Special Methods of Instruction ICIED 5243Dr. Bowles, Instructor

Key Points Chapter OneShrum and Glisan

Welcome MAT 2013-2014 Cohort

Key Points Chapter One

SLA: 1970s to investigate the nature of language learning in order to help language instructorsshape classroom practice and the profession debate how learners acquire language.

Debate: Language learning is an individual (cognitive) achievement vs. Language learning is a collaborative (social) achievement

An Individual Achievement

•Behaviorism (1940s-50s: Skinner): S-R• Imitate / practice / reinforce

•Communicative Competence (1960s—present: Chomsky): Innatist/Nativist▫LAD / UG / Competence / Performance /

meaningful input

An Individual Achievement

Communicative Competence (Celce-Murcia, Dörnyei, & Thurrell, 1995)

Discourse competenceSociocultural competenceLinguistic competenceActional competenceStrategic competence

An Individual Achievement

•Krashen’s Input Hypothesis (1982)

▫Monitor Model Acquisition-learning hypothesis Monitor hypothesis Natural order hypothesis Input hypothesis Affective filter hypothesis

An Individual Achievement• Terrell (1986) “ binding”

• Van Patten (2004) Input processing

• Performance variability

• Interlanguage Theory (Selinker, 1974)

• Long’s Interaction Hypothesis (1983)

• Swain’s Output Hypothesis (1985)

A Collaborative Achievement

•Vygotsky (1978): ▫learning precedes and contributes to

development▫Language performance with others exceeds

what learner can do alone▫ZPD—distance between actual

developmental level and potential developmental level Expert and novice work together Transforms individual knowledge of task &

understanding of each other Reciprocal learning

A Collaborative Achievement

•Vygotsky:▫Scaffolding

Enlists learner’s interest Simplifies task Keeps learner motivated and on task Highlights relevant features & points out

discrepancies Reduces stress Models idealized form of task

A Collaborative Achievement•Mediation tools

▫Textbook▫Visuals▫Classroom discourse▫L2 interaction▫Direct instruction▫Teacher assistance▫Self-talk (Ellis, 1997) aka private talk

(Vygotsky)▫Language play (Lantoff, 1997)▫Ludic play (Broner & Tarone, 2001)

A Collaborative Achievement

• Interactional Competence (Mehan, 1979; Hall, 1995)▫Input must occur within meaningful contexts

& situated within real communication for SLA to occur. Establish topic (frame rhetorical structure) Omit known information (ellipses) Relate lexical items (referents) Use expressive reactions, questions to

advance topic, ask for explanation or extension, or transition to new topic

A Collaborative Achievement

•Affect and Motivation (Dulay & Burt, 1997)▫Affective Filter Hypothesis

Characteristics: effect on motivation, anxiety levels, and attitude

Motivation influenced by personality factors

•Krashen (1982)▫For acquisition to occur, learners need to

be motivated, confident, and have a low level of anxiety.

A Collaborative Achievement

•Dörnyei & Skehan (2003)▫Define motivation as the

Choice of action Persistence on the action Effort expended on the action

•Gardner (1985)▫Individual motivation is

Instrumental—get a job / get a grade Integrative—talk to native speakers/ fit in