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Page 1: Speciaon* - | Department of Zoology at UBCjankowsk/BIOL413-6-012615-Speciatio… · Speciaon* 2 "WallaceandDarwin’sgreatinsight[naturalseleconasafactorin’ specia5on]’only’began’the’era’of’asking.’The’‘mystery’of’mysteries

Specia'on  

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Page 2: Speciaon* - | Department of Zoology at UBCjankowsk/BIOL413-6-012615-Speciatio… · Speciaon* 2 "WallaceandDarwin’sgreatinsight[naturalseleconasafactorin’ specia5on]’only’began’the’era’of’asking.’The’‘mystery’of’mysteries

Specia'on  

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"Wallace  and  Darwin’s  great  insight  [natural  selec5on  as  a  factor  in  specia5on]  only  began  the  era  of  asking.  The  ‘mystery  of  mysteries’  had  been  solved,  at  least  in  rough  outline;  then  came  the  task  of  elabora5on.  The  colleagues  and  successors  of  Darwin  and  Wallace  have  now  been  at  it  for  more  than  a  century  and  a  quarter,  and  throughout  most  of  that  effort  biogeography  has  been  their  paramount  tool.  The  paFerns  of  species  distribu5on  have  provided  clues  about  the  ways  in  which  species  originate,  change,  and  diverge,  and  the  ques5on  how?  has  remained  inseparable  from  the  ques5on  where?….The  linkage  between  geographical  circumstance  and  evolu5onary  development  is  embodied  in  the  very  word  ‘biogeography’."        

       -­‐  David  Quammen  from  Song  of  the  Dodo  

Page 3: Speciaon* - | Department of Zoology at UBCjankowsk/BIOL413-6-012615-Speciatio… · Speciaon* 2 "WallaceandDarwin’sgreatinsight[naturalseleconasafactorin’ specia5on]’only’began’the’era’of’asking.’The’‘mystery’of’mysteries

Specia'on  

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Why  study  species  and  specia5on?  What  cons'tutes  a  "species"  and  how  they  arise  ("specia'on")  is  fundamental  to  biogeography:    1)  Recall  that  the  geographic  distribu'on  of  species  (and  their  aEributes)  is  the  fundamental  unit  of  observa'on  in  biogeography.  To  collect  and  understand  basic  biogeographic  data  (i.e.,  distribu'ons)  we  must  define  what  we  mean  by  species    2)  The  role  of  geography  in  specia'on  (or  the  lack  thereof)  is  highly  controversial  and  geographic  aspects  of  species  forma'on  are  an  important  unknown  in  biology    3)  The  geographic  distribu'ons  of  species  have  played  (and  con'nue  to  play)  important  roles  in  understanding  the  process  of  specia'on  

Page 4: Speciaon* - | Department of Zoology at UBCjankowsk/BIOL413-6-012615-Speciatio… · Speciaon* 2 "WallaceandDarwin’sgreatinsight[naturalseleconasafactorin’ specia5on]’only’began’the’era’of’asking.’The’‘mystery’of’mysteries

Specia'on  

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Overview  of  this  sec5on:    1)  Species  Concepts  

2)        Mechanisms  of  Specia'on    3)        Geography  of  Specia'on  

Page 5: Speciaon* - | Department of Zoology at UBCjankowsk/BIOL413-6-012615-Speciatio… · Speciaon* 2 "WallaceandDarwin’sgreatinsight[naturalseleconasafactorin’ specia5on]’only’began’the’era’of’asking.’The’‘mystery’of’mysteries

Specia'on  

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Overview  of  this  sec5on:    1)  Species  Concepts  

2)        Mechanisms  of  Specia'on    3)        Geography  of  Specia'on  

Page 6: Speciaon* - | Department of Zoology at UBCjankowsk/BIOL413-6-012615-Speciatio… · Speciaon* 2 "WallaceandDarwin’sgreatinsight[naturalseleconasafactorin’ specia5on]’only’began’the’era’of’asking.’The’‘mystery’of’mysteries

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1.   Genotypic  or  Phenotypic  Cohesion  Species  Concepts  

     Issues:  How  dis'nct  must  a  group  of  individuals  be  to  be  declared  a  species?  Some  species  have  a  tremendous  amount  of  morphological  (or  gene'c)  diversity  across  their  range.  Some'mes  groups  of  individuals  are  iden'cal  morphologically,  but  gene'cally  differen'ated.  

Morphological  Species  Concept:  a  species  is  a  morphologically  dis'nct  group  of  individuals  that  has  few  or  no  intermediates  when  in  contact  with  other  such  clusters  (Mallet  1995).  

Species  Concepts  

Page 7: Speciaon* - | Department of Zoology at UBCjankowsk/BIOL413-6-012615-Speciatio… · Speciaon* 2 "WallaceandDarwin’sgreatinsight[naturalseleconasafactorin’ specia5on]’only’began’the’era’of’asking.’The’‘mystery’of’mysteries

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Morphological  differen'a'on  of  the  yarrow  (Achillea  millefolium)  along  an  eleva'onal  gradient  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  mountains  of  California  

Lomolino  et  al.  2010  Eleva'on  from  which  seed  was  collected  (m)  

Height  of  p

lants  (cm

)  Species  Concepts  

Page 8: Speciaon* - | Department of Zoology at UBCjankowsk/BIOL413-6-012615-Speciatio… · Speciaon* 2 "WallaceandDarwin’sgreatinsight[naturalseleconasafactorin’ specia5on]’only’began’the’era’of’asking.’The’‘mystery’of’mysteries

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winter  wren !pacific  wren!Toews  and  Irwin,  Molecular  Ecology,  2008 !

Cryp'c  specia'on  in  Troglodytes  wrens  

Species  Concepts  

Page 9: Speciaon* - | Department of Zoology at UBCjankowsk/BIOL413-6-012615-Speciatio… · Speciaon* 2 "WallaceandDarwin’sgreatinsight[naturalseleconasafactorin’ specia5on]’only’began’the’era’of’asking.’The’‘mystery’of’mysteries

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Character  displacement  in  Darwin’s  finches    Morphology  of  species  is  influenced  by  co-­‐occurring  species  and  resource  use  

Lomolino  et  al.  2010  Beak  Depth  (mm)  

Rela've  freq

uency  (#  of  ind

ividual  bird

s)  

Species  Concepts  

Page 10: Speciaon* - | Department of Zoology at UBCjankowsk/BIOL413-6-012615-Speciatio… · Speciaon* 2 "WallaceandDarwin’sgreatinsight[naturalseleconasafactorin’ specia5on]’only’began’the’era’of’asking.’The’‘mystery’of’mysteries

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Divergence  of  monarch  flycatcher  popula'ons  (Monarcha  castaneiventris)  on  the  Solomon  Islands  

east  of  New  Guinea.  

Lomolino  et  al.  2010  

Species  Concepts  

Page 11: Speciaon* - | Department of Zoology at UBCjankowsk/BIOL413-6-012615-Speciatio… · Speciaon* 2 "WallaceandDarwin’sgreatinsight[naturalseleconasafactorin’ specia5on]’only’began’the’era’of’asking.’The’‘mystery’of’mysteries

2.    Phylogene5c  Species  Concepts            Issues:  Which  derived  diagnos'c  character  states  do  we  focus  on?  Requires  reliable  knowledge  of  evolu'onary  rela'onships  of  species.      Benefits:  Can  apply  to  asexual  and  sexual  reproducing  species  

Phylogene5c  Species  Concept:  a  phylogene'c  species  is  (1)  a  monophyle'c  lineage,  (2)  derived  through  an  evolu'onary  process  of  descent  from  an  ancestral  lineage  and  (3)  diagnosable  through  examina'on  of  character  state  transforma'ons  (McKitrick    &  Zink  1988;  Cracraf  1989).  

Species  Concepts  

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Page 12: Speciaon* - | Department of Zoology at UBCjankowsk/BIOL413-6-012615-Speciatio… · Speciaon* 2 "WallaceandDarwin’sgreatinsight[naturalseleconasafactorin’ specia5on]’only’began’the’era’of’asking.’The’‘mystery’of’mysteries

Monophyle5c  group:  Descendants  from  a  single  common  ancestor    Paraphyle5c  group:  Does  not  include  all  descendants  from  single  common  ancestor  Polyphyle5c  group:  Descendants  that  have  mul'ple  origins  and  do  not  share  a  common  ancestor  –  an  issue  when  species  are  described  without  gene'c  data  

Monophyle'c  (share  single  common  ancestor)  

Paraphyle'c  (do  not  include  all  descendants)  

Polyphyle'c  (mul'ple  origins)  

Species  Concepts  

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Page 13: Speciaon* - | Department of Zoology at UBCjankowsk/BIOL413-6-012615-Speciatio… · Speciaon* 2 "WallaceandDarwin’sgreatinsight[naturalseleconasafactorin’ specia5on]’only’began’the’era’of’asking.’The’‘mystery’of’mysteries

with  5me,  reproduc5ve  isola5on...  

'me  

2o  contact  

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Species  Concepts  3.      Biological  Species  Concept  

   

Biological  Species  Concept  (BSC):  species  are  groups  of  interbreeding  natural  popula'ons  that  are  reproduc'vely  isolated  from  other  groups  (Mayr  1942,  1995).  Most  widely  held  concept  for  species  delinea'on.  

Page 14: Speciaon* - | Department of Zoology at UBCjankowsk/BIOL413-6-012615-Speciatio… · Speciaon* 2 "WallaceandDarwin’sgreatinsight[naturalseleconasafactorin’ specia5on]’only’began’the’era’of’asking.’The’‘mystery’of’mysteries

Species  Concepts  

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3.      Biological  Species  Concept  

     Issues:  How  important  is  the  dis'nc'on  between  actually  or  poten=ally  interbreeding?  How  does  one  apply  the  BSC  to  species  that  are  geographically  isolated?  How  does  one  apply  the  BSC  to  species  known  only  from  fossils?  The  concept  of  reproduc've  isola'on  doesn’t  make  sense  for  asexual  species.  

Biological  Species  Concept  (BSC):  species  are  groups  of  interbreeding  natural  popula'ons  that  are  reproduc'vely  isolated  from  other  groups  (Mayr  1942,  1995).  Most  widely  held  concept  for  species  delinea'on.