specials subjects/research · 2019-05-10 · specials subjects/research paper a written 75...

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2. Specials Subjects/Research

Paper A Written 75 Practical 25 Paper B Written 75 Practical 25 3. Elective Courses i) Written 75 Practical 25 ii) Written 75 Practical 25 Total Marks: 1200 SPECIAL SUBJECTS

Following is the list of possible Specials Subjects, each comprising two paper, designated as Special Subject Paper A and Special Subject Paper B. Students studying under semester system will select courses with several more special subjects can be added to the list, depending upon the facilities available.

1. Physiology Paper ’A’ Theory 75 Practical 25

Paper ‘B’ Theory 75 Practical 25 2. Entomology Paper ‘A’ Theory 75 Practical 25 Paper ‘B’ Theory 75

** A student shall be given a choice to opt for research work leading to a thesis or two courses of

special subject in lieu thereof. The student shall exercise his/her option out of the list of special

subjects offered by the university, which will obviously depend upon the expertise and facilities

available. A list of special subjects is given below

** A student shall be required to opt for two elective courses, out of several to be offered by a

Department, which will depend upon the expertise and facilities available. A list of Elective subjects

is given below at the end of list of special subjects.

3. Parasitology Paper ‘A’ Theory 75 Practical 25 Paper ‘ B’ Theory 75 Practical 25 4. Paleontology Paper ‘A’ Theory 75 Practical 25 Paper ‘B’ Theory 75 Practical 25 5. Limnology Paper ‘A’ Theory 75 Practical 25 Paper ‘B’ Theory 75 Practical 25 6. Microbiology Paper ‘A’ Theory 75 Practical 25 Paper ‘B’ Theory 75 Practical 25 7. Endocrinology Paper ‘A’ Theory 75 Practical 25 Paper ‘B’ Theory 75 Practical 25 8. Genetics Paper ‘A’ Theory 75 Practical 25 Paper ‘B’ Theory 75 Practical 25 9. Fisheries Paper ‘A’ Theory 75 Practical 25 Paper ‘B’ Theory 75 Practical 25 10. Wildlife Paper ‘A’ Theory 75 Practical 25 Paper ‘B’ Theory 75 Practical 25 11. Biotechnology Paper ‘A’ Theory 75 Practical 25 Paper ‘B’ Theory 75 Practical 25 12. Vertebrate Biology Paper ‘A’ Theory 75 Practical 25 Paper ‘B’ Theory 75


Practical 25 Elective Papers

These elective papers are guidelines. The Students will choose any two of the following Elective Papers with the consent of the Teacher concerned. A Student, however, cannot select courses similar to special subjects.

1. Molecular Biology 2. Cancer Biology 3. Toxicology 4. Molecular Physiology 5. Clinical Biochemistry 6. Biomedical Technology 7. Medical Microbiology 8. Ecological Genetics 9. Human Genetics 10. Physiology of Reproduction 11. Invertebrate I 12. Invertebrate II 13. Comparative Anatomy & Biology of Vertebrate 14. Human Embryology and Teratology 15. Insect Pathology 16. Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology 17. Biological and Chemical Control of Insects 18. Insects of Veterinary and Medical Importance 19. Mammalogy 20. Elements of Stratigraphy and Structural Geology 21. Radiation Biology 22. Immunology and Hematology 23. Animal Behavior 24. Physiological Systems & Adaptations 25. Aquaculture & Fisheries 26. Fish Endocrinology 27. Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology 28. Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology 29. Insert Biochemistry and Physiology 30. Ichthyology

31. Physiology of Functional Systems 32. Environmental Physiology 33. Insect Morphology, Physiology and Ecology 34. Insect Classification, Pests of Agriculture & Pest Management 35. Invertebrate Palaeontology 36. Vertebrate Palaeontology 37. Limnology (Physical, Chemical and Ecological aspects) 38. Fundamentals of Microbiology 39. Applied Microbiology 40. Comparative Endocrinology 41. Pharmacological and Pathological Endocrinology 42. Economic Zoology 43. Biotechnology 44. Environmental Pollution 45. Veterinary & Wildlife Parasitology 46. Wildlife management and conservation 47. Herpetology 48. Ornithology 49. Population Biology 50. Fisheries Management 51. Biology and Control of Vertebrate Pests 52. Techniques in Fisheries Research 53. Biological Basis of Freshwater Fish Production 54. Behavioral Ecology 55. Fish Feeding Management 56. Fish Requirements 57. Exercise Physiology 58. Fish Bioenergetics 59. Microbiology of Extreme Environment 60. Environmental Biology of Fishers 61. Chemical Biology of Fishes 62. Biological Techniques 63. Insect Bioacaousstics 64. Physiology of Fishes 65. Quantitative Zoology 66. Fish Culture 67. Fish Ecology

(The details of elective courses are same as given under special subjects)


Practicals Cell Biology 1. Detection and quantitative determination of chromosomomal DNA and

RNA. 2. Culturing and staining of bacteria and yeast. 3. Identification of different type of blood cells in human blood through smear

technique 4. Counting of prokaryotic cells (bacteria) and blood cells by using

hemocytometer. 5. Detection and quantitative determination of DNA and RNA 6. Isolation and characterization of proteins on polyacrylamide gel

electrophoresis (native and sub-unit molecular weight). 7. Separation of different sized DNA fragments on agarose gel. 8. Study of transformed bacteria on the basis of antibiotic resistance.

Biochemistry

1. Quantitative tests of amino acids.

2. Quantitative estimation of proteins by UV and Lowry’s method. Extraction and salting out of proteins. Gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins. Determination of molecular size of proteins by SDS PAGE electrophoresis.

3. Qualitative tests of different lipids. Fractionation of brain lipids and their analysis b thin-layer chromatography.

4. Qualitative tests for carbohydrates. Glycogen isolation and hydrolysis. Determination of reducing sugars. Enzymatic determination of glucose. Paper chromatography of sugars.

5. Isolation of lactate dehydrogenase from heart muscles of oryctolagus cuniculus and analysis of isoenzymes by PAGE isolation of peroxidase from turnip and study of its kinetics.

Books Recommended (Latest Editions)

1. Damell Jr. J., Lodisch, H. and Balimore, D., 1990. Molecular Cell Biology, Scientific

American Inc. N.Y.

2. Alberts, B., Bray , D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Watson, J. D., 1989, Molecular

Biology of the Cell, Gariand Publishing Inc. New York.

3. De Robertis, E. D. P. and De Robertis Jr. E. N. f., 1987. Cell and Molecular Biology, Lea &

Febiger, New York.

4. Voet, D. and Voet, J. G., 1990. Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons.

5. Zubay, G. L., 1983, Biochemistry, McMillan Publishing Co.

6. Rawn, J. D. 1989, Biochemistry, Neil Patterson Publishers, North Carolina.

7. Conn and Stump, 1989. Outlines of Biochemistry, John Wiley & sons.

8. Stryer. L. 1995, Biochemistry, W. H. Freeman & Co. New York.

9. Davlin, J. 1992. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, John Wiley & Sons.

10. Dyer, R. L. and Lata, G. F. 1989, Experimental Biochemistry, Oxford University Press.

11. Alexander, R.R., Griffiths, J.M. and Wilkinson, M. L. 1985. Basic Biochemical Methods,

John Wiley & Sons.

12. Lehninger, a. L., Nelson, D. L and co. N. M., 1993 Principles of Biochemistry Worth

Publishers, N.Y.

13. Wilson, K., and Goulding, K. H. A Biologist’s Guide to Principles and Techniques of

Practical’s of Biochemistry, Edward Arnold.

14. Karp, G., 2002. Cell and Molecular Biology, Concepts & Experiments. 3rd Edition. John

Wiley Sons, Inc. N. Y.

PAPER II: ANIMAL DIVERSITY AND WILDLIFE (Animal Diversity weightage 60%; Wildlife weightage 40%) Animal Diversity


Definition, classification of organisms from virus to man; diagnostic features of phyla, classes and orders (in case of Chordates); Evolutionary and Phylogenetic relationships of Protista, Parazoa, Metazoa, Bilateria, Annelida Arthropoda, Mollusca, Chordata: Fishes, Amphibia, Reptillia, Aves, Mammalia Understanding of diversity indices. Chemical Messenger and Regulators/ Endocrine Physiology: types and Functions of

secretion. An overview of invertebrate endocrine structures, their hormones and

physiological roles. An overview of hormones, their chemistry and physiological roles of

Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid and associated structures, Endocrine

pancreas, Gastroenteropancreatic system, Adrenal medulla (Chromaffin Tissue), Adrenal

cortex, Ovary,Testis and placenta. A generalized model account of hormones synthesis,

storage and secretion (a peptide hormone model); Hormonal interactions in metabolic and

developmental function; water and electrolyte balances and reproduction. Integrated

endocrine and neural responses in glycemia and calcium homeostasis and reproductive

Cycles; General account of hormonal regulations, hormonal turnover, recognition;

Mechanisms of action in hormones involving membrane receptors and nuclear modulated

fane expression; Endocrine functions of kidneys, heart and pineal gland.

Movements and Muscles: Structural basis of muscle contraction; molecular structures of contractile components and their interaction, sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium and membrane mechanisms in regulation of contraction. Cardiovascular mechanisms: electrical activity of heart; Automaticity, Rhythmicity, Electrocardiography, Kymography; Hemodynamics, Blood flow; pressure and resistance and their interrelationships. Control of cardiac activity (cardiac output) and peripheral circulation. Exchange of Gases: Transport of O2 and Co2 between respiratory surface(the lungs and body cells. Regulation of lungs respiration; Gas transfer in water (gills) and its regulation. Respiratory responses in extreme conditions as hypoxia, Hypercapnia in air breathing divers. Excretion and Osmoregulation: Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial environment. Vertebrate nephron as osmoregulatory organ: Physiological anatomy, Glomerular

filteration, Tubular absorption and secretion; Nitrogenous waste products; Patterns of nitrogenous excretion and their phylogenetic development. Nutrition: Regulation of digestive secretions; Physiological anatomy of digestive tract

(mammalian model), Absorption of water, ions and nutrients; Potential and Movements in

Gastrointestinal tract, control of Motility.

Thermal Relations: Thermal classification of Animals; Temperature relation of ectotherms in freezing and cold, warm and hot environment; Costs and benefits of ectothermy; Temperature relations of heterotherms and endotehrmes; Dormancy; Sleep, torpor, Hibernation, destivation. ANIMAL BEHAVIOR Mechanisms of Behavior: Mechanisms of Behavior, Nervous system and behavior, Hormones and Behavior, Biological Rhythm, Development of Behavior, Learning Behavior, Communication. Social Organization: Conflict, Sexual Reproduction, Parental Care, Social systems.

Practical

Muscle and neuromuscular Activity: Nerve muscle preparation; muscle twitch, comparison

of muscle and nerve irritability , effect of stimulus strength, effect of stimulus frequency

(tetany), effect of load or stretch, effect of prolonged activity (fatigue), neuromuscular

fatigue, stimulation of motor points in human.

Excitability, Sensation and Behavior: Recording of action potential by oscilloscope and

demonstration of its various features. Experiments to demonstrate characteristic of reflex

arc. Experiment in human (students themselves) to demonstrate some aspect of sensory

physiology. Study of behavior in breeding season and parental care.

Cardiovascular Activity: Norman cardiac activity, effect of temperature, effect of drug, heart block, tetanization of heart. Measurement of blood pressure.


Respiration and Exercise: Oxygen consumption in fish and effect of temperature (by dissolved oxygen meter) and terrestrial animal (mouse). Parameter as oxygen consumption (by respirometer, heart rate, blood pressure and glycemia altered by exercise. Endocrine and Reproductive Mechanisms: Effect of insulin on glycemia, study of stages in estrous cycle.

Populationns. Demonstration of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in a large population: analysis of quantitative characters. Pedigree analysis.

2. Construction of chromosome linkage maps (with problems)

4. Use of computer and statistical packages. Books Recommended (Latest Editions)

1. Strickberger, M. W., 1985, Ganetics, Mcmillan, N. Y.

2. Herskowitz, I. H., 1985, Genetics. Little Brown, Boston.

3. Lewin, B., 2000., Gene VII, Oxford, Uk.

4. Steel, R. G. D. and torrie, J. H., 1980. Principles and procedures of statistics, McGraw Hill

International Editions.

5. Fowler, J., Cohen , L. and Jarris. P., 1998. Practical statistics for field biology, John wiley

and Sons.

6. Zar, 1998, Biostatistical Analysis.

7. Campbell, R. C. Statistics for Biologists, Cambridge University Press.

8. Gardner, E. J., Simmons, M. J. and Snustad, D. P., 1991. Principles of Genetics , John

Wiley, New York.

9. Whitehouse, H. L. K., 1965. Towards an understanding of the mechanism of Heredity.

Edward Arnold.

10. Sokal, R. R. and Rohalf, F. J., 1973. An Introudction to Biostatistics, Toppan.

11. Bailey, N.T.J., 1981. Statistical methods in Biology, English University Press.

12. Mead, R., Currow, r. N. and Hastod, A. M. 1993. Statistical methods in agriculture and

experimental biology, 2nd edition. Chapman & Hall.

PAPER V: ECOLOGY Theory An overview of concepts of ecosystem with emphasis on interaction and homeostasis. Basic

global ecosystems (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, ecosphere). Biogeochemical cycles:

nitrogen, phosphorus, sulpher, water, carbon, nutrient. Limiting factors: basic concepts,

Temperature, soil, water and humidity, light, fire. Energy: laws of thermodynamics, primary

and secondary productions, trophic levels and energy variation with increasing trophic

levels, energy flow, food chains and food web. Population ecology: basic population

characters, growth and growth curves, population dynamics and regulations. Community

ecology. Bascis concepts, community analysis, ecotones, inter-population interactions.

Ecological niche: basic concepts and types. An over view of the major biomes of the world.

Applied Ecology: Resources and their ecological management. (mineral, agricultural and

forest, range management, desalination and weather modification, landscape and land use);

Pollution (definition, types , cost, origin and management), water (sources, domestic and

industrial pollution, heavy metals, water purification, waste water purification, waste water

treatment), air (sulpher dioxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide ozone, smog & PAN,

MTBE & CFCs); land pollution (pesticides, bacterial toxins, synthetic hormones), noise

pollution. Rediation,. Space biology. Contemporay environmental themes: (ozone depletion,

acid rains, greenhouse effect and global warming, desertification, deforestation, exotic and

invasive species, radioactivity leakage, environmental laws).

Practical

1. Measurement of environmental factors on land, water and air.

2. Study of different ecosystems: pond, agricultural or grassland, forest.

3. Community analysis through different sampling techniques (quadrat, Transect).

4. Population dynamic of grasshoppers.

5. Adaptive features of animals in relation to food and environment.

6. Food chain studies through analysis of the gut contents.

7. Analysis of polluted and fresh water for biotic and abiotic variations.

8. Field visits for study of selected terrestrial habitat and writing notes.

9. Development of an ecological management plan of some selected area.



1. Odum, E.P., 1994. Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Sauders.

Paper VII: EVOLUTION AND PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEMATIC ZOOLOGY (Evolution weightage 60% and Principles of Systematic Zoology 40%). Evolution The nature and origin to life. Evidences of evolution. Theories to explain the

diversity of life – Lamarckism. Darwinism and Special Creation. The present status of these

theroies, Modern synthetic theory.

Factors initating elementary evolutionary changes (micro-evolution) by changing

gene frequencies, mutation pressure, selection pressure, immigration and crossbreeding,

genetic drift. Role of isolation in evolution (isolating mechanisms). Factors of large

evolutionary changes (macro-evolution) – allomerty, orthogenesis, adaptive radiation.

Modern concept of Natural Selection: Levels of selection, selection patterns,

laboratory and field example regarding action of Natural Selection. Action of Natural

Selection leading to convergence, radiation, regression and extinction, Batesian mimcry,

Mullerian mimicry,. Sexual selection: Darwins’ concept, fisher’s view, Zahavi’s handicap

theory. Trend and rates in evolution.

Principles of Systematic Zooloy Contribution of systematics to Biology: History of Taxonomy (Downward

classification, upward classification, impact of the origin of species, population systematics,

current trends); Microtaxonomy, phenon, Taxon: Taxonomic categories: specific category,

infraspecific category, higher categories: species concepts (Typological concept; nominalistic

concept, cohesion species concept); non-dimensional species concept; Multidimenstional

species concept; Difficulties in the application of biological species concepts; polytypic

species, subspecies, super species, sibling species; study of major type of variation within a

single population. Macrotaxonomy; different kinds of taxonomic characters; Taxonomic

collection and identification; definitions of Synonym, Homonym, Keys; Evolution of the

theory of Nomenclature; interpretation and applicaton of the code ( stability, priority, first

revisor principle) range of authority of code; concept of availability, type method, formation

of specific names, brief concept of cladistics.

Practical

Study of preserved invertebrate specimen and their classification up to class level.

Collection, preservation and identification of common species (fishes/ butterflies) with the help of

keys. Methods of statistical analysis of samples data. Preparation of keys for the identification of

specimens.


Evolution

1. Ridley, M., 1993. Evolution. Blackwell Scientific Publications.

2. Dobzyhansky, T., Ayala, F. J., Stebbins, G. L. and Valentine, J. W., 1973. Evolution. W. H.

Freeman and Company.

3. Dobzhansky, t., 1970. Genetics of the Evolutionary Process, Columbia University Press,

New York.

4. Moody, P. A., 1989. Introduction to Evolution, Harper and Row Publishers, New York.

5. Simpson, G. G., 1961. Meaning of Evolution, Yale University Press.

6. Dodson, E. O. 1960. Evolution: process and product. Chapman and Hall Ltd., London.

Systematic Zoology

1. Mayer, E. 1969. Principles of Systematic Zoology. McGraw Hill, New York.

2. Mayer, E. and Asblock, P. D. 1991. Principles of Systematic Zoology, McGraw Hill, New

York.

3. Simpson, G. G., 1961. Principles of Animal Taxonomy, Columbia University Press, N. Y.


4. Thompson, J. N., 1994. The coevolutionary process. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

5. Harvey, P. H. and Pagel, M. D., 1991. The comparative methods in Evolutionary Biology.

Oxford University Press, Oxford.

8 Shrock, R. A. and Twenhofel; W. W., ( 1953). Principles of Invertebrate Palaeontology,

McGraw Hill, New York.

SPECIAL SUBJECTS

1. PHYSIOLOGY

Paper A: Physiology of Coordination

Theory

Physiological Mechanisms at Cell: Cellular membrane and trans membrane transport;

resting membrane potentials; Generation and conduction of action potentials; synaptic

transmission; membrane receptors, Second messenger and Signal-trasduction pathways.

Nervous System: Organization of nervous system; General sensory system; Visual, Auditory,

Vestibular and Chemical sensory system; Motor system with brainstem, Cortical, Cerebellar and

basal ganglia control of posture and movements; Autonomic system and its control; Higher

functions of nervous system including state of consciousness, learning, memory.

Muscle and Movements: Molecular basis of contraction; Muscles activity on skeleton;

Adaptation of muscles for various activities; Muscles in the walls of hollow organs.

Endocrine System: General principles of endocrine physiology; Hormones in homeostasis of

metabolism; Endocrine regulation of metabolism of calcium and phosphate; Parathyroid gland,

Calcitionin and Cholecalciferol; Hypothalamus and Pitumary: Hypothalamic regulation of ituitary,

pituitary gland hormone in physiological coordination; Thyroid gland; Functional anatomy,

biosynthesis, regulation and roles in physiological functions, mechanism of thyroid hormones action;


Adrenal cortex: Hormones biosynthesis, physiological roles and control; Adrenal medulla: Hormones

biosynthesis, physiological roles, and hypothalamic pituitary-adrenocortical axis, adrenal medulla

and sympathetic nervous system together integrate responses to stress; Endocrine function of

kidney, heart and pineal gland; General reproductive mechanisms: Energetics of reproduction;

Functional anatomy, synthesis and regulation of gonadal

Titles similar to basic course will be taught at advanced level.

2. ENTOMOLOGY

Paper A: Morphology, Physiology and Ecology

Theory

1. Integument, Head of an orthopteroid insect. Thorax: sclerites of a typical wing bearing

segment. Hypothetical primitive venational pattern. Wing regions and modification.

Segmentation and functions of legs. Abdomen: Its segmentation, appendages and

processes. Structure of typical male and female external genitalia. Soft Parts:

Morphyology and physiology of various systems, including embryology (up to dorsal

closure) and metamorphosis (excluding organogenesis). Ecology: Trophic relationship.

Competition. Social systems and behavior. Populations under insecticidal stress.

Biological control. Strategies in Reproduction.

Practicals

1. Dissection: Cockroach, grasshopper, red cotton bug, Gryllus, butterfly, honey-bee,

yellow wasp, house fly and mosquito, drosophila.

2. Microscopic preparation: Mouth-parts, wings, legs, genitalia of the above insects.

3. Whole Mounts: Collembola, Silver fish, thrips, bird-louse, antlion aphids, whiteflies, fig

insects, Head Louse, fleas.


1. Richards, O. W. and Davies, R. J., (1977). Imm’s General Textbook of Entomology.

2. Ross, H. H., (1965). A Textbook of entomology, John Wiley, N. Y.

3. Patton, R. L., (1963). Introductory Insect Physiology, W. B. Saunders, London.

4. Candy, D. J. and Kilby, B. A., (1975). Insect Biochemistry and Function, Chapman and

Hall, London.

5. Price, R. W. (1984). Insect Ecology, John Wiley, N. Y.

6. Snodgrass, R. F. (1935). Principles of Insect Morphology, McGraw Hill, N. Y.

7. Chapman, R. G., (1985). The Insects: Structure and Functin, Hodder and Stoughton,

London.

8. Wigglesworth, V. B., (1974). The Principles of Insect Physiology, Chapman and Hall,

London.


Occurrence and prevalence using soil, water (canal drain water samples) and animal population

(chicken, goat/sheep, rat, fish etc). Feacal Egg count Techniques). Survey and study of vectors/

intermediate host (population etc).

3 Preparation of slides for the study of structure of egg larvae of various heiminth parasites

and staining of cross-section through body regions. Preparation of protozoan parasites slides with

various staining techniques. Study and preparation of slides/preservation of arthropod parasites.

Paper B: Animal Parasitology (Protozoology, Helminthology. Veterinary and Medical

Entomology)

Theory

a. Protozoology: Protozoan parasites of man and other animals,

classification, life cycle, habitat, morphology, epedimiology and

immunopathology of infections e.g., Entamoeba spp. Pathogenic

amoeba, Giardia spp., Trichomonas, Trypanosoma, Leishmania,

Coccdia, Plasmodium and other protozoan parasites of importance.

b. Helminthology: Helminth parasites of man and other animals,

general account, classification, biology, life cycle, pathology and

symptomology and immunology. Platyhelminthes: e.g. Polystoma

can be, Trematodes: e.g., Taenia, Diphyllobothrium,

Acanthocephalas (spiny headed worms). Nematodes: Trichuris,

Trichinella, Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, Trichostrongylus,

Haemonelm, Toxocara, Filaria worms etc.

c. Medical and Veterinary Entomology: Biology and classification of

arthropods of veterinary and medical importance. Arthropods as

parasites and blood suckers. Biology and life cycle e.g. crustacea,

linguatolids, lice, mites, ticks, mosquitoes, fleas, flies, bugs etc.

Effects of bites, allergies, pathology and immunology. Arthropods as

disease transmitters/vectors.

Practical

1. Study of various host tissues for morphological changes in hosts (prepared slides or

diagrams showing comparison) could be used to study the differences.

2. Techniques of collection of parasite samples, preservation and preparation of slides for the

study of the morphology.

3. Identification of vector hosts in various habitats and their morphology.

4. Identification of parasites and classification with particular reference to adaptations as

parasitic mode of life.

5. Heamatological studies of blood samples of infected/ non-infected hosts (sheep/ goat,

chicken/ fish).

Books Recommended

1. Bush, A. O., Fermandez, J. C., Esch, G. W. and Seed, J. R., 2001. Parasitism: The diversity and Ecology of animal parasites. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, u.K.


2. Smyth, J. D., 1994. Introduction to animal parasitology, 3rd Ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.

3. Roberts, L. S. and Jonovy, J. Jr., 1996. Foundation of Parasitology, 5th Ed. Wan Brown Publishers, Chicago, U. S. A.

4. Chandler, A. C. and Read, C. P., 1961. Introduction to parasitology. Int. Ed. Wiley Toppan, New York.

5. Beaver, P. C., Jung, R. C. and Cupp, E. W., 1984. Clinical parasitology, 9th Ed. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.

6. Cheesbrough, M., 1981. Medical laboratory manual for topical countries. Stephen, Austen, Herford.

7. Noble, E. R. and Noble, G. A., 1989. Parasitology: The Biology of Animal Parasites. Lea and febiger, Philadelphia.

8. Chappell, L. H., 1980. Physiology of Parasites. Blackie, U. K. 9. Lapage, G., 1962. Monning’s Veterinary helminthology and Entomology, Tinndall and

Company, London. Practicals

Collection and study of rooted and submerged and free floating plants of various

approachable water bodies; Collection and study of animal life both Plankton and Nekton.

Study of aquatic adaptations in both plants and animals.


1. Weich, P. S., 1948. Limnology, McGraw Hill, New York.

2. Ward & Whipple. Fresh Water Biology.

3. Stewart, E. A. Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials, Scientific Publishers, London.

4. Goldman, C. R. and Horne, A. J. 1983. Limnology. McGraw Hill, International Book

Company, Japan.

5. Welch, P. S. 1968. Limnology. 4th Ed. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc. New York.

6. Allen S. E. 1990. Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials. Scientific Publishers, London.

6 MICROBIOLOGY

Paper A: General Microbiology

Theory

Characterization and classification of microorganisms. Morphology and fine structure of

bacteria. The cultivation of bacteria. Reproduction and growth Bacterial physiology. Pure

culture and cultural characteristics. Prokaryotes: Variety of bacteria; Fungi the molds and

yeasts; algea; Protozoa; Viruses, general characteristics of bacteriophages, and viruses of

animals and plants.

Practicals

1. Study of bacteria, yeasts and molds, and Protozoa. Staining of microorganisms: Simple

stains, positive staining; negative staining. Demonstration of special structures by stains:

Spore stain, Ragella stain. Differential stains: Gram stain, Metachromatic Granule stain,

Acid Fast Stain.

2. The culture of microorganisms: preparation and sterilization of culture media, broth

culture, agar slope, agar slab, streak plates, pour plates. Isolation of a bacterial culture,

quantitative plating methods. The turbidimetric estimation of microbial growth.

Biochemical characteristics of bacteria.

6 MICROBIOLOGY

Paper B: Applied Microbiology

Theory

1. Control of microorganisms: fundamentals of control, control by physical and chemical

agents, antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic agents.

2. Microorganisms and diseases: Host-microbe interactions. Resistance and immunity.

Human airborne infections, food and water-borne human infections. Human contact

diseases. Infectious diseases of animals.


3. Environmental and industrial microbiology: Fundamentals of microbial ecology.

Microbiology of air. Aquatic Microbiology. Microbiology of domestic water and sewage.

Microbiology of foods, milk and milk products. Industrial microbiology.

Practicals

1. Bacteriological examination of water. Isolation and identification of enteric pathogen.

Selective medium for the isolation of pathogenic Staphylococci. The coagulase test for

pathogenic Staphylococcus, Sucrose plates – Streptococcus salivarius. Normal throat

flora and reactions on Blood Agar. Slide Agglutination test.

Physiological roles of hormones of different endocrine glands; Experiments to demonstrate

regulation of hormones releases, Experiments to demonstrate functional diversity of hormones in

difficult vertebrates. Experiments on endocrine mechanim in vertebrates.

Paper B: Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology

Theory

General Mechanisms in Molecular Endocrinology: Subcellular structure of cells secreting

protein hormones; Process of hormone secretion; Transcription factors in developmental organisms

in endocrine systems. Recobinant DNA teachnology and molecular genetics in diagnosis and

treatment of endocrine diseases. Measurements of hormones; Radioimmunoassay,

immunoradiometeric, immunochemiluminometeric and radioreceptor assays and their statistical

procedures.

Mechanisms of Action of Hormones: Hormone systems and intracellular communication;

Hormones acting at cell surface: Properties of hormone receptor interaction, structure, biosynthesis

and turnover of membrane receptors: Hormones acting in transcription regulation; Biochemistry

and molecular interaction of steroid receptor, gene expression, messenger RNA stability and

metabolism in hormones action.

Functional Pathology in Endocrine Glands: Neuroendocrine disorder of gonadotrophin,

prolactin, growth hormone, cortiophin regulation; Pituitary Disorders: Porlactinomas, acromegaly,

Cushing’s syndrome. Diabetes inspidus, hypo- and hyper-tonic syndromes; thyroid Diseases of

excess and deficient hormones and autoimmunity; Adrenal cortex: Disorders of cortical hypo and

hyper function; Disorders of Adrenal Medullary Function; Disorders of Ovarian Function and

Hormonal Therapy; Abnormalities of Testicular Functions and Hormonal Therapy.

Fuel Homeostasis: Glucose Homeostais and Hypoglycemia; Diabetes Mellitus; Disorders of

Lipoprotein Metabolism; Eating disorders: Obesity, anroxia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

Development and Growth: Disorders of growth and puberty.

Endocrine Hypertension

Polyendocrine Syndromes.

Hormones and Cancers: Hormones Effect on Tumors, Breast and Prostate Cancer; Endocrine

Therapy; Humoral Manifestation of Malignancy.

Geriatric Endocrinology: Endocrine and Associated Metabolism in aging: Specifically thyroid,

glucose and calcium homeostasis.

Practical

Studies on recognition and response of receptors; studies of disorders of pituitary by

observing anatomical and histological features; Studies of thyroid status in deficient and excess

hormone functions; Studies of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Epidemiology of the types in

population, studies of management of the type 2; Model studies of disorders of Ovarian and

Testicular disorders; Model studies of obesity and aneroxia; Studies of hormonal status in puberty

and aging.

Books Recommended


1. Greenspan. F. S. and Strewler, G. J., 2002. Basic and clinical endocrinology, 5th Edition. Prentice Hall international Inc., London.

2. Wilson, J. D., Foster, D. W., Kronenberg, H. M. and Larsen, P. R., 1998. Williams textbook of endocrinology, 9th Edition. W. D. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.

8 GENETICS

Paper A: Population Genetics

Theory

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. Frequencies of gene and genotypes. Changes of gene frequency: migration, mutation, selection. Study of small populations: changes of gene frequency under simplified condition, less simplified conditions, pedigreed population and in breeding; metric characters. Populatio means, average effects, breeding value, dominance deviation, interaction deviation. Genotypic and environmental variance. Genetic components of variance. Environmental Variance. Different food web. Human ecology. Resources, energy, waste and population. Communities and

acosystems.

2 Introduction to the Physics of Remote Sensing. Effects of the Atmosphere on Remote

Sensing. Instrumentation for Remote Sensing, Imaging Devices, Devices for Analyzing Photographic

images. Neaphotographic Optical Sensors: Sensor Measurements, Design Consideration, Infrared

Scanners, Nonimaging Spectroradiometers, Multispectral Scanner. Passive Microwave Systems:

Radiometer Systems, Information, Applications and Results. Geology, Oceanography, Meteorology,

Special Applications. Active Microwave system, Basic Principles of Radar, Radar Scattermeter,

Imaging Radars. Landsat Satelites. Skylab. Machine Processing of Remotely Acquired. Comparisons

of Qualitative and Quantitative image Analysis. Remote Sensing of cultivated and Natural

Vegetation. Corpland and Forest Land. Central and Landscape Interpretation. Geologic Applications

of Remote Sensing, Radar Imagery, Infrared Scanner Imagery. Remote Sensing for Water Resources.

Remote Sensing in Oceanography.

Practical

Study of Biological communities inforests deserts and inland water. Collections of

identification of primary and secondary producers and primary, secondary and tertiary consumers.

Use of instruments for remote sensing i.e. non Photographic optical sensors, sensors

measurements. Infrared seaners noniming spectroadiometers, multispectral scanners.

Books Recommended:

1. John Carius. 1995. Rehabilitating Demaged Ecosystem. Lawis Publishers.

2. M. C., Sharron. 1993 Pollution Ecology and Bio. Treatment. Longman House England.

3. R. G. H. Bunce, 1993. Landscap and Ecology and Agro Ecosystems. Lawis Publishers.

4. R. T. T., Forman and Godron, M. 1986. Landscaps Ecology John Wiley and Sons, New

York.

5. Russ. John. C. 1995. The Image Processing Handbook. Lawis Publishers.

6. Edgar Falkner. 1994. Aerial Mapping Methods & Applications. Lawis Publisher.

7. Arlinghaus, Sandra Lach. 1994. Practical Handbook of Digital Mapping Terms and

Concepts. Lawis Publisher.

8. Stephen Hom. 1993. Snboduetion to PCM Telemetering System. Lawis Publisher.

9. Doughals, Williem J. 1991. Environmental GIS Applications to Industrial Facilities.

10 BIOTECHNOLOGY

Paper A: Introduction to Biotechnology

Theory

History and importance, screening and selection of microorganisms of industrial significance

from local environment, nutritional requirements o microorganisms, development and maintenance

of pure cultures, microbial growth dynamics and kinetics, inoculum development (size and

physiological states), mixed cultures and substrate systems, strain improvement through


recombinant DNA technology, Bioreactors, stirred tank reactor, airlift bioreactor, fluidized

bioreactor, membrane bioreactors, scale-up theory.

Practicals

Screening and selection of microorganisms of industrial significance from local

environments, development and preservation of pure cultures, development of typical microbial

growth curve using different substrate systems, development of synchronized inoculum for

industrial use.

Paper B: Applied Biotechnology

Theory

Applications of biotechnology in industry: biotechnology of raw ore processing (bioleaching

of sulphides, carbonates, silicates etc.)

ELECTIVE PAPERS

1. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Theory

Molecular biology of DNA, RNA, protein. DNA replication and DNA repair. Transcription.

Translation. Gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Molecular biology of DNA and RNA

viruses and yeast. Molecular immunology, Oncogenes and cancer.

Practicals

Quantitative estimation of various macromolecules. Demostraction of properties of these

macromolecules. Methods of bacterial culture.


1. Kornberg, A., (1980). DNA Replication, W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.

2. Komberg, A., (1982). Supplement of DNA Replication, w. H. Frecnan, San Francisco.

3. Old, R. W. and Primrose, S. B. (1981). Principles of Gene Manipulation, Blackwell,

Oxford.

4. Watson, J. D., Hopkins, n. H., Roberts, J. W., Steitz, J. A. and Weiner. A.M. (1990).

Molecular Biology of the Gene, Benjamin, California.

5. DuPraw. Advances in Cell and Molecular Biology. Academic Press.

6. Bukhari, A. I., Shapiro. J. A., and Adhya, S. L, (1977). DNA Insertion Elements, Plasmids

and Episomes, Cold Spring Harbour Laboratories.

7. Stent, G. S., (1971). Molecular Genetics, Freeman, San Francisco.

8. Glass R. E. (1982). Gene Function: E. coli and its Heritable Elements. Croom Helm,

London.

9. Adams, R. L. P., Knowler, J. T. and Leader, D. P., (1986). The Biochemistry of the Nucleic

Acids, Chapman and Hall.

10. Davis, R. W., Botstein, D., and Roth, J. R., (1980). Advanced Bacterial Genetics, Cold

spring-Harbor Lab., N. Y.

11. Freifelder, D., (1983). Molecular Biology, a Comprehensive introduction to Prokaryotes

and Eukaryotes. Science Books Internation, Boston.

2. CANCER BIOLOGY

3. TOXICOLOGY

4. MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Theory


Overview of resting membrane, action potential and synaptic transmission; Structure and

mechanisms in ion channels; Biosynthesis of neurotransmitters; Neurotransmitters actions at

synaptic receptors Neurosecretions and neurotransmitters in higher nervous system activity.

Molecular mechanisms in transduction of sensory stimuli into impulse; photochemistry and

transduction of photoreceptor; Color vision.

Overview of endocrine glands, their hormones and roles; Chemistry and biosynthesis of

hormones of adenohypophysis, thyroid, parathyroid, endocrine pancreas, adreanal medulla and

steriodogenic tissues; Metabolism of thyroid and steriodogenic tissues, structure of hormones

receptors, Mechanisms of action of a protein/ peptide, a steroid and thyroid hormone, Hormonal

regulation of metabolism; Molecular basis of muscular contraction; Molecular interaction at

neuromuscular level; Molecular structure of cilia and flagella and mechanisms in movements.

Automicity and rhythmicity of myogenic heart; Regulation of cardiac activity, Humoral

regulation of circulation; Vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Exchange of Respiratory gasses;

Chemical regulation of respiration. Nature and formation of various nitrogenous waste products;

Glomerular filtration,

Providencia. Anthrax bacillus. Clostridium tetani. Poxviruses. Herpes simplex. Cytomega-

lovirus infections. Adenoviruses. Influenza viruses. Miscellaneous viruses: Rubella. Corona, Arena

Viruses. Hepatitis viruses. Arboviruses. Rickettsia. Pathogenic Fungi. Protozoa. Infective syndromes

and diagnostic procedures. Strategy of antimicrobial therapy. Prophylactic immunization.

Practicals

Basic teachniques. Widal test. Laboratory diagnosis and control of infections: Streptococcus.

Corynebacterium, Erysispelothrix Listeria Mycobacterium. The Entero bacteriaceae: Salmonella.

Shigella. Escherichia, Klebsiella. Proteus and other Enterbacteria. Clostridium 1. Clostridium II.

Protozoa. Blood tests: TLC, DLC, RBC.

Books Recommended

1. Cruickshank, R, Duguid, J. P., Hermion, B. P. and Swain, R. H. A., (1975). Medical

Microbiology, (Vol. 1 & Vol. 2), churchilli Livingstone, N. Y.

2. Turk, D. C. and Poster, I. A., (1978). A short Textbook of Medical Microbiology, Hodder

and Stoughton.

3. Vollum, R. L., Jamison, and Cummins C. S, (1970). Fairbrother’s Textbook of Bacteriology,

William Heinemann, London.

4. Collins, C. H. and Lyne P. M. Microbiological Methods.

8 ECOLOGICAL GENETICS

Theory

Ecological genetics. Numerical fluctuations in animal population. Polygenic characters

evolving in isolation. Selection for a balanced gene complex. Transition between different

stabilization (Sympatric evolution). The theory of genetic polymorphism, balanced polymorphism,

the evolution of heterozygous advantage, the formation of supergenes, human polymorphism, Sex

controlled polymorphism, Mimicry, Isolaton and adaptation. Evolution of local races and species.

Ecological genetics and adaptation.

Practicals

Estimation of gene frequencies in natural populations. Artificial selection of quantitative

characters. Protective coloration and frequency dependent selection (a) artificial prey, (b) natural

prey.


1. Ford, E. B., (1985). Ecological Genetics, Mathuen, London.

2. Sheppard, P. M., (1958). Natural Selection and Heredity, Huchinson, London.

3. Doozbansky, Genetics and Origin of Species. Cambridge University Press.

4. Myer. Systematic and the Origin of Species, Columbia University Press.

5. Ford, E. B. Genetic Polymorphism, Fabre & Forre.


9 QUANTITATIVE GENETICS

Theory

Resemblance between relatives; genetic covariance, environmental covariance, phenotypic

resemblance. Heritability: estimation of heritability, identical twins. Selection: response and its

predication, response to selection, measurement of responses, change of gene frequency under

artificial selection, repeatability of response, asymmetry of response, long-term results of selection.

Inbreeding and crossbreeding: changes of mean value, inbreeding depression, heterosis,

redistribution of genetic variance, changes of environmental variance.

Practiacals

Pedigree analysis. Ability to taste PTC. Human chromosomes (slides). Study of inheritance of

some human characteristics hair colour, eye colour, hair form, ear lobes, tongue roling.

Books Recommended

1. Stem, C., 1972. Principles of Human Genetics, W. H. Freeman, London.

Dissection and study of various systems in Rita rita. Frog, Uromastix, pigeon and rabbit.

General survey of vertebrates.


1. Weichert, C. K. Anatomy of Chordates, McGraw Hill, Auckland.

2. Romer, A. S. and Parsons, T. S., (1986). The Vertebrate Body, Sauders, Philadelphia.

3. Yapp, W. B., (1965). Vertebrates: Their Structure and Life, Oxford University Press, N. Y.

Oxford.

4. Young, J. Z., (1962). Life of Vertebrates, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

14 HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY

Theory

1. Formation of normal and abnormal gametes and their relation to age, gastrulation and

implantation. Formation basic organ rudiments. Development of fetal membranes and

formation of the placenta. Embryonic and fetal growth. Brief description of

development of various body systems. Congenital malformations and their causes.

Practicals

1. Study of mammalian gonads and gametes. Study of whole mounts and soctions of

various mammalian embryos. Experimental manipulation of live embryos.


1. Moore, K. L, (1982). The Developing Human, Sauders.

2. Largman, J., (1981). Medical Embryology, William and Wilkins.

3. Snell, R. S., (1983). Clinical embryology, Little Brown.

15 INSECT PATHOLOGY

16 COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE ENDOCRINOLOGY

Theory

General concepts in comparative Endocrinology; Comparative Morphology of Endocrine

Tissues in Vertebrates; The chemical structure, polymorphism and evolution of hormones; The life

history of hormones.

Hormones and Nutrition; Hormones and the Integument; Hormones and Osmoregulation;

Hormones and Reproduction.


Practical

Demonstration of endocrine glands in representative vertebrates; Histological studies of

endocrine glands in various vertebrate; Experiments on functional diversity in hormones in

vertebrates; Studies in evolution of chemistry of hormones in vertebrates.

Books Recommended

1. Bentley, P. J., 1998. Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology. Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge.

17 BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS

Theory

1. Historical development of biological control. Steps in establishing biological control

programme. Concept and significance of natural control. Attributes of an effective

natural enemy. Super parasitism and multiple parasitisms. Importance of systematics of

biological control. Methods of colonization, recovery and evaluation of natural enemies.

2. Importance of chemical control: classification of insecticides, stomach poison, contact

poisons, fumigants, Biology, life histories and control measures of insects attacking

paddy, sugar cane, cotton, apple and some forest trees. Integrated pest management.

Rates). Reproductive physiology & endocrinology (types, reproductive system, development

of ovary and testes, sex differences, sexual maturity, fecundity, fish migration).

Practicals

Dissection of a common fish to study fish anatomy, collection and identification of

fishers, analysis of fish food, study of air breathing adaptations and accessory respiratory

structures of fishes, determination of length-weight, condition factor and proximate analysis

of a fish, fish tagging.


1. Lagler, K. F. et al. 1977. Lcthyology (Second Edition).

2. Norman, J. R. & Greenwood, P. H. 1975. A history of fishes (Third edn).

3. Hoar, W. S. et al. 1979. Fish Physiology. Vol-VIII.

4. Mirza. M. R. 1975. Freshwater fishes and Zoogeography of Pakistan. Bijdr. Dierk.

(Amsterdam), 45: 143-180.

5. Weatherly, A. H. 1972. Growth and Ecology of Fish Populations.

6. Nikolsky, G. V. 1978. The Ecology of Fishes.

7. Wootton. R. J. 1990. Ecology of Teleost Fishes. Chapman & Hall, London.

8. Jobling, M. 1995, Environmental Biology of Fishes. Chapman & Hall, U. K.

9. Weatherly, A. H. and Gill, H. S., 1987. The Biology of Fish growth. Chapman &

Hall, U. K.

10. Talwar, P. K. and Jhingran, A. G. 1991. Inland Fishes of India & Adjacent

Countries. Vol. I. & II. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

11. Mirza, M. R. and Bhatti, M. N. 1993. Pakistan ki Machlian aur Mahi parwari Part-

I, Ferozesons (Pvt.) Ltd., Lahore, Pakistan.

12. Evans, D. H. 1998. The physiology of fishes, 2nd ed. CRC Press. Boca Raton, New

York.

Paper B: Aquaculture & fisheries

Theory

Basic principles of fish culture, Fin fish & Shelfish (history and significance of

aquaculture. Fish culture; categories of fish farms, Selection of species for culture), Fish

ponds, (management, culture, stocking, harvesting), manure and fertilizer (significance,

types, application), breeding and cultivation of food, fishes, induced spawing, fish

diseases, their diagnosis and control; Fish enemies and their control, fish feeds and

supplementary feeding (significance, requirements, nutritional value, varieties of fish


feeds); Postharvesting teachnology, First Processing and preservation; Integrated fish

farming.

Practicals:

Induced spawning, Study of early developmental stages of fishes, study of ecto and

endo parasites of fish, methods of disease control in fish, preparation of a layout plan of

a commercial fish farm, determination of water quality parameters of fish ponds.


1. Huet. M. 1986. Textbook of Fish Culture, breeding and cultivation of fish.

2. Bardach, et al. 1972. Aquaculture - The Farming and Husbandry of Freshwater &

Marine Organisms.

3. Pitcher, T. J. and P. J. B. 1982. Fisheries Ecology.

4. Chaudhri, H. and Singh, S. B. 1984. Induced spawning of carps.

5. Ali, S. S. 1993. An introduction to freshwater fishery biology, U. G. C. Islamabad,

Pakistan.

6. Pillay, T. V. R. 1993. Aquaculture, Principles and Practices, Fishing News Books.

7. Barnabe, G. 1990. Aquaculture. Vol. I & II. Ellis Horwood, New York.

8. Boyd, C. E. 1981. Water quality in warm water fish ponds, Craftmaster printers

Inc. Opelika, Alabama.

9. Shepherd, J. and Bromage, N 1992. Intensive fish farming. Oxford Blackwell

Scientific Publications, London.

10. Rath, R. H. 1993. Freshwater Aquaculture. Scientific Publishers.

Diseases. Application of Immunological phenomenon in experimental biology.

2. Haemopoiesis with emphasis on erythropoiesis. The anaemias, The Leukocytes,

Leukemias, Platelets. Haemoglobin structure, gas transport. Blood coagulation.

Haemostasis.

Practicals

1. Antigens and elication of immune responses. Experiments on methodologies that

employ immunological procedures such as radioimmunoassay. Study of erythrocytes.

Differential leukocytic counts in normal and immunized animals. Experiments on

hypersensitivity.


1. Roitt, M., (1979). Essentials of Immunology, Blackwell, Orford.

2. Benacerraf, B. and Unanue, F. R., (1979). Textbook of Immunology.

3. Bellanti, J. A., (1978). Immunology II, W. B. Saunders. And Co.

4. Fundehberg, H. H., Stites, D. P., Claswell, J. B. and Wells, J. V., (1978). Basic and Clinical

Immunology, Lange Medical Los Atlos, California.

5. Hyde, R. H. and Pathode, R. A. (1978). Immunology, Prentice Hall, Reston, Virginia.

6. HoffBrand, A. V. and Petit, J. E., (1981). Essentials of Haematology, Blackwell, Oxford.

23. ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR

Theory

The Study of Animal Behaviour: Introduction. History of Animal Behaviour. Approaches and

Methods.

Behaviour Genetics and Evolution: Genes and Evolution. Behavioural Genetics. Evolution of

Behaviour Patterns.

Mechanisms of Behaviour: The Nervous System and Behaviour. Hormones and Behaviour

and Immunology and Behaviour. Biological Thythms. Development of Behaviour. Learning

Behaviour. Communication.

Finding Food and Shelter: Migration, Orientation and Navigation. Habitat Selection. Foraging

Behaviour.

Social Organization and Mating Systems: Conflict. Sexual Reproduction and Parental Care.

Mating Systems and Parental Care. Social Systems.

Practical


Experiments on reflexes, latency, after-discharge, summation, warm up, fatigue, inhibition

and feedback. Experiments on habituation, conditioned reflex type I and trial and error leaming.

Experiments showing hormonal involvement in behavioral responses. Study of social integration in

social insects. Study of hibernation and biological rhythms.

Books Recommended

1. Drickamer, L. C., Vessey, S. H. and Jacob, E., 2002. Animal Behaviour: Mechanism, Ecology,

Evolution. 5th Edition.

2. Manning, A. and Dawkins, M. S., 1997. An introduction to animal behavior, 4th edition.

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

24. PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND ADAPTATIONS

Theory

1. Biophysics of membrane potentials, action potential. Excitability. Transmission from cell to

cell.

2. Properties of cardiac muscles. Excitation of myogenic heart. Mechanisms in pace-makers.

Cardiography and its interpretations. Hemodynamics and its related aspects. Detailed

studies in circulatory pressures, cardiac output, venous retum, tissue blood flow and its

control and their interaction. Control of circulatory functions.

3. Structure of contractile machinery. Molecular basses of muscular contractions. Mechanics of

skeletal muscle contractions. Motor units and neuromuscular mechanisms. Functional

adaptations in special muscle types such as catch and flight muscle.

26. FISH ENDOCRINOLOGY

Theory

1. A study of the anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and actions of the hormones

of pituitary, thyroid, pancrease, adrenals, testis and ovary. An introduction to

the ultimobranchial glands and calcium regulation. Urophysis and caudal

neurosecretory system. Hormones and growth.


1. Matty. A., 1985. Fish Endocrinolgy, Coom and Helm

2. Hoar, W. S. and Randall, D. J. Fish physiology (Vol. 1-9).

3. Turner, C. D. and Bagnara, J. T., (1976). Comparative Endocrinology.

4. Bentely, P. J., (1998), Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology. Cambridge

University Press, Cambridge.

5. Barrington, e. J. U., (1976). An introduction to General and Comparative

Endocrinology.

6. Gorbman, A., et al. (1983). Comparative Endocrinology.

27. FISH NUTRITION AND FEE D TECHNOLOGY

28. MOLECULAR AND CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY

Theory

General Mechanisms in Molecular Endocrinology: Subcellular structure of cells

secreting protein hormones; Process of hormone secretion; Transcription factors in

developmental organisms in endocrine systems. Recombinant DNA technology and

molecular genetics in diagnosis and treatment of endocrine diseases. Measurements of

hormones; Radiommunoassay, immunoradiometeric, immunochemiluminometeric and

radioreceptor assays and their statistical procedures.

Mechanisms of Action of Hormones: Hormone systems and intracellular

Communication; Hormones acting at cell surface: Properties of hormones receptor

interaction, structure, biosynthesis and turnover of membrane receptors; Hormones acting

in transcription regulation: Biochemistry and molecular interaction of steroid receptor, gene

expression. Messenger RNA stability and metabolism in hormone action.


Functional Pathology in endocrine Glands: Neuroendocrine disorder of

gonadotrophin, prolactin, growth hormone, cortiophin regulation; Pituitary Disorder:

Prolactinomas, acromegaly, Cushing’s syndrome. Diabetes in spidus, hyper and hypertonic

syndromes; Throid diseases of excess and deficient hormones and autoimmunity; Adrenal

cortes: Disorders of cortical hypo and hyper function; Disorders of Adrenal Medullary

function: Disorders of Ovarian Function and Hormonal Therapy; Abnomalities of Testicular

Function and Hormonal Therapy.

Fuel Homeostasis: Glucose Homeostasis and Hypoglycemia; Diabetes Mellitus;

Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism; Eating Disorders: Obesity, anroxia nervosa and bulimia

nervosa.

Development and Growth: Disorder of growth and puberty.

Endocrine Hypertension

Polyendocrine Syndromes.

Hormones and Cancers: Hormones Effect of Tumors, Breast and Prostate Cancer;

Endocrine Therapy; Humoral Manifestation of Malignancy.

Geriatric Endocrinology: Endocrine and Associated Metabolism in aging. Specially

thyroid, glucose and calcium homeostasis.

Practical

Studies on recognition and response of receptors; Studies of disorders of pituitary

by observing anatomical and histological features; Studies of thyroid status in deficient and

excess hormone functions; Studies of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Epidemiology of

types in population, Studies of management of type 2; Model studies of Disorders of ovarian

and Testicular disorders; Model studies of obesity and ancroxia; Studies of hormonal status

in puberty and aging.

Function, Chapman and Hall, London.

5. Price, P. W., (1984). Insect Ecology, John Wiley, N. Y.

6. Snodgrass, R. F. (1935)., Principles of Insect Morphology, McGraw Hill, N. Y.

7. Chapman, R. G., (1985), The Insects: Structure and Function, Hodder and Stoughton,

London.

8. Wiggiesworth, V. B., (1974). The Principles of Insect Physiology, Chapman and Hall,

London.

34. CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS, PEST OF AGRICULTURE AND PEST MANAGEMENT

Theory

1. A general account including classification of insect orders; Collembola, Orthoptera,

Dictyoptera, Isoptera, Hemiptersa, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera,

Only diagnostic characters of the remaining insect orders: Thysanura, Diplura, Protura,

Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Grylloblattoidea, Phasmida, Dermaptera,

Embioptera, Zoraptera, Psocoptera, Mallophaga, Siphunculata, Thysanoptera,

Neuroptera, Mecoptera, Trichoptera, Siphonaptera, Strepsiptera, Insects of economic

importance.

2. Brief account of biological control, chemical control and integrated pest management;

common sampling techniques in insect pest management, concept of economic levels,

economic damage and economic boundary, economic injury level and economic

threshold. Household pests and their management.

Practicals

1. Collection, preservation and identification of insects upto families (except for the

indentification upto species of a few pests of great economic importance), with the help

of keys/literature.

Books Recommended ( Latest Editions)

1. Pedigo, L. P., 1991. Entomology and Pest Management. Maxwell MacMillan.

2. Richards, O. W. and Davies, R. J., 1977. Imm’s General Textbook of Entomology. Vol-2.

3. Snodgrass, r. F. 1935. Principles of Insect Morphology, McGraw Hill, N. Y.


4. Wiggleworth, V. B., 1974. The Principles of Insect Physiology, Chapman and Hall,

London.

5. Imms, A. D., 1956. Insect Natural History, Collins, London.

6. Metcalf, C. L. and Flint, W. P., 1962. Destructive and Useful Insects. McGraw-Hill.

35. INVERTEBRATE PALAEONTOLOGY

36. VERTEBRATE PALAEONTOLOGY

37. LIMNIOLOGY I

Theory

Definition, importance, lentic and lotic series, origin of lentic and lotic series, size,

depth, elevation, margin, bottom, sources of bottom materials; stratification of bottom

deposits; physical features of water density, water turbidity, chemical features of water;

dissolved gases; pH, alkalinity, hardness, salinity; nitrogen cycle; phosphorous cycle; sulphur

cycle; trace elements.

Practicals

Survey of major water bodies in Pakistan (lotic and lentic waters). Morphometric

analysis of rain water, stream water, lake water, pond water and ground water. Prellminary

general tests, odour, colour, dissolved gases, dissolved solids, suspended solids, ph,

alkalinity, salinity, hardness, micro-nutrients.

Books Recommended

1. Goldman, C. R. and Horne, A. J. 1983. Limnology. McGraw Hill, International Book

Company, Japan.

Secretion of thyroid hormones; Thyroid hormones in peripheral tissues, Regulation and

factors affecting thyroid function.

Calciotrophic and Mineral Metabolism Hormones: Chemistry, physiological actions

and metabolism of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and calciferols; Homeostasis of calcium,

phosphate and magnesium

Pancreatic Hormones and Regulatory Peptides of the Gut: Anatomy and histology

for sources of the hormones; Chemistry, physiological roles and mechanism of action insulin

and glucagon; Physiological roles of gut peptides.

Adrenal Medulla and Catecholamines: Chromaffin cell and organization; structure

of adrenal medulla; biosynthesis, storage, release and metabolism; Adrenergic receptors.

Adrenal Cortex: Steroid biochemistry, Physiological actions of corticoid hormones;

Regulation and metabolism of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and adrenal sex steroids.

Testes: Androgenic tissue; Structure and Chemistry; Transport, metabolism and

mechanism of action.

Ovaries: Ovarian hormones: Steroid biochemistry and biosynthesis: Transport,

metabolism and mechanism of action.

Endocrinology of Pregnancy: Hormones in conception and implantation; Hormonal

actions and adaptation in pregnancy and parturition.

Endocrinology of Lactation: Hormones in lactation.

Endocrinology of Heart, Kidney, Immune System: Growth and pineal gland.

Functional Diversity of Hormones in Vertebrates.

Overview of Endocrine Mechanisms in Invertebrates.

Practical


Demonstration of endocrine glands and associated structures in dissections,

transparencies, computer projections etc; Histological and ultrastructure features of

endocrine glands; Experiments to demonstrate physiological roles of hormones of different

endocrine glands; Experiments to demonstrate regulation of hormones; releases.

Experiments to demonstrate functional diversity of hormones in different vertebrates.

Experiments on endocrine mechanism in vertebrates.

Books Recommended

1. Greenspan, F. S. and Strewler, G. J. 2002. Basic and clinical endocrinology, 5th

Edition, Prentice Hall International Inc, London.

2. Wilson, J. D., Foster, D. W., Kronenberg, H. M. and Larsen, P. R., 1998, Williams

textbook of endocrinology, 9th Edition. W. D. Saunders company, Philadelphia.

41. PHARMACOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY

42. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY

Theory

Diseases of animal origin, Shell Fishery. Animal products, Aquaculture. Animals injurious to

man and his health. Game animals, Animal recources of Pakistan.

Books Recmmended

1. Jongi. B. S. 1991. Economic Zoology. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co N. Delhi

2. Meade, J. W. 1998. Aquaculture Management, Chapman & Hall Inc. N. York.

3. Pillay, T. V. R., 1999. Aquaculture: Principles and Practices. Fishing News Books, London.

4. Ramakrihnan K. 1996. Economics of fisheries Management. Daya Publishing House, N. Delhi.

5. Stoddart, D. M. 1979. Ecology of Small Mammals, John Villey & Sons, N. York.

13. Khan. A. A., 1999, Bibliography of the Birds of Pakistan. Omithological Society of

Pakistan, Dera Ghazi Khan. P. 202.

49. POPULATION BIOLOGY

The environmental requirements of organisms, patterns in time and space, evolution of

populations, functioning of populations, single species, population, population, interactions,

ecological communities, human ecology.

Books Recommended

1. Caswell, H. and S. Tuljapurkar. 1997. Structure, Population Models in Marine, Terrestrial and

Freshwater Systems. Chapman and Hall, N. York.

2. Emmel, T. C. 1976. Population Biology, Harper and Row Publishers, N. York.

3. McArthur, R. H. and H. J. Connell. 1966. The Biology of Population, John Wiley & Sons Inc. N.

York.

4. Biondel, J. 1989, Population Biology of Passeriae Birds, Springer-Veriag, N. York.

5. Krebs, C. J. 1978. Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance (2nd Ed.)

Harper & Row Publishers, N. York.

50. FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

Theory

Road to management, natural populations, protection against hazards, improvement of

habitat, age and growth, managing natural populations, the significance of fishes in the life of

mankind and biological basis of natural fishery.

Books Recommended

1. Templetion, R. G. 1995. Freshwater Fisheries Management (2nd Ed.) Fishing News Books,

Blackwell Science, USA.

2. Jacques, A. 1999. Management of Freshwater Fisheries. Technique at Documentation,

Lavoisier, Paris.


3. Rounsefell, G. A. and Everhart, W. H. 1963. Fishery Science its Methods and Application.

John Wiley & sons. Inc. New York.

4. Arrignon, J. 1999. Management of Freshwater Fisheries. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. N.

Delhi.

51. BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF VERTEBRATE PESTS

Theory

Definition and general characteristics of pests with special reference to Pakistan.

Identification and biology of important vertebrate pests. Methods of studying pest populations.

Methods of damage surveys and damage assessments. Desease carriers and public health

importance. Control: Habitat manipulation and ecologically based integrated management,

biological control, non-chemical/ physical controls. Chemical control: laboratory and field

evaluation of pesticides and bait materials, field application of pesticide baits. Evaluation of

control. Justification and ecological consideration.

Practicals

1. Study of important taxonomic characteristics of different species of vertebrate pests (live

animals/ study skins)

2. Identification of damage to crops by diffierent vertebreate pest i.e. rats, porcupine, wild

boar and birds.

3. Contamination and damage to stored products by commensal rodents.

4. Methods of damage assessments.

5. Selection and preparation of different bait materials for rats, porcupine and wild boar.

6. Field application of pesticide baits for control of rats, porcupine and wild boar.

Books Recommended

1. Singelton, G. R. , Hinds, L. A. Levis, H. and Zhang, Z. 1999. Ecologically – based management

of rodent pests. Austrialian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra.

2. Buckle, A. P. and Smith, R. H. 1994. Rodent pests and their control. CAB International, Uk.

56. FISH REQUIREMENTS

Theory

Fish environments; requirements for energy and sources; energy from foods for fish and its

estimation; requirements for vitamins by fish and consequences of deficiency of critical vitamins;

requirements of intact proteins and amino acids.

Books Recommended

1. Parker. R. 1994. Aquaculture Science. Delmar Publishers, N. York.

2. N. R. C., 1993. Nutrient Requirements of Fish, National Academy Press, Washington Dc.

3. John, E. H. 1982. Fish Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc. New York. London.

57. EXERCISE PHYSILOGY

Theory

Physiology in Exercise: Exercise Metabolism, Hormonal Responses to Exercise; Circulatory

Resonses to Exercise; Respiration during Exercise; Acid-Base Balance during Exercise; Temperature

Regulation in Exercise.

Physiology of Health and Fitness: Patterns in health and disease; Body Composition and

Nutrition for Health; Cardiorespiratory Fitness; Exercise Prescriptions for Health and Fitness;

Exercise for Special Population.

Physiology of Performance: Factors Affecting Performance; Nutrition, Body Composition

and Performance; Evaluation of Performance; Training for Performance; Exercise and the

Environment.

Practical

Studies on responses of metabolite in exercise; Experiments on hormonal responses and

sensitivity during exercise; Cardiac and Respiratory Indices and their adaptations in exercise; Work

tests to evaluate cardiorespiratory fitness; Exercise prescription for health and fitness. Work tests to

evaluate performance.


Books Recommended

1. Powers, S. K. and Howley, E. T. 1997, Exercise Physiology; Theory and application to fitness

and performance. Brown & Benchmark Publishers, Madison.

58. FISH BIOENERGETICS

Theory

Introduction to energetics and energy budgets. Fish feeds and their nutritional value.

Metabolism and growth, Energy of waste produts. Ecosystem energetics. Energy and food

production. Energetics of Locomotion.

Practicals

Energy budget. Qualitative assessment of fish feed. Oxygen consumption. Analysis of faeces.

Books Recommended

1. Jobling. M. 1994. Fish Bioenergetics. Chapman and Hall, London.

2. Hoar, W. S., Randall, D. J. and Brett. J. R., 1979. Fish Physiology, Vol.VIII. Academic Press,

New York.

3. Brafield, A. E. and Liewellyn, M. J., 1982. Animal Energetics. Blackie & Sons, Glasgow.

4. Tytier, P. and Calow, P., 1985. Fish Energetics. New Perspectives. Croom Helm, Bechenham.

5. Pandian, T. J. and Vernberg, F. J. 1987. Animal Energetics. Vol. I & II.

6. Weatheriey , a. H. and Gill, H. S., 1987. The Biology of Fish Growth. Academic Press, London.

7. Rankin, J. C., and Jensen, F. B., 1993. Fish Ecophysiology. Chapman and Hall, London

59. MICROBIOLOGY OF EXTREME ENVIRONMENT

Theory

Definition, types of extreme environments (natural extreme environments main-made

extreme environments), physical and chemical features of extreme environments, types and

diversity of microorganisms.

64. PHYSIOLOGY OF FISHES

Theory

Physiology of respiration, cardiovascular alimentary canal and digestive system. Excretion

and osmoregulation, skin, skeletal muscle and scales, endrocrine organs, reproduction,

development and hatching, growth, nervous system, behavior and water quality requirements.

Books Recommended

1. Evans, D. H. 1997. The Physiology of Fishes (2nd Ed.). CRC. Boca Raton, N. York

2. Smith. L. S. 1991. Introduction to Fish Physiology, Agent Lab. Press. N. York.

3. Bone, Q and Marshall, N. B. 1984. Eiology of Fishes. Chapman & Hall. New York.

4. Moyle. P. B. and Joseph J. Cech, Jr, 1996. Fishes, An introduction to ichthyology. Prentice

Hall, N. Jersey.

65. QUANTITATIVE ZOOLOGY

Introduction to techniques used for obtaining quantitative information on morphological,

anatomical, ecological and ethological variants of animal populations, handling and interpretation of

numerical data, application of statistical techniques used in current zoological research.

Books Recommended

1. Simpson, G. G, J. Roe and R. C. Lowenting, 1960. Quantitative zoology, Harcourt, Brace and

World Inc.

2. Magurran, A. E. 1988. Ecological Diversity and its Measurements. New Fetter Lane , London.

3. Southwood, T. R. E. 1987. Ecological Methods (2nd Ed). Croon Helm, New Fetter Lane,

London.

66. FISH CULTURE

Aims and evolution of fish culture, fish suitable for cultivation, construction and layout of

ponds, natural food and growth of cultivated fishes, techniques and methods of fish cultivation,

rearing and cultivation of


Cyprinids; biological means of increasing production, maintenance and improvement of ponds,

artificial feeding of fish, enemies and diseases of fish, harvesting the fish.

Books Recommended

1. Huet, M. 1986. Text Book of Fish Culture. Fishing News Books Ltd. England.

2. Boyd, C. E. 1981. Water Quality in Warm Water Fish Ponds. Craftmaster Printers, Inc.

Openhka, Alabama.

67. FISH ECOLOGY

Theory

Inter-relationships between fishes and their abiotic and biotic environment; density and

pressure of the water, salinity of the water, temperature of the water, salt contents of the water,

gases in solution, light bottom deposits and particles suspended in water; biotic inter-relationships

among fishes and other animals, fundamental links in the life cycles of fishes and migration of fishes.

Books Recommended

1. Moss, B. 1998. Ecology of Freshwaters; man and Medium, Past to Future (3rd Ed.). Blackwell

Science, USA.

2. Jeffries, M. and D. Mills. 1992. Freshwater Ecology; Principles and Applications. CBS

Publishers and Distributors, N. Delhi.

3. Kaul, B. L. 1999. Advances in Fish and Wildlife Ecology and Biology, Daya Publishing House,

N. Delhi.

68. ZOOLOGICAL MICROTECHNIQUES

General rules of microtechniques, compound microscope and its use, types of preparations,

fixatives and fixation, methods of embedding in paraffin and cutting and mounting sections,

methods for preparing sections of bones and teeth, principles of staining and mounting media,

drying, labeling and string microscopic preparations.

3. Callow, J., Ford-Lioyd , B. V. and Newbury, H. J., 1997, Biotechnology and plant genetic

resources. Conservation and use, CABI, USA.

4. Teitel, M. and Wilson, K., 1999. Genetically engineered food, Barmes & Nobel, USA.

5. Murray, J. L., Anderson, G. B., Oberbauer, A. M. and McGloughlin, M. M., 1999. Transgenic

animals in agricultural biotechnology Agbiotech, USA.

6. Cohen, J. 1999. Managing agricultural biotechnology Agbiotech, USA.

7. Hall, F. R and Menn, J. J., 1999. Biopesticides. Human Press, UK.

8. Hall, R., 1999, Plant cell culture protocois. Humana Press, UK.

9. Harris, D. A., 1995. Bioenergetics at a glance. Blackwell Scientific UK.

10. Scheppler, J. A., Cassin, P. E. and Gambier, R. M., 2000. Biotechnology Explorations. ASM.

USA.

74. AQUACULTURE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Theory

Introduction and history of aquaculture. Role of biotechnology in aquaculture, use of

effective microorganisms in technology; paucity of fish geneticists, fish as an experimental

animals, technical details and possibilities. Use of hormones for sex manipulation and growth

promotion in cultivable fishes. Hormonal manipulation of sex, gonadal sex manipulation,

masculinization and sterilization by androgens, femisnization by estrogens, duration and timing

and method of administration of steroid hormones, Hormonal enhancement of growth, Genetic

in enhancing productivity, phenotypic sex reversal, heterospecific in seination long-term

preservation of gametes, selection of high directional growth rate. Production of polyploids.

Practical

Study of chromosomes and DNA. Quantitative analyses of sex hormones. Artifical fecundity

and induced breeding of cultivable fish. E. M. Techniques.


Books Recommended

1. Sinha, C. R. P. and Srivastava, 1991. Biotechnology and Aquaculture Engineering, Session

Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. (Pvt.). Ltd. New Delhi.

2. Pimtani, M., 1992. Aquaculture Research Needs for 2000 Ad. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.

(Pvt.). Ltd., New Delhi.

3. Gall, G. A. and Chen, H., 1994. Fish Bioenergetics Chapman and Hall, London.

4. Schreck, C. B. and Moyle, P. B., 1990. Methods for fish Biology American fisheries Soc.

Bethesda Maryland, USA.

5. Matty, A. J., 1985. Fish Endocrinology. Timber Press, USA.

6. Pakin, J. and Lensen, E. B. (eds). 1993. Fish Ecophysiology Chapman and Hall, London.

75. MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Theory

Conventional medical biotechnology, Contemporay issues in medical biotechnology. Drug

delivery, Introduction to principles of gene therapy and gene delivery system. Ethical issues in gene

therapy and tissue engineering. Biodegradable polymers. Practical and theoretical problems of

modern methods of disease therapy. Production of therapeutical monoclonal antibodies and their

uses. Role of organ transplantation in curing and neo-organ production. Use of transgenic animals in

therapy. The principles and their use. Essentials of osteopathic principles. Human and veterinary

osteopathy and bone grafting.

Practical

PCR based diagnosis. ELISA based diagnostics. Bio-availability of serum. Production of

polyclonal antisera. Isolation of lymphocytes and resetting technique. Rocket immune

electrophoresis.

Books Recommended

1. Lanza, R. P., Langer, R. and Vacanti, J., 2000. Principles of Tissue Engineering, 2nd edn.

Academic Press, California.

2. Isaacson, R. E., 1992. Recombinant DNA Vaccines: Rationale and Strategy. Marcel Dekker,

Inc, New York.

Books Recommended

1. Hartl, D. L. and Jones, E. W, 1998. Genetics: Principles and analysis, Jones & Bartlett, USA.

2. Klug, W. S., 1999. Concepts of genetics, Barnes & Nobel, USA.

3. Griffiths, A. J., Miller, J. H., Suzuki, D. T., Lewontin, R. C. and Gelbart, W., 2000. An

introduction to genetic analysis. W. H. Freeman, USA.

4. Brooker, R. J., 1999. Genetics: Analysis and principles. Jones and Bartlett, USA.

5. Weaver, R. F. and Hedrick, P. W. 1998. Basic Genetics, WCB, USA

6. Lewin, B. 2000. Gene VII. Oxford, UK.

78. ANIMAL PETS AND DISEASE PRODUCING ORGANISMS

Theory

Nature and mechanism of damages caused by animals pest injurious to cash crops,

vegetable and fruit plants, stored granis and forest plants, with brief description of their biology,

ecology and control, Role of insects, helminthes, nematodes, protozoans and other pathogens in

disease transmission and myiasis. Insects and mites of medical and veterinary importance in

Pakistan. Study of important birds and mammals causing injuries to crops. Biology and ecology of

common avian and mammalian pests of Pakistan.

Practical

Collection, mouting studying and identification of important animal pests. Endo and ecto-

parasite of various animals. Mounting of slides after processing the parasites.

Books Recommended

1. Ahmad, M. 1990. Agricultural Entomology of Pakistan. Natl Long Auth. Islamabad.

2. Choudhry, G. U., 1970. Survey of Insect Fauna of forest of Pakistan.


3. Ghani, M. A. and Cheema. M. A. 1973. Biology, ecology and behavior of principal natural

enemies of major insects pests of forests of Pakistan.

4. USDA, 1956. Year Book of Agriculture, Insects.

79. BIOCHEMISTRY OF DRUG ACTION

Theory

Introduction: Drug sources, drug and active principle, drug development, Principles of drug

action; drug receptor binding, types of binding forces, agonist and antagonist, dose response curve,

affinity, intrinsic activity, efficacy and potency of a drug, concept of receptor reserve. Drug

administration, absorption and distribution: routes of drug administration, intestinal mucosa and

blood barriers, binding of drug first pass metabolism, drug distribution, blood tissue barriers, binding

of drug to plasma proteins,. Biotransformation of drugs, drug elimination, cellular and metabolic

tolerance to a drug. Drugs acting on the sympathetic nervous system: Structure and function of

sympathetic nervous system. Adrenoceptor sybtypes and catecholamine actions, direct and indirect

sympathomimetics and sympatholytics, drugs used in hypertension, angina, cardiac arrhythmias and

heart failure. Drugs acting on parasympathetic and motor nervous system: Structure and function of

parasympathetic and motor nervous system, cholinergic synapse, neuromuscular blocking agents,

neuromuscular stimulants, parasympathomimetics, parasympatholytics. Drugs used in

hyperlipoproteinemias: lipoprotein metabolism, hyperlipoproteinemias, drug treatment. Drugs

acting on the central nervous system: neurotransmission in the brain, dopaminergic and

scotongergic synapse. CNS stimulants, CNS depressants. Anxiolytics, neuroleptics, antidepressants,

opiates, addiction, Hallucinogens, antiparkinsonians, antiepileptics. Antihistammergic drugs:

Allergens, lgF, histamine, histamine receptors, asthma, hay fever and anaphylaxis, peptic ulcer,

drugs for the treatment. Analgesics and antipyretic analgesics: pain mechanism and treatment.

Analygesics and antipyretic analgesics: pain mechanism and pathways, themoregulation and

antipyretics, drugs used for analgesic anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity. Diuretics: NaCl

reabsorption in the kidney. Osmotic diuretics, diuretics of the sulphonamide type, carbonic

anhydrase inhibitors, loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, potassium sparing diuretics. Antibacterial

drugs: Bacterial infection, bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects, bacterial resistance, inhibitors of

cell wall synthesis, inhibitors of tetrahydrofolate synthesis, inhibitors of DNA function, inhibitors of

protein synthesis.

78. Glass Rod 79. Iron Stand 80. Petri dishes 4” 81. Pipettes 10 ml 82. Pipettes 5 ml 83. Rubber cork with one hole 84. Rubber cork with two holes 85. Rubber cork without hole 86. Stoppered bottles 1 lit 87. Stoppered bottles 250 ml 88. Stoppered bottles 125 ml 89. Test.tubes 90. Test tube holder 91. Tripod stand 92. Watch Glass 93. Wire guaze 94. Thermometer 96. Staining bottles (Small) 97. Staining bottles (Large) 98. Stoppered bottles (250ml) 99. Stoppered bottles (500 ml) 100. Staining racks 101. Tripod Stand 102. Test tube stands 103. Test tube holders 104. Weigh box 105. Wax dishes (small) 106. Wooden board (small) 107. Wooden board (large) 108. Watch glasses (3) 109. Wax dishes (large)

EQUIPMENT

1. Dissecting Microscope 2. Autoclave 3. Incubator 4. Oven 5. Small Referigerator for chemicals 6. Slide Projector 7. Epidiascope 8. Microbalance 9. Wire guzae 10. Spectrophotometer 11. Gas dropper 12. Entamoeba histolytica


13. Malarial Parasite 14. Trypanosoma (Germany) 15. Over head Projector 16. Obelia Colony 17. Obielia Medusa 18. Labeo rohita Skeleton 19. Varanus 20. Fowl 21. Rabbit 22. Jelly fish Specimen 23. Starfish 24. Chroptera

13. Hydrochlorie Acid 14. Butanol

15. Fructose 16. Glucose

17. Ribose 18. Erythrose

19. Glycosides 20. Amine sugar

21. Riboses Nucleic Acid (RNA) 22. Deoxy ribose nucleic acid(DNA)

23. Olive Oil 24. Ether

25. Stearic Acid 26. Palmilic acid

27. Bromine 28. Pyridine

29. Chlorofom 30. Chotesterol

31. Histidine 32. Serine

33. Lysine 34. Arginine

35. Aspartic Acid 36. Glutamic Acid

37. Glycine 38. Alanine

39. Threonine 40. Proline

41. Tyrosine 42. Methionine

43. Valine 44. Tryptophan

45. Isoieucine 46. Phenylalanine

47. Leucine 48. Lauric acid

49. Nitric acid 50. Palimilic acid

51. Stearic Acid 52. Linolenic acid

53. Acetonitrile 54. Phosphomolyodic acid

55. Acetone 56. Paraffin


RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Since teacher is the key person in teaching-learning process. It is imperative that he/she

should be aware of or have means to be aware of the latest developments in Zoological

Sciences. In order to ensure this, it is strongly recommended that all the Universities of

Pakistan should hold regular refresher courses at graduate and postgraduate level for Paper

A, Paper B and Paper C of B.Sc. classes (more emphasis should be given on practicals).

2. Teacher must inculcate in students the habit of reading books. He/she should discuss the

topic in the class with the help of modern teaching aids.

a. Students must be exposed to different instruments (as many as possible), which they

usually come across in their textbooks. Laboratory assistants must be at least F.Sc.

b. It was recommended that at least three teachers should be deputed for teaching of

Zoology at B.Sc. level in Colleges.

c. There must be adequate number of teachers available to teach core courses/ subject

courses at postgraduate level.

3. a. Laboratories with prescribed facilities must be made available for B.Sc. / M.Sc. teaching

in all institutions.

b. It was realized that for efficient laboratory management, adequately trained

laboratory assistant is one of the important components. Special training courses should be

organized at each university every year, during which laboratory Assistant should be

exposed to working and maintenance of the routine laboratory equipment. It was also

recommended that refresher courses on maintenance of Natural History Museum

specimens, animal stuffing and preservation of biological materials should be arranged

regularly for laboratory attendants and technicians.

c. University and college teachers should also be made familiar with the functioning and

maintenance of laboratory research equipment’s.

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