Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana

Geol G-308

P. David PollyDepartment of Geological SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomington, Indiana 47405 USApdpolly@indiana.edu

Stuart, 2005, Quaternary International, 126-128: 171-177.

Speciation, Extinction and Correlation

Objectives

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana

Geol G-308

1. Species definitions: biological, evolutionary, and morphological

2. Geography of speciation, allopatric speciation

3. Competing paleontological definitions of speciation

4. Evolutionary patterns: phyletic evolution vs. punctuated equilibrium

5. Speciation vs. immigration

6. Extinction definitions and mechanisms: global, local, background, and mass extinctions

7. Dating and correlating rocks

8. Biostratigraphy, FADs, LADs, and other biotic events

9. Challenges related to biostratigraphy

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana

Geol G-308

1. Biological species definition. A species is a population of genetically isolated individuals that does not share mates with other such propulations. (Ernst Mayr)

2. Evolutionary species definition. A species is a lineage of ancestor descendant populations, each with its own evolutionary tendencies.

3. Morphological species definition. Species are groups of individuals that are morphologically like one another and distinguishable from other such groups.

Species definitions

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana

Geol G-308

Kwiecinski, 1998, Mammalian Species, 591: 1-8.

Geographic differences in living speciesMarmota monax, Woodchucks

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana

Geol G-308

time horizon 2

time horizon 1

FAD (first appearance datum)

LAD (last appearance datum)

Abundance

Biostratigraphic terminology

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana

Geol G-308

time horizon 2

time horizon 1

A

B

Local stratigraphic sections A-B

Comparison of FADs and LADs in two geological sections

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana

Geol G-308

Edwards, 1989, Palaios, 4: 127-143.

Example of species ranges in a single stratigraphic section

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana

Geol G-308

Stuart, 2005, Quaternary International, 126-128: 171-177.

Geographic pattern of extinction of Wooly Mammoth

Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University(c) 2012, P. David Polly Paleontology and Geology of Indiana

Geol G-308

Examples of biotic events

FAD = immigration event. Species in Indiana that arrive in the Richmondian invasion

LAD = local extinction event (or extirpation). Species such as black bear and bison that became locally extinct in Indiana since 1800

LAD = global extinction event. End Ordovician extinction.

LAD = last local occurrence. Last occurrences of Ordovician taxa in Indiana (extinction missing because of erosional unconformity)