim otpadom u Srbiji,
ima za cilj da uvede jednu novu i ekološki prihvatljivu praksu i međupoljoprivrednicima u Srbiji,
KOJA ĆE OBEZBEDITI DA...
![Page 40: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
� mali, srednji i veliki proizvođači tako postižu dodatnu vrednost svojih proizvoda i bolji pristup tržištu
� kupac će steći poverenje u sigurnost i kvalitet hrane
� životna sredina jer se na taj način minimizira štetan uticaj na okolinu
� radnik jer se osigurava odgovoran stav prema njegovom zdravlju i sigurnosti
� privreda – poboljšava se produktivnost i konkurentnost proizvoda, ostvaruje se veći profit
� čovečanstvo – moći će uživati u boljem okruženju.
![Page 41: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Gorčina zbog loše odluke ose ća se još dugo nakon što se zadovoljstvo zbog niske cene zaboravilo.
Tomas Raskin
![Page 42: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Za jedan svi ZNAMO!!!
MESO, MLEKO, JAJA
ODNOSNO
![Page 43: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Za DRUGI!!!
A TO JE!!!
![Page 44: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Koju percepciju treba da imamo nakon ovih fotografija???
Da li nam je sada percepcija jasnija, MOŽDA???
![Page 46: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Ali ako kažemo. ENERGIJA JE SVUDA OKO NAS
![Page 47: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
PERCEPCIJA I POGLED NAM SE MENJAJU
![Page 48: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
ŠTA JE STAJNJAK??, PROIZVODNJA, SKLADIŠTENJE, TRETMAN I UPOTREBA
Fekalna animalna materija fiziološki je životinjski osnovni nusproizvod, koji u kruženju organske materije u prirodi od davnina služi za đubrenje
ratarskih kultura.
U probavnom traktu životinja hranljive materije koje se ne usvoje u organizam izlučuju se fiziološki kao otpadne materije u obliku izlučevina
fecesa i urina.
Feces, urin sa ili bez prostirke zajedno sa tehničkom vodom koja se koristi za
stajnjak.
Feces, urin sa ili bez prostirke zajedno sa tehničkom vodom koja se koristi za čišćenje objekata i vode za piće kao i ostalih otpadaka čine sporedni proizvod
u stočarstvu, odnosno, stajnjak.
![Page 49: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
STAJNJAK NE TREBA DA NAM BUDE PROBLEM!!!
Problemi u vezi sa stajnjakom pojavili su se primenom novih stočarskihtehnologija.
Savremena tehnologija je u govedarstvu, svinjarstvu, živinarstvu i drugimgranama uspela da velike populacije životinja koncentriše na malomprostoru.
Time je uz poznate prednosti donela i brojne nedostatke, posebno one u vezisa fekalnom materijom, odnosno, stajnjakom.
![Page 50: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
STAJNJAK NE TREBA DA NAM BUDE PROBLEM!!!
To se pre svega odnosi na pravilno skladištenje, njegov tretman i upotrebu.
Velike količine stajnjaka iz intenzivnog stočarstva opterećuju okolinu zbogtoga što se odlažu i što njegova dispozicija zahteva dovoljno obradivihpoljoprivrednih površina.
Posebno je pitanje tečni stajnjak koji poznaje tehnologija rešetkastog poda. Uzavisnosti od načina držanja domaćih životinja odnosno da li se one drže naprostirci ili ne, kao nusproizvod se javlja čvrsti stajnjak i osoka,odnosno, tečni stajnjak.
Čvrsti stajnjak prestavlja mešavinu fecesa (izmeta), mokraće i prostirke dokse tečni stajnjak sastoji od fecesa, mokraće, upotrebljene teh. vode i vode kojase koristi za napajanje, ostataka hrane, dlake itd..
![Page 51: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
DA LI GA IMA DOVOLJNO ILI NE!!!
DA LI JE ČAŠA DO POLA PUNA ILI DO POLA PRAZNA!!!
![Page 52: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Dominantna proizvodnja u Srbiji i republikama bivše SFRJ
![Page 63: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Procenjena dnevna proizvodnja fecesa i urina za goveda
kategorija dnevna proizvodnja
Feces(kg) Urin (kg)
Tele uzrasta do 6 meseci 105 kg 5 3
Junice uzrasta od 1 god. 250 kg 13 8
Junice uzrasta od 1 -2 god. 440 kg 22 14
Junice uzrasta preko 2 god. 550 kg 28 17
Krave u laktaciji 650 kg 34 21
Zasušene krave 26 16
bikovi 19 11
![Page 64: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Čvrsti stajnjak
Čvrsti stajnjak prestavlja mešavinu fecesa (izmeta), mokraće, prostirke, manje
količine vode koja se prosipa prilikom napajanja, ostataka hrane, dlake i dr.
Godišnja količina stajnajka zavisi od vrste domaćih životinja, telesne mase i količine
upotrebljene prostirke.
Goveče od 500 kg ostavlja oko 15 tona svežeg, odnosno, 11 tona zrelog stajnjaka, dok konj iste
težine oko 10 t svežeg i 8 t zrelog stajnjaka.
Čvrsti stajnjak bogat slamom može se slagati na gomilu visine do 3 m. Tokom
perioda lagerovanja stajnjaka na betonskim skladištima pod uticajem
atmosferskih padavina dolazi do ceđenja vode bogate nutrijentima i ta
voda naziva se osoka.
![Page 65: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
OČEKIVANA KOLIČINA STAJNJAKA (kg) = (K/2 + P) x 4
Suva materija hrane (kg)
Suva materija hrane (kg)
Količina prostirke (kg)
Očekivana količina čvrstog stajnjaka izračunava se na Očekivana količina čvrstog stajnjaka izračunava se na osnovu formule:
![Page 66: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Prosečan sadržaj makroelemenata u svežem stajnjaku (%)
Tip
stajnjaka
N P2O5 K20 Ca Mg S
goveđi 0,6 0,3 0,5 0,3 0,1 0,04
konjski 0,6 0,3 0,6 0,3 0,1 0,04
ovčiji 0,9 0,5 0,8 0,4 0,1 0,06
svinjski 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,5 0,1 0,10
kokošiji 1,5 1,3 0,5 3,0 0,3 0,40
brojlerski 3,1 3,0 2,0 2,0 0,4 0,70
![Page 67: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Prosečan sadržaj mikroelemenata u svežem stajnjaku (%)
Tip
stajnjakaMn Zn Cu B Fe Vlaga(%)
Goveđi 0,003 0,002 0,0008 0,002 -- 80
Konjski 0,003 0,002 0,0008 0,002 -- 70
Ovčiji 0,003 0,002 0,0008 0,002 -- 65
Svinjski 0,0005 0,001 0,0004 0,0003 0,3 80
kokošiji 0,003 0,002 0,0006 0,002 0,6 65
![Page 68: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Tečni stajnjak
Tečni stajnjak se sastoji od fecesa, mokraće, upotrebljene teh. vode koja se
koristi za pranje bokseva ili linija i vode koja se rasipa pri napajanju grla,
ostataka hrane, dlake itd.
Količina i kvalitet proizvedenog tečnog
stajnjaka zavise od količine upotrebljene vode za čišćenje
boksa ili linija u objektu i ispravnosti pojilica.
Nekontrolisana - prekomerna upotreba vode za čišćenje boksa ili linija smanjuje
sadržaj suve materije u stajnjaku i povećava potrebe za skladištenje tečnog
stajnjaka.
![Page 69: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Sadržaj suve materije u tečnom stajnjaku svinja u većini zemalja EU iznosi 6-7%, dok se kod naših farmi
kreće od 1 do 5 % kao rezultat velike potrošnje vode. Jedan kubni metar
sadrži približno 1000 kg tečnog stajnjaka.
Kategorija goveda Procenjena dnevna
proizvodnja tečnog
stajnjaka(L)
Telad 7,0
Junad 6-12 mes. 13,0
Junad 12-24 mes. 26,0
VSJ/Tovna junad 32,0
Muzne krave 53,0
Kategorije
svinja
Procenjena
dnevna
proizvodnja
tečnog
stajnjaka, l
Potrebno
skladiste za
tečni
stajnjak, l
Krmača sa prasadima (u prasilištu)
16,0 22,4
Krmača bez prasadi (u reprodukciji)
11,3 15,9
Odlučena prasad 7-15 kg
1,3 1,8
Prasad 15-25 kg 2,7 3,8
Tovne svinje 25-65 kg
5,1 7,1
Tovne svinje 65-105 kg
9,1 12,7
Nerasti 9,5 13,3
Procena dnevne proizvodnje tečnog stajnjaka
![Page 70: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
OSOKA
Deo izlučevina koje prostirka ne upije usamom objektu i iz skladišta čvrstogstajnjaka sakupljaju se odvojeno i nazivajuse osoka.
Osoka sadrži prosečno 0,3% azota, 0,6%K2O i fosfora u tragovima (0,01% P2O5).
Stajanjem osoke u otvorenim jamama ilibazenima vrlo brzo se gubi azot u viduamonijaka, pogotovu pri višimtemperaturama.
Azot je 70% u obliku amonijaka lako se gubi
isparavanjem. Gubici azota mogu se sprečiti
dodavanjem formaldehida (0,1%) ili gipsa pri čemu
nastaje amonijum- sulfat.
Količina osoke po jednom govečetu iznosi oko 14 kg/dan odnosno 5 m3 u toku godine, a prevedeno u
nutrijente oko 10 kg N i 25 kg K2O. Po jednoj svinji se dobija oko 4 kg/dan osoke.
![Page 71: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Skladištenje čvrstog
stajnjaka
Skladišni kapacitet mora da se izračunava posebno za svaki tip stajskog đubriva, kao
i za različite vrste uzgoja životinja.
U stajama sa sistemom rukovanja čvrstimstajnjakom moraju se sakupljati stajnjaki osoka u različitim skladištima. Stajnjakse čuva na betonskim podlogama zastajnjak.
![Page 72: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Skladištenje tečnog
stajnjaka
Skladište za sisteme za rukovanje tečnim
bazeni tipa laguna.
Skladište za sisteme za rukovanje tečnimstajnjakom je tank (rezervoar) za tečni stajnjak u koji sesakupljaju stajnjak, urin i sva prljava voda.
Tankovi (rezervoar) za tečni stajnjak mogu biti izgrađeni odrazličitih materijala, kao što su beton, čelik i plastika ilibazeni tipa laguna.
Osnovni princip.- prave se tako da je garantovan
radni vek od najmanje 20 godina.
- Jedan funkcionalan skladišnisistem za tečni stajnjak se sastojiod dva rezervoara, jednog velikogza skladište i drugog mnogo manjegkoji obezbeđuje rad pumpe
![Page 73: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Skladištenje tečnog
stajnjaka
![Page 74: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Skladištenje tečnog
stajnjaka
Tankovi za skladištenjetečnog stajnjaka
podzemni
nadzmeni
![Page 75: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Skladištenje tečnog
stajnjaka
Tankovi za skladištenje
![Page 76: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Skladištenje tečnog
stajnjaka
Tankovi za skladištenje
![Page 77: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Skladištenje tečnog
stajnjaka
Homogenizacija tečnog stajnjaka Skladištenje bez homogenizacije
![Page 78: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Skladištenje tečnog
stajnjaka
Separacija tečnog stajnjaka
![Page 79: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Lagune predstavljaju zemljane strukture ali su znatno većeod onih koje se prave za osoku zbog dodatnog razređivanja ineophodnih zapremina za tretman.Jednostavni i relativno jeftini objekti koji se gradeformiranjem zemljišnih bazena, te se stoga najčešće srećuna našim velikim farmama.
Zapremina objekta zalagerovanje treba da je u skladusa potrebnim vremenomzadržavanja stajnjaka u njemu(6 meseci) i da su propisnoudaljene od naseljenog mesta,autoputa itd.
![Page 80: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Razlozi za skladištenje
stajnjaka:
1.Kako bi se stajnjak mogao upotrebiti nazemljištu u uslovima koji su kompatibilni saklimatskim i karakteristikama useva gde ćese stajnjak rasturati.
1.Upotreba stajnjaka na zemljištu tokomperioda kada je zemljište zasićeno, vlažno,smrznuto ili prekriveno snegom jezabranjena.
1.Nutrijenti iz stajnjaka će se najboljeiskoristiti ako se stajnjak koristi neposrednopre ili tokom sezone porasta useva.
Principi za tretman
stajnjaka su:
1.Gravitacionotaloženje
2.Mehaničkaseparacija
3.Flokulacija4.Kruženje vazduha5.Anaerobni procesi6.Prirodni sistemi
![Page 81: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Procenjeni gubici azota tokomaplikacije tečnog stajnjaka
• prskanje 30 %
• creva 10 – 15 %
![Page 82: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Procenjeni gubici azota tokomaplikacije tečnog stajnjaka
• ispodpovršinska aplikacija
![Page 83: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Neodgovarajuće skladištenje stajnjaka u privremenim poljskim skladištima
OVO TREBA IZBEGAVATI
![Page 84: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Neka nova tehnološka rešenja za preradu tečnog stajnjaka
• Digestija stajnjaka sa proizvodnjom biogasa• Dodavanje slame stajnjaku i proizvodnja organskog đubriva• Skladištenje stajnjaka u lagunama i izdvajanje mulja kao đubriva • Stalni hemijski tretman stajnjaka uz naknadnu proizvodnju humusa
kompostiranjem
![Page 85: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Teritorija stočne farme mora da bude kompaktna i lokacije objekata na farmimoraju se određivati u zavisnosti od tehnoloških procesa. Najčešći načiniorganizacije staje, objekata za skladištenje stočne hrane i deponije za stajnjak nafarmi prikazani su na slikama 1 I 2.
Slika 5.2. Staja sa prostirkom sa skladištem stočne hrane, deponijom za stajnjak i rezervoarem za urin: 1- staja; 2- skladište stočne hrane; 3- deponija za stajnjak; 4- rezervoar za urin; 5- cevi za odvod urina.
IZBOR LOKACIJE ZA FARMU
![Page 86: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Teritorija stočne farme mora da bude kompaktna i lokacije objekata na farmimoraju se određivati u zavisnosti od tehnoloških procesa. Najčešći načiniorganizacije staje, objekata za skladištenje stočne hrane i deponije za stajnjak nafarmi prikazani su na slikama 1 I 2.
Slika 5.2. Staja bez prostirke sa skladištem stočne hrane, deponijom za stajnjak: 1- staja; 2-skladište stočne hrane; 3- rezervoar za osoku; 4- jama za prepumpavanje osoke; 5- cev zaventilaciju.
IZBOR LOKACIJE ZA FARMU I OBJEKTI
![Page 87: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Teritorija stočne farme mora da bude kompaktna i lokacije objekata na farmimoraju se određivati u zavisnosti od tehnoloških procesa. Najčešći načiniorganizacije staje, objekata za skladištenje stočne hrane i deponije za stajnjak nafarmi prikazani su na slikama 1 I 2.
Slika 5.2. Staja bez prostirke sa skladištem stočne hrane, deponijom za stajnjak: 1- staja; 2-skladište stočne hrane; 3- rezervoar za osoku; 4- jama za prepumpavanje osoke; 5- cev zaventilaciju.
IZBOR LOKACIJE ZA FARMU I OBJEKTI
![Page 88: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
IZBOR LOKACIJE ZA FARMU I OBJEKTI
IZGRADNJA STAJE
• Objekti za držanje stoke moraju biti ekonomični;• dimenzije objekata za držanje stoke moraju odgovarati zahtevima tehnoloških procesa.• Objekti i unutrašnje uređenje objekata treba da osiguraju adekvatnu mikroklimu.• Podne površine ne smeju biti klizave i moraju biti ravne, a podloga mora biti napravljena od
materijala koji dobro održava toplotu, koji je vodootporan i otporan na urin i sredstva zadezinfekciju.
• Nagib podnih površina može biti najviše 6 % u prolazima, 2 % u boksovima i oborima, i 5 % napodlozi za tovljenike; nagib podloge za stoku u običnoj staji za slobodno držanje stoke ne smepreći 10 %. Šeme različitih sistema za držanje stoke u stajama prikazane su na slikama 3, 4, 5 i6.
1- prolaz za napoj; 2- stelja; 1- prolaz za napoj; 2- boks sa gumenom podlogom;3- pokretna linija za izđubravanje; 3- rešetka ispod koje se nalazi kanal za osoku;4- uslužni prolaz. 4- uslužni prolaz.
![Page 89: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
IZBOR LOKACIJE ZA FARMU I OBJEKTI
IZGRADNJA STAJE
1- prolaz za napoj; 2- uslužni prolaz3- menadžer; 4- stajnjak (površina za stoku)
Slika 4. Podna površina u staji sa slobodnim držanjem na prostirci: A- poluduboka prostirka; B-duboka prostirka
![Page 90: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
IZBOR LOKACIJE ZA FARMU I OBJEKTI
IZGRADNJA STAJE
1- prolaz za napoj; 2- uslužni prolaz; 1- prolaz za napoj; 2- rešetkasti pod; 3- boks (površina zastoku), 3- boks (površina za stoku)
Slika 5. Podna površina u staji sa slobodnim držanjem u boksovima: A- sa prostirkom; B- sa malosili bez prostirke
![Page 91: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
IZBOR LOKACIJE ZA FARMU I OBJEKTI
IZGRADNJA STAJE
Slika 6. Sistem izđubravanja osoke: 1 – kanal za osoku; 2 – jama za prepumpavanje; 3 -pumpa; 4 – vertikalna cev za dovod osoke; 5 – rezervoar osoke; 6 - ventilator
![Page 92: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
CILJ: PRIMENA EKOLOŠKI ČISTE TEHNOLOGIJE
U uzgoju stoke mora se primenjivati ekološki čiste tehnologije, kojimase:
proizvode minimalne količine ili kojima se ne proizvodi otpad
kojima se štedi energija,
koje imaju najmanje troškove i
koje najmanje ugrožavaju životnu sredinu.
![Page 93: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
CILJ: PRIMENA EKOLOŠKI ČISTE TEHNOLOGIJE
Stočni ciklus kretanja nutrijenata zavisi od:stočne hrane,vrste stoke iuslova držanja stoke.
Godišnji metabolizam nutrijenata krave sa proizvodnjom mleka od 5000 godišnjeprikazana je na slici 7.
Slika 7. Godišnji metabolizam nutrijenata krave sa proizvodnjom mleka od 5000 godišnje.
![Page 94: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
U slučaju da se radi o većim farmama,
stajnjak je najisplativije preradjivati i proizvoditi biogas.
Iza postrojenja se nalazi bazen za egalizaciju i dva bioreaktora u kojima se stvara biogas. Janbaherov uredjaj pretvara gas u struju i oslobadja se topla voda koja se koristi za zagrevanje objekata.
![Page 95: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
• Isti tipovi bakterija koje su u davnoj prošlosti proizvodile prirodni gas,danas proizvode biogas.
• Anaerobne bakterije predstavljaju jedan od najstarijih oblika života naZemlji.
• One su se razvile pre nego što je fotosintezom biljaka oslobođena velikakoličina kiseonika u atmosferu.
• Anaerobne bakterije razlažu organsku materiju u odsustvu kiseonika iproizvode biogas kao produkt tog razlaganja.
• Najčešće korišćena organska materija za proizvodnju biogasa je stajskođubrivo ili stajnjak.
Bio-eneregija – Bio-gas
![Page 96: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
• Primarne prednosti proizvodnje biogasa iz stajskog đubriva su:
• Prirodna reciklaža, • dobijanje kvalitetnog đubriva za dalju primenu u poljoprivredi i • izbegavanje neprijatnih mirisa stajnjaka.
Pored ovih primarnih prednosti dobijeni biogas je vrlo koristan nusproizvod.
Biogas se sastoji od oko 70% metana (CH4), i ostatka koga čine ugljen dioksid, ugljenmonoksid i azot.
Ovaj relativni odnos gasova zavisi od obrađivanog materijala i postupka obrade.
Bio-eneregija – Bio-gas
![Page 97: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
• Biogas ima značajnu energetsku vrednost od oko 7 kWh/m3 što ga čini vrloisplativim i univerzalnim gorivom daleko isplativijim od ostalih fosilnih goriva ibiomase.
• Energija koja se dobija sagorevanjem 1 m3 gasa•
• biogas 7 kWh• prirodni gas 10 kWh• propan 26 kwh• metan 10 kWh• vodonik 3 kWh
Bio-eneregija – Bio-gas
![Page 98: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
• Biogas se proizvodi u digestorima.
• Najjednostavniji digestori masovno se grade u Kini, Indiji i Brazilu gde se on koristi za grejanje i kuvanje u seoskim domaćinstvima.
• Savremeniji oblici grade se od betona, čeličnog lima ili plastike sa različitimstepenima automatizacije.
• Postoje dva osnovna tipa digestora i to su periodični i kontinualni.
Bio-eneregija – Bio-gas
![Page 99: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
• Periodični
• Kod periodičnih digestora posle njegovog punjenja stajnjak se dvadesetak dana podvrgava dejstvu mikroorganizama.
• Tako se složene organske materije (belančevine i ugljovodonici) cepaju na manje prosta jedinjenja.
• Te produkte razlaganja tada počinju da koriste metan bakterije i kao rezultat dobija se biogas i kvalitetno đubrivo.
• Po završetku procesa izdvajanja metana đubrivo se vadi iz digestorai u njega se ubacuje nov stajnjak čime se prekida i započinje nov proces koji će tek kroz dvadesetak dana početi da daje biogas.
• Kod kontinualnog digestora stalnim dodavanjem svežeg stajnjaka, proces se ne prekida čime se obezbeđuje kontinualno snabdevanjebiogasom.
Bio-eneregija – Bio-gas
![Page 100: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
• Karakteristika dobijenog đubriva je da u njemu više nema semena, pogotovo korovskih biljaka koje bi đubrenjem dospelo na njive.
• Proizvodnja biogasa će se odvijati sve dok su ispunjeni svi neophodni uslovi od kojih je održavanje stalne temperature najvažnije.
• Savremeni digestori su vertikalnog ili horizontalnog tipa i izrađeni su od čeličnog nerđajućeg lima.
• Automatskim upravljanjem obezbeđuje se stabilna temperatura, donošenjasvežeg stajnjaka, mešanje, odvođenje biogasa i iznošenje prerađenog đubriva.
Bio-eneregija – Bio-gas
![Page 101: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
• Za dobijanje jednog kubnog metra biogasa na atmosferskom pritisku potrebno je oko 10 do 12 kilograma tečnog stajnjaka koji treba da sadrži oko 4 do 10% suve materije.
• Domaće životinje čiji se tečni stajnjak može ekonomično koristiti za proizvodnju biogasa i organskih đubriva su:
• krave muzare, • goveda u tovu, • svinje u tovu, • koke nosilje i • pilići u tovu.
Bio-eneregija – Bio-gas
![Page 102: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
• Za ekonomičan rad i isplativost investicije u nabavku savremenog digestora za proizvodnju biogasa potrebno je obezbediti stajnjak od oko 100 do 120 goveda ili 350 do 450 svinja.
• Sa tom količinom stajnjaka bi se obezbedila kontinualna proizvodnja od oko 150 m3 biogasa dnevno.
• Ta količina biogasa omogućava da se dnevno proizvede:• 400 kWh toplotne energije, • 210 kWh električne energije, • 3 m3 tečnog organskog đubriva i • 10% suvog organskog đubriva.
Cena jednog ovakvog potpuno automatizovanog postrojenja je oko 60.000 evra, što ga čini isplativim u roku od 3 do 4 godine.
Postoje rešenja sa manjim stepenom ekonomičnosti za sasvim male kapacitete namenjena seoskim domaćinstvima.
Bio-eneregija – Bio-gas
![Page 103: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
• Prilikom projektovanja i eksploatacije industrijskih automatski upravljanimprocesima dolazi do niza teškoća i drugačijih ekonomskihračunica prvenstveno.
• Takođe viša cena tako automatizovane opreme smanjuje ekonomičnost upoređenju sa cenom dobijenih proizvoda.
• Problem je posebno otežan činjenicom da se u našim uslovima pitanjeekonomičnosti rešava skoro isključivo na bazi vrednosti energija supstituisanihenergetskim potencijalom proizvedenog gasa, bez praktičnih mogućnostivrednovanja ostalih efekata.
Bio-eneregija – Bio-gas
PREDNOSTI
![Page 104: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Pošto smo mi „mi“
• VEROVATNO ĆE USPEH DOĆI KAO REZULTAT POGREŠNOG KORAKA U ODGOVARAJUĆEM
PRAVCU� Al Bernstajn
104V Seminar odgajivačkih organizacija u stočarstvu Republike SrbijeHotel Vojvodina – Zrenjanin, 15-18. mart 2015.
![Page 105: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
• Dve stvari čovek mora imati da bi uspeo u životu. Prvo je sreća: to je ono kad se čoveku pruži
povoljna prilika. • Drugo je pamet: ona čoveku omogućuje da
iskoristi povoljnu priliku.• Afganistanska poslovica
105V Seminar odgajivačkih organizacija u stočarstvu Republike SrbijeHotel Vojvodina – Zrenjanin, 15-18. mart 2015.
![Page 106: Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid ... · Special characteristics and potentials of liquid and solid manure types in the fermentation process Prof. Dr Ivan](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022011814/5e4dd1688ef23a241b3b68ef/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Gorčina zbog loše odluke ose ća se još dugo nakonšto se zadovoljstvo zbog niske cene zaboravilo.
Tomas Raskin
HVALA NA PAŽNJI