special edition 10/no.1 5 over o whiplash 2010 … · whiplash is the most common injury in car...
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SPECIAL EDITION 10/NO.1
INSIDE: 2010 Whiplash Update P4 / Pro-Active Head Restraints P10 / Seat Ratings P14
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Whiplash 2010 Update: New seat designs are improving.
Whiplash is the most common injury in car crashes, and the debilitating and painful symptoms associated with neck strain are a costly burden on the insurance industry, and the general public. There are now over 400,000 whiplash injury claims annually. Although the majority of injuries are only minor, in a minority of cases the injury can lead to long term pain over many months. Around 1% of injured occupants suffer permanent impairment leading to a lifetime of misery.
Whiplash is thought to occur during the rapid differential movement of the body relative to the head, when the seat moves forward in a rear-end crash and the head doesn’t, because the head is not supported by the head restraint. Finally, during the impact phase, the head catches up with the body, but in the meantime, the neck has been forced into an ‘S’ shape. This is where many researchers believe that the whiplash injury occurs.
Although researchers still do not fully understand the mechanisms of whiplash injury, many agree that the risk of injury can be reduced through good seat design. The key to effective whiplash injury prevention is the car’s seat, and in particular, the size and placement of the head restraint and its ability to lock. Thatcham’s testing aims to limit the differential movement by encouraging the manufacturers to design seats which keep the head and body moving together. Only a head restraint that is very close to the head can do this.
WHIPLASH INJURY
Whiplash is the most common injury in car crashes.
Normal Retraction Extension Hyperextension (‘S’ Shape)
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Whiplash is thought to occur as the neck is forced into an ‘S’ shape during the compression phase of a rear-end impact.
AUTHORS: MATTHEW AVERY, Research Manager and Dr. ALIX WEEKES, Lead Research Engineer, Thatcham
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Whiplash injury
WHIPLASH: 2010 UPDATE
Seats Improving Year on YearThatcham publishes ratings for the Model Year – this combines ratings from previous years’ testing with new seats tested in that Model Year. Thatcham’s last release of results for 2008 Model Year had only 35% of seats rated as ‘Good’. The results of the 2010 Model Year seat testing at Thatcham reveal an improvement in the number of seats rated as ‘Good’. We now see that 51% of seats are rated as ‘Good’ for offering protection against debilitating whiplash injuries. Manufacturers are continuing to take the prevention of whiplash injuries seriously.
Thatcham has been testing seats for their ability to protect the occupant from whiplash injuries since 2004. The 2010 Model Year testing again confirms that manufacturers from around the world are listening to Thatcham and introducing new seat designs that can protect their occupants from whiplash injuries. Only 9% of the seats are rated ‘Poor’, which shows a great improvement since the first round of testing of 2005 Model Year seats. This small group of ‘Poor’ rated seats are mostly older designs that are due for replacement, so Thatcham hopes to see the improvement continue next year.
brand new seats ’ ‘
Whiplash: 2010 Update The results for the 2010 Model Year cover the cars that are on sale in 2010 (not just the new cars launched). These 2010 Model Year results are compiled from ratings for new seats tested, in addition to the ratings from previous years’ testing that are carried over. The manufacturers do not change their seat designs every year (only when new model updates or facelifts occur), in which case we are able to carry over the result from a previous year to the current year,
if the car is still on sale. Ratings for cars that have ceased production are removed.
So from the new seats tested for the 2010 Model Year update, 68% were rated ‘Good’. This increase in ‘Good’ rated seats for new models has an effect on the whole fleet when they are combined with the carried over results. This reflects an overall improvement with over 50% of seats rated as ‘Good’ for 2010 Model Year vehicles.
68%GOOD
New test ratings for 2010 Model Year - 68% Good.Comparison of seat testing results: 2005 compared to 2010 model year.
Good
Acceptable
Marginal
Poor
Ratings carried over from previous years
New testratings2010 MY
New testratings2010 MY
2010 Model Year (MY)
2010 New seat tests only
Good
Acceptable
Marginal
Poor
2005Model Year (MY)
2010Model Year (MY)
36%
16%
24%
24%
20%51%
9%
20%
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International Perspective
WHIPLASH: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE
International collaboration between test centres helps to increase the pressure on vehicle manufacturers to improve seat and head restraint designs.
Whiplash:
The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) in the USA is also involved with the International Insurance Whiplash Prevention Group (IIWPG) seat testing, and the results from Thatcham and IIHS are shared amongst the members of RCAR – the Research Council for Automobile Repairs. Members collaborate to publish these IIWPG seat ratings for their national markets, and all of this helps to encourage the manufacturers to offer better protection against whiplash injuries.
For IIHS, the percentage of seats rated as ‘Good’ has increased from 12% for the 2005 Model Year seats to 52% for the 2009 Model Year seats. Comparison of ratings from Thatcham and IIHS shows that European and North American markets are both improving. Similarly Thatcham’s ‘Good’ rated seats have increased from 16% in 2005 model year, to 51% for 2010 Model Year. Both the European seats tested by Thatcham, and the US seats tested by IIHS now show that half the seats are rated as ‘Good’, which is a great improvement over the last few years.
IIHS are an international partner in whiplash testing.
Percentage of ‘Good’ rated seats: Comparison for European and US markets.
Europ
ean
markets
US
markets
0%
40%
80%
20%
60%
100%
Mercedes Benz Pro-Active Head Restraint during deployment.
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Deployed.
Undeployed.
BMW - ALL GOOD
Volvo and Saab have traditionally been the benchmark seats, and they still continue to lead the way in protecting occupants against whiplash injury. The ‘All Good’ manufacturers have seats rated as ‘Good’ in each and every new model on sale. BMW this year have joined Volvo, Saab and Audi as the latest ‘All Good’ manufacturer with their Pro-Active Head Restraint design.
There are a few other manufacturers that are close to achieving the status of ‘All Good’. Mercedes, Honda and Alfa Romeo have all seats rated so far achieving a ‘Good’ rating, but Thatcham still awaits some seats for testing. As soon as these manufacturers supply the remaining seats for testing, they could complete their line up of ‘Good’ rated seats, and so join the group of ‘All Good’ manufacturers.
BMW all good: BMW New 3 Series Coupe
BMW all good: BMW New 7 Series BMW all good: BMW New 5 Series Gran Turismo
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BMW Z4.
The Pro-Active Head Restraint deploys up and forward when a crash is detected. An example is the NECK-PRO system from Mercedes.
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Pro-Active Head RestraintsAlthough many seats are now rated as ‘Good’ the manufacturers are using a wide variety of designs, and these work in different ways. Many drivers are often ‘out of position’ in an accident – for example, they are leaning forward to see around a corner at a junction. The Pro-Active Head Restraint technologies can offer additional protection in complex, out of position situations, such as roundabouts or junctions.
Pro-Active Head Restraints (PAHR) are a recent technology used by manufacturers to help prevent whiplash injuries. Both Mercedes and BMW fit PAHR systems. These systems are designed to reduce the risk of neck injury in a rear crash by preventing the differential movement of the head and neck.
The Pro-Active Head Restraints are linked to an electronic control unit. When the crash sensors on the car
detect a rear impact of the defined severity, the control unit deploys the head restraint by activating pre-loaded springs inside it. The front of the head restraint moves up and forward to meet and support the head early in the crash phase, and thus helps to reduce the risk of injury.
The NECK-PRO system from Mercedes is fully reversible and can then be re-set by the car owner – it can be pushed back into position by hand. Thus, NECK-PRO can be triggered even at a very low impact severity and offers then the full protection potential - without any repair costs for the owner.
The advantage of the PAHR systems is that they are activated based on input from the crash sensor – they do not rely upon the weight of the occupant’s body moving into the seat for activation like a Reactive Head Restraint (RHR). PAHR systems offer their protection potential regardless of the occupant’s size and weight. The particular advantage is that if the occupant is out of position, for example leaning forward to see around a corner, the PAHR will still activate and offer some protection to the occupant. This must be a benefit of these systems since the PAHR systems deploy regardless of the occupant’s posture.
Pro-Active Head Restraints can help to protect against whiplash injuries even if the driver is out of position.
PRO-ACTIVE HEAD RESTRAINTS
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Pro-Active Head Restraints
IIWPG Test procedure with a Volvo seat.
The whiplash test used by Thatcham was developed with our international insurance research partners (The International Insurance Whiplash Prevention Group - IIWPG) and is now used and respected throughout the world.
The test recreates a typical 10mph crash on a special test machine – the sort of shunt where whiplash injuries commonly occur and features the unique BioRID whiplash dummy, especially created to emulate the movement of a human during a rear crash.
The test assesses the forces endured by the car’s occupants during the crash and measures the time until the head and neck are supported. The best seats have large head restraints that can support the occupant’s head and neck very early and can mitigate the force of the crash – helping to prevent injury.
Many of the best performing seats have anti-whiplash devices that can absorb the forces of the crash or move the head restraint automatically during the crash to support the head early to help prevent injury.
Whiplash test
WHIPLASH TEST
The test measures the size of the head restraint and how close it would be to a typical driver. It also rates the dynamic performance of the seat during the crash test and combines these two assessments into one final, overall rating.
Overall rating
Good: A seat that offers good protection for most sizes of occupant – may be fitted with specific anti- whiplash protection.
Acceptable: A seat that offers reasonable protection for small to average sized drivers.
Marginal :A seat that offers some protection for small to average occupants.
Poor :A seat that offers little protection from whiplash-type injuries.
Run out:Indicates a model that is near the end of production. A newer model might also be on sale at the same time.
ProtectionReactive Head Restraint: A head restraint that automatically moves up and forward during the crash, actuated by the weight of the occupant in the seat. (Example: Saab SAHR)
Pro-Active Head Restraint: A head restraint that automatically moves up and forward at the start of the crash, actuated by crash sensors on the bumper or within the car. (Example: Mercedes-Benz NECK-PRO)
Reactive Seat: An entire seat and head restraint that absorbs the energy of a rear end crash. (Example: Volvo WHIPS)
Passive Seat: A seat that uses passive foam technology to absorb the energy of the crash and allows the occupant to engage the head restraint without neck distortion. (Example: Audi Backguard)
No caption: A traditional fixed or adjustable head restraint that has no specific anti-whiplash technology.
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Good
Acceptable
Marginal
Poor
Make Model Anti-Whiplash System Overall Rating
Audi
Audi Q5 Passive Seat Good
Audi Q7 Passive Seat Good
Audi Q7 Comfort Passive Seat Good
BMW
BMW Z4 Good
BMW 1-Series Good
BMW 1-Series Coupe Good
BMW 1-Series Convertible Good
BMW 3-Series Pro-Active Head Restraint Good
BMW 3-Series Coupe Pro-Active Head Restraint Good
BMW 3-Series Convertible Pro-Active Head Restraint Good
BMW 5-Series (run out) Pro-Active Head Restraint Good
BMW 5-Series Comfort (run out) Pro-Active Head Restraint Good
BMW 5-GT Pro-Active Head Restraint Good
BMW 5-GT Comfort Pro-Active Head Restraint Good
BMW 6-Series Coupe Pro-Active Head Restraint Good
BMW 6-Series Convertible Pro-Active Head Restraint Good
BMW 7-Series Pro-Active Head Restraint Good
BMW 7-Series Comfort Pro-Active Head Restraint Good
BMW X1 Good
BMW X3 Pro-Active Head Restraint Good
BMW X3 Comfort Pro-Active Head Restraint Good
BMW X5 Pro-Active Head Restraint Good
BMW X5 Comfort Pro-Active Head Restraint Good
BMW X6 Pro-Active Head Restraint Good
BMW X6 Comfort Pro-Active Head Restraint Good
Cadillac
Cadillac BLS Reactive Head Restraint Good
Chevrolet
Chevrolet Matiz Marginal
Chevrolet Lacetti Marginal
Chevrolet Captiva Awaiting Supply
Chrysler
Chrysler 300 C Acceptable
Chrysler Grand Voyager Marginal
Citroen
Citroen C1 Marginal
Citroen C2 Poor
Citroen C3 Acceptable
Citroen C3 Picasso Marginal
Citroen C4 Acceptable
Citroen C4 VTR Poor
Citroen C4 Picasso Marginal
Citroen C4 Grand Picasso Marginal
Citroen Nemo Multispace Awaiting Supply
Citroen Berlingo Multispace Passive Seat Marginal
Citroen Xsara Picasso Acceptable
Citroen C5 Passive Seat Marginal
Citroen C6 Reactive Head Restraint Acceptable
Citroen C-Crosser Good
Dacia
Dacia Sandero Passive Seat Acceptable
Make Model Anti-Whiplash System Overall Rating
Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo 159 Reactive Head Restraint Good
Alfa Romeo Brera Reactive Head Restraint Good
Alfa Romeo MiTo Reactive Head Restraint Good
Alfa Romeo GT Awaiting Supply
Alfa Romeo Spider Reactive Head Restraint Good
Audi
Audi A3 Passive Seat Good
Audi S3 Passive Seat Good
Audi A4 Passive Seat Good
Audi A4 Sport Passive Seat Good
Audi S4 Passive Seat Good
Audi A5 Passive Seat Good
Audi A5 Convertible Passive Seat Good
Audi S5 Passive Seat Good
Audi A6 Passive Seat Good
Audi S6 Passive Seat Good
Audi TT Coupe Passive Seat Good
Audi TT Roadster Passive Seat Good
Audi R8 Passive Seat Good
SEAT RATINGS - THE RESULTS
These ratings only allow the comparative assessment of a seat’s ability to protect its occupant from whiplash injury in a typical rear-end crash. They cannot be used to predict with certainty whether whiplash injury would (or would not) occur, since the scientific and research community still does not know enough about the mechanisms of whiplash injury to state this confidently.
It is important to remember that all occupants must adjust their head restraint correctly whether they have a ‘Poor’ or ‘Good’ rated seat. No head restraint can offer full protec-tion if it is incorrectly adjust-ed. The ideal adjustment is as high as the top of the head, and as close to the back of the head as possible.
NOTE: Seat ratings indicated with are supplied in association with Euro NCAP, of which Thatcham is a member.
Ratings...Seat
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Further information: Visit www.thatcham.org/ncwr for the latest seat ratings.
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Make Model Anti-Whiplash System Overall Rating
Daihatsu
Daihatsu Cuore Passive Seat Acceptable
Daihatsu Materia Passive Seat Acceptable
Daihatsu Sirion Acceptable
Daihatsu Terios Good
Dodge
Dodge Caliber Marginal
Dodge Nitro Poor
Dodge Avenger Acceptable
Fiat
Fiat 500 Marginal
Fiat Panda Poor
Fiat Grande Punto Marginal
Fiat Bravo Reactive Head Restraint Acceptable
Fiat Sedici Marginal
Fiat Doblo (run out) Poor
Fiat Qubo Awaiting Supply
Fiat Florino Combi Awaiting Supply
Fiat Multipla Poor
Ford
Ford Ka Passive Seat Acceptable
Ford Fiesta Passive Seat Good
Ford Fusion Marginal
Ford Focus Good
Ford Kuga Passive Seat Marginal
Ford C-Max Good
Ford Mondeo Reactive Head Restraint Good
Ford S-Max Reactive Head Restraint Good
Ford Galaxy Reactive Head Restraint Good
Honda
Honda Jazz Good
Honda Civic Reactive Head Restraint Good
Honda Civic Type R Awaiting Supply
Honda Insight Reactive Head Restraint Good
Honda Accord Reactive Head Restraint Good
Honda CR-V Reactive Head Restraint Good
Honda FR-V Awaiting Supply
Hyundai
Hyundai i10 Passive Seat Acceptable
Hyundai i20 Reactive Head Restraint Good
Hyundai i30 Reactive Head Restraint Good
Hyundai Sonata Reactive Head Restraint Good
Hyundai Tucson Marginal
Hyundai Santa Fe Reactive Head Restraint Good
Jaguar
Jaguar X-Type Poor
Jaguar X-Type Sport Poor
Jaguar XF Reactive Head Restraint Good
Jaguar XJ (run out) Reactive Seat Marginal
Jaguar XK Reactive Head Restraint Good
Jeep
Jeep Cherokee Poor
Jeep Compass Acceptable
Jeep Patriot Acceptable
Jeep Wrangler Marginal
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Make Model Anti-Whiplash System Overall Rating
Kia
Kia Picanto Marginal
Kia Rio Poor
Kia Cee'd Reactive Head Restraint Good
Kia Sedona Reactive Head Restraint Good
Kia Sorento Reactive Head Restraint Good
Kia Soul Reactive Head Restraint Good
Kia Sportage (run out) Poor
Lancia
Lancia Delta Reactive Head Restraint Good
Land Rover
Land Rover Freelander II Acceptable
Land Rover Defender Marginal
Land Rover Discovery III (run out) Acceptable
Land Rover Range Rover Sport (run out) Acceptable
Land Rover Range Rover Reactive Head Restraint Good
Lexus
Lexus IS Passive Seat Marginal
Lexus GS Passive Seat Poor
Lexus LS Marginal
Lexus RX Passive Seat Marginal
Mazda
Mazda 2 Marginal
Mazda 5 Marginal
Mazda 6 Passive Seat Marginal
Mazda CX-7 Marginal
Mazda MX-5 Marginal
Mercedes
Mercedes A-Class Reactive Head Restraint Good
Mercedes B-Class Reactive Head Restraint Good
Mercedes C-Class Pro-Active Head Restraint Good
Mercedes E-Class Pro-Active Head Restraint Good
Mercedes SLK Awaiting Supply
Mercedes R-Class Pro-Active Head Restraint Good
Mercedes M-Class Pro-Active Head Restraint Good
Mercedes GL-Class Pro-Active Head Restraint Good
Mercedes GLK Pro-Active Head Restraint Good
MINI
MINI Mini Acceptable
MINI Clubman Acceptable
MINI Convertible Acceptable
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi Colt Poor
Mitsubishi Lancer Good
Mitsubishi Outlander Good
Mitsubishi Shogun Poor
Nissan
Nissan Micra Acceptable
Nissan Micra CC Acceptable
Nissan Pixo Marginal
Nissan Note Reactive Head Restraint Marginal
Nissan Qashqai Reactive Head Restraint Good
Nissan X-Trail Reactive Head Restraint Acceptable
Nissan Murano Reactive Head Restraint Good
Nissan Pathfinder Reactive Head Restraint Marginal
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Make Model Anti-Whiplash System Overall Rating
Peugeot
Peugeot 107 Marginal
Peugeot 207 Marginal
Peugeot 308 Awaiting Supply
Peugeot 308cc Passive Seat Poor
Peugeot 3008 Good
Peugeot 407 Acceptable
Peugeot 4007 Good
Peugeot Bipper Tepee Awaiting Supply
Peugeot Partner Tepee Good
Proton
Proton Gen 2 Poor
Renault
Renault Twingo 2 Acceptable
Renault Clio Good
Renault Modus Good
Renault Kangoo 2 Passive Seat Good
Renault Megane 3 Passive Seat Acceptable
Renault Megane CC (run out) Acceptable
Renault Megane Coupe Passive Seat Acceptable
Renault Laguna 3 Acceptable
Renault Koleos Passive Seat Good
Renault Scenic 3 Good
Renault Grand Scenic 3 Good
Renault Espace Acceptable
Saab
Saab 9-3 Reactive Head Restraint Good
Saab 9-5 Reactive Head Restraint Good
SEAT
SEAT Ibiza Passive Seat Marginal
SEAT Leon Reactive Head Restraint Acceptable
SEAT Leon Sport Reactive Head Restraint Acceptable
SEAT Leon Acceptable
SEAT Leon Sport Acceptable
SEAT Altea Reactive Head Restraint Good
SEAT Altea Marginal
SEAT Exeo Awaiting Supply
Skoda
Skoda Fabia Acceptable
Skoda Yeti Good
Skoda Roomster Acceptable
Skoda Superb Passive Seat Marginal
Smart
Smart Fortwo Acceptable
Subaru
Subaru Justy Passive Seat Acceptable
Subaru Impreza Reactive Head Restraint Good
Subaru Legacy Reactive Head Restraint Good
Subaru Outback Reactive Head Restraint Good
Subaru Forester Reactive Head Restraint Good
Subaru Tribeca Reactive Head Restraint Good
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Make Model Anti-Whiplash System Overall Rating
Suzuki
Suzuki Splash Passive Seat Poor
Suzuki Alto Marginal
Suzuki Swift Acceptable
Suzuki SX4 Marginal
Suzuki Grand Vitara Marginal
Toyota
Toyota IQ Passive Seat Good
Toyota Aygo Marginal
Toyota Yaris Passive Seat Marginal
Toyota Urban Cruiser Reactive Head Restraint Good
Toyota Auris Passive Seat Good
Toyota Verso Passive Seat Poor
Toyota Avensis 3 Reactive Head Restraint Good
Toyota Prius 3 Reactive Head Restraint Good
Toyota RAV4 Marginal
Vauxhall/Opel
Vauxhall/Opel Agila Passive Seat Poor
Vauxhall/Opel Corsa Passive Seat Acceptable
Vauxhall/Opel Astra (run out) Marginal
Vauxhall/Opel Insignia Reactive Head Restraint Good
Vauxhall/Opel Tigra Reactive Head Restraint Good
Vauxhall/Opel Meriva Reactive Head Restraint Acceptable
Vauxhall/Opel Meriva Poor
Vauxhall/Opel Zafira Marginal
Vauxhall/Opel Antara Awaiting Supply
Volkswagen
Volkswagen Fox Marginal
Volkswagen Polo Passive Seat Acceptable
Volkswagen Golf Passive Seat Good
Volkswagen Golf GTD Passive Seat Good
Volkswagen Golf GTI Passive Seat Good
Volkswagen Golf Plus Reactive Head Restraint Acceptable
Volkswagen Scirocco Passive Seat Good
Volkswagen Eos Marginal
Volkswagen Beetle Reactive Head Restraint Acceptable
Volkswagen Jetta Reactive Head Restraint Acceptable
Volkswagen Jetta Marginal
Volkswagen Passat Passive Seat Good
Volkswagen Passat Coupe Passive Seat Good
Volkswagen Touran Reactive Head Restraint Acceptable
Volkswagen Touran Awaiting Supply
Volkswagen Sharan Poor
Volkswagen Touareg Marginal
Volkswagen Tiguan Good
Volvo
Volvo C30 Reactive Seat Good
Volvo C70 Reactive Seat Good
Volvo S40 Reactive Seat Good
Volvo V50 Reactive Seat Good
Volvo V70 Reactive Seat Good
Volvo S80 Reactive Seat Good
Volvo XC60 Reactive Seat Good
Volvo XC70 Reactive Seat Good
Volvo XC90 Reactive Seat Good
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Tel: +44 (0) 1635 868855Fax: +44 (0) 1635 871346 Web: www.thatcham.org
Further information: Visit www.thatcham.org/ncwr for the latest seat ratings.