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Special Needs Fact Sheets

Table of Contents

Topic Page

Apraxia of Speech/ Verbal Dyspraxia 3

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD/ ADD) 4

Auditory Processing Disorder 5

Autism 6

Cerebral Palsy 7 & 8

Down Syndrome 9 &10

Dyscalculia 11

Dysgraphia 12

Dyslexia 13 & 14

Epilepsy/ Seizure Training 15 & 16

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) 17

Hearing Impairments 18

Sensory Processing Issues 19

Specific Learning Disorder 20

Twice Exceptional/ 2E 21 & 22

Visual Impairments 23

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About Autism

Autism is a neurological variation that occurs in about one percent of the population and is classified as a developmental disability. Although it may be more common than previously thought, it is not a new condition and exists in all parts of the world, in both children and adults of all ages. The terms “Autistic” and “autism spectrum” often are used to refer inclusively to people who have an official diagnosis on the autism spectrum or who self-identify with the Autistic community. While all Autistics are as unique as any other human beings, they share some characteristics typical of autism in common.

1. Different sensory experiences. For example, heightened sensitivity to light, difficulty interpreting internal physical sensations, hearing loud sounds as soft and soft sounds as loud, or synesthesia. 2. Non-standard ways of learning and approaching problem solving. For example, learning “difficult” tasks (e.g. calculus) before “simple” tasks (e.g. addition), difficulty with “executive functions,” or being simultaneously gifted at tasks requiring fluid intelligence and intellectually disabled at tasks requiring verbal skills. 3. Deeply focused thinking and passionate interests in specific subjects. “Narrow but deep,” these “special interests” could be anything from mathematics to ballet, from doorknobs to physics, and from politics to bits of shiny paper. 4. Atypical, sometimes repetitive, movement. This includes “stereotyped” and “self-stimulatory” behavior such as rocking or flapping, and also the difficulties with motor skills and motor planning associated with apraxia or dyspraxia. 5. Need for consistency, routine, and order. For example, holidays may be experienced more with anxiety than pleasure, as they mean time off from school and the disruption of the usual order of things. People on the autistic spectrum may take great pleasure in organizing and arranging items. 6. Difficulties in understanding and expressing language as used in typical communication, both verbal and non-verbal. This may manifest similarly to semantic-pragmatic language disorder. It’s often because a young child does not seem to be developing language that a parent first seeks to have a child evaluated. As adults, people with an autism spectrum diagnosis often continue to struggle to use language to explain their emotions and internal state, and to articulate concepts (which is not to say they do not experience and understand these). 7. Difficulties in understanding and expressing typical social interaction. For example, preferring parallel interaction, having delayed responses to social stimulus, or behaving in an “inappropriate” manner to the norms of a given social context (for example, not saying “hi” immediately after another person says “hi”). Autism is diagnosed based on observation by a diagnostician or team of diagnosticians (e.g. neuropsychologist, psychologist, psychiatrist, licensed clinical social worker, etc.).

This material was adapted with permission from the “What Is Autism?” page on the Change.org website.

From: https://autisticadvocacy.org/about-asan/about-autism/

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Down Syndrome

What is Down Syndrome?

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused when abnormal cell division results in extra genetic material

from chromosome 21. Down syndrome can affect a person's cognitive ability and physical growth, cause

mild to moderate developmental issues, and present a higher risk of some health problems such as thyroid

or heart disease, frequent colds, etc. Down syndrome causes a distinct facial appearance, intellectual

disability, and developmental delays.

What Are Some Behavioral Challenges Typical in Persons with Down Syndrome?

The definition of a “behavior problem” varies but certain guidelines can be helpful in determining if a behavior has become significant.

• Does the behavior interfere with development and learning? • Are the behaviors disruptive to the family, school or workplace? • Is the behavior harmful to the child or teen with Down syndrome or to others? • Is the behavior different from what might be typically displayed by someone of comparable

developmental age?

The first step in evaluating a child or adult with Down syndrome who presents with a behavior concern is to determine if there are any acute or chronic medical problems related to the identified behavior. The following is a list of the more common medical problems that may be associated with behavior changes.

• Vision or hearing deficits • Thyroid function • Celiac disease • Sleep apnea • Anemia

• Gastroesophageal reflux • Constipation • Depression • Anxiety

Evaluation by the primary care physician is an important component of the initial work-up for behavior problems in children or teens with Down syndrome.

The behavioral challenges seen in children with Down syndrome are usually not all that different from those seen in typically developing children. However, they may occur at a later age and last somewhat longer. For example, temper tantrums are typically common in 2-3 year olds, but for a child with Down syndrome, they may begin at 3-4.

When evaluating behavior in a child or adult with Down syndrome it is important to look at the behavior in the context of the individual’s developmental age, not only his or her chronological age. It is also important to know the individual’s receptive and expressive language skill levels, because many behavior problems are related to frustration with communication. Many times, behavior issues can be addressed by finding ways to help the person with Down syndrome communicate more effectively.

Information from : National Down Syndrome Congress https://www.ndsccenter.org

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What Are Some of the Common Behavior Concerns?

WANDERING/RUNNING OFF The most important thing is the safety of the child. This would include good locks and door alarms at home and a plan written into the IEP at school regarding what each person’s role would be in the event of the child leaving the classroom or playground. Visual supports such as a STOP sign on the door and/or siblings asking permission to go out the door can be a reminder to the child or adult with Down syndrome to ask permission before leaving the house.

STUBBORN/OPPOSITIONAL BEHAVIOR A description of the child or adult’s behavior during a typical day at home or school can sometimes help to identify an event that may have triggered non-compliant behavior. At times, oppositional behavior may be an individual’s way of communicating frustration or a lack of understanding due to their communication/language problems. Children with Down syndrome are often very good at distracting parents or teachers when they are challenged with a difficult task.

ATTENTION PROBLEMS Individuals with Down syndrome can have ADHD but they should be evaluated for attention span and impulsivity based on developmental age and not strictly chronological age. The use of parent and teacher rating scales such as the Vanderbilt and the Connors Parent and Teacher Rating Scales can be helpful in diagnosis. Anxiety disorders, language processing problems and hearing loss can also present as problems with attention.

OBSESSIVE/COMPULSIVE BEHAVIORS These can sometimes be very simple; for example, a child may always want the same chair. However, obsessive/compulsive behavior can also be more subtly repetitive, manifesting through habits like dangling beads or belts when not engaged directly in an activity. This type of behavior is seen more commonly in younger children with Down syndrome. While the number of compulsive behaviors in children with Down syndrome is no different than those in typical children at the same mental age, the frequency and intensity of the behavior is often greater. Increased levels of restlessness and worry may lead the child or adult to behave in a very rigid manner.

AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER Autism is seen in approximately 5-7% of individuals with Down syndrome. The diagnosis is usually made at a later age (6-8 years of age) than in the general population. Regression of language skills, if present, also occurs later (3-4 years of age). Potential intervention strategies are the same as for any child with autism. It is important for signs of autism to be identified as early as possible so the child can receive the most appropriate therapeutic and educational services.

How Should Caregivers Approach Behavior Issues in Individuals with Down Syndrome? 1. Rule out a medical problem that could be related to the behavior. 2. Consider emotional stresses at home, school or work that may impact behavior. 3. Work with a professional (psychologist, behavioral pediatrician, counselor) to develop a behavior

treatment plan using the ABC’s of behavior. (Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence of the behavior). 4. Medication may be indicated in particular cases such as ADHD and autism.

Intervention strategies for treatment of behavior problems are variable and dependent on the individual’s age, severity of the problem and the setting in which the behavior is most commonly seen. Local parent and caregiver support programs can often help by providing suggestions, support and information about community treatment programs. Psychosocial services in the primary care physician’s office can be used for consultative care regarding behavior issues. Chronic problems warrant referral to a behavioral specialist experienced in working with children and adults with special needs.

Down Syndrome (continued) Information from : National Down Syndrome Congress https://www.ndsccenter.org

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