species no. 44: grey plover pluvialis squatarola · movements: migratory. the birds breeding from...

Key concepts of Article 7(4): Version 2008

Reproduction & Prenuptial Migration * 264 *

Species no. 44: Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola Distribution: This plover has a circumpolar distribution, and inhabits tundra on arctic islands and the shores of the Arctic Ocean. Movements: Migratory. The birds breeding from North-western Europe to the Taymyr Peninsula are visiting Western Europe, where many of them are wintering. Part of this population is reaching the coasts of West Africa, southwards to the Gulf of Guinea. More eastern birds pass Greece while migrating to East Mediterranean regions and Eastern Africa. Population size and trends: This plover breeds in most of arctic Russia, with the European part accounting for only a tiny proportion of its global breeding range (2,100 – 10,500 pairs, BirdLife Int. 2004A). No trend data were available for 1990-2000, but there is no evidence to suggest that the species declined. It is not breeding in EU 27. The Eastern Atlantic wintering population occurring from the Wadden Sea, Britain, Ireland south to West Africa is estimated at 247,000 individuals and decreasing (Delany & Scott 2006). Biological and behavioural aspects: Breeding: clutch size: 4 eggs (sometimes 3); incubation: 26-27 days; full flight of young birds at 35-45 days. Brood: 1.



Movements

Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola

MIGRANT Member State RESIDENT

Breeding Passage Wintering FI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ Few DK UK IE DE NL BE LU Very few HU AT Few SI FR ES PT IT MT Very few GR CY Very few Very few RO BG HR



Period of reproduction

Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola This species does not breed in the European territory of the EU.

Prenuptial migration


Difficulty in identifying the beginning of the period of return to the rearing grounds?

Member State

YES NO References

FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE Only passage birds 10, 11 EE X LV 6 LT X 5,7 PL X 1,3 SK 1 CZ X DK 5 UK X 1 IE X 1, 3 DE X 4, 10 NL X 37 BE X LU HU X AT 13, 19 SI FR X 6 ES PT X 9 IT X 26 MT 5 GR CY RO 3 BG X 6, 15 HR Few. Mixing of migrating and

wintering populations 17, 21, 23



Period of prenuptial migration


J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI ? FR ES PT IT MT GR CY ? ? RO BG HR

Comments and conclusions

1) Entirely migratory. 2) The prenuptial migration begins with the departure from wintering grounds,

ranging from the 1st decade of February (IE, PT, DK) to the 2nd decade of May (FI) and 3rd decade of May (SI?).



Species no. 45: Lapwing Vanellus vanellus Distribution: In Palearctic, this plover inhabits boreal, temperate, steppe and Mediterranean regions of Europe and Asia, from Iberia to Finland and the British Isles to China. It breeds also in very small number in North Africa. Movements: Mainly migratory, though some western and southern sub-populations only partially so. Sensitive to prolonged cold spells. European populations winter in maritime climate from the British Isles to Morocco, and the Mediterranean regions. Britain, Ireland and Denmark constitute the northernmost regular wintering areas. In more northern wintering areas occasional spells of very cold weather in winter lead to pronounced movements, which can occur any time between autumn and spring passages. Spring passage begins early- from late January in southern wintering areas- and in temperate Europe is at peak in early March. Population size and trend: The European breeding population numbers 1,700,000-2,800,000 pairs (BirdLife 2004A) of which 870,000-1,400,000 breeds in EU 27 (BirdLife Int. 2004A, 2004B). Although several small populations were stable or increased during 1990-2000, the species suffered declines across much of Europe, most notably the sizeable populations in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Russia – and underwent a large decline (>30%) overall (BirdLife Int. 2004A). In most regions this species declined following wetland reclamation, intensification of agriculture and use of pesticides and chemicals. Biological and behavioural aspects: Breeding: clutch size is usually 4 eggs, sometimes 3, rarely 2 or 5; incubation: 26-28 days; fledging period: 35-40 days. Brood:1.



Movements

Lapwing Vanellus vanellus


Breeding Passage Wintering FI SE EE Occasional LV LT PL SK Rare CZ Accidental DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR



Definition of period of reproduction

Lapwing Vanellus vanellus Member

State Period of reproduction

begins with Comments References

FI Occupation of breeding sites

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

SE Occupation of breeding sites

11, 12

EE Occupation of breeding sites

LV 1 LT Construction of the nest 7 PL Occupation of breeding

sites 3

SK Occupation of breeding sites

CZ Occupation of breeding sites

DK Occupation of breeding sites

1, 2, 3, 4

UK Construction of the nest 2 IE Occupation of breeding

sites 1, 2, 3

DE Occupation of breeding sites

4

NL Occupation of breeding sites

11

BE Occupation of breeding sites

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

LU Occupation of breeding sites

1

HU Occupation of breeding sites

AT Occupation of breeding sites

SI FR Construction of the nest 1, 4, 6 ES Construction of the nest 1 PT IT Construction of the nest MT GR CY RO 3 BG Occupation of breeding

sites and courtship display

6

HR Occupation of breeding sites and courtship

18



display





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES ? ? ? ? ? ? ? PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR

Comments and conclusions 1) Mainly migratory, though some western and southern sub-population only partially

so. 2) The period of reproduction begins with the occupation of the breeding sites, in

northern and eastern countries, or the construction of the nest, in southern and western countries.

3) The end of the period of reproduction ranges from the 1st decade of June (DK, PL, ES?) to the 1st decade of September (IE). Full flight of young birds marks the end of the reproduction period.






Member State

YES NO References

FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE X 11, 12 EE X LV 1 LT X 5,7 PL X 3 SK X CZ X DK X 1, 2, 3, 4 UK Mixing of wintering and resident

populations 1

IE X 1, 3 DE X 4, 7, 10 NL X 7 BE Mild winters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 LU X 1 HU X AT X SI X FR X 2, 4, 6 ES X 1, 9 PT X IT X MT GR No data on counts, phenology of

migration 1, 2, 3

CY RO 3 BG X X 6, 16 HR Mixing of migrating and wintering

populations 18





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY ? ? RO BG HR

BE - movements may start in 2nd or 3rd decade of January in mild winters. Comments and conclusions

1) Departure of first migrants from wintering grounds (western and southern countries), or arrival of first migrants into breeding areas (eastern and northern countries), corresponds to the beginning of the prenuptial migration.

2) Beginning of prenuptial migration ranges from the 3rd decade of January (UK, IE, DE, ES, PT, GR) to the 3rd decade of February (FI, EE, LT, HR).



Species no. 46: Knot Calidris canutus Distribution: This bird has a circumpolar breeding distribution in tundra, and the most important populations are found in North America, Greenland and eastern Siberia. The Knot is not breeding in the European Union. Movements: Migratory. Birds visiting Europe belong to two distinct populations. C. c. islandica which breed in North Eastern Canada and Greenland and winter along the coasts of North Western Europe (British Isles, the Netherlands and France). C. c. canutus, which breed in Svalbard and Taymyr and winter in two coastal wetlands in West Africa visit Europe only on migration (with an important spring staging area in the Wadden Sea). Population size and trends: The population of islandica amount to about 450,000 individuals (Delany & Scott 2006). This population increased from late 1970s until 1990s but has since decreased (Delany & Scott 2006). The canutus population is estimated at 400,000 birds and the trend is unknown (Delany & Scott 2006). Biological and behavioural aspects: Breeding: clutch size is 3-4 eggs; incubation: 21-22 days; full flight of young birds at ca. 18-20 days. Brood: 1.



Movements

Knot Calidris canutus


Breeding Passage Wintering FI SE EE Occasional LV LT PL SK CZ Very few DK UK IE DE NL BE Few LU Very few HU AT Few SI FR ES PT IT Few MT Few GR Few Few CY Very few RO BG Very few Very few HR




Knot Calidris canutus This species does not breed in the European territory of the EU.

Definition of period of prenuptial migration



Member

State YES NO References

FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE Only passage birds 8, 11 EE Only passage birds LV 6 LT PL X 3 SK CZ DK 5 UK X 3 IE X 1, 3, 7 DE X 4, 10 NL X 39, 40 BE X 3 LU HU AT SI FR 16 ES PT X 9 IT X 26 MT GR CY RO BG Very little numbers of passage and

wintering birds. 6,15

HR Very few 11





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI 1) SE 1) EE 1) LV LT 1) PL SK CZ DK 1

+2

UK 1) UK 2) IE 2) DE 1) DE 2) ? ? ? ? NL 1) NL 2) BE 2) LU HU AT SI FR ES PT 2) IT 1) IT 2) MT GR CY ? ? RO BG HR

1) C. c. canutus (breeders from Svalbard and Taymyr); 2) C. c. islandica

(breeders from Greenland and north-eastern Canada). UK - 1) C. c. canutus (very small population).


1) Migratory with two distinct flyways in the EU: 1) C. c. canutus (breeders from Svalbaard and Taymyr); 2) C. c. islandica (breeders from Greenland and north-eastern Canada).

2) The prenuptial migration period begins with the departure from wintering grounds or the passage of first migrants.



3) The beginning of the period of prenuptial migration ranges from the 2nd decade of January (DE?) to the 2nd decade of May (FI, SE, NL).

Species no. 47: Ruff Philomachus pugnax Distribution: The species has a large Palearctic distribution across the boreal and Arctic zones of Eurasia. In Europe, most birds breed in Fennoscandia and Russia and sparsely in northwest Europe and the Baltic States. The breeding habitats are lowlands tundra or bogs in the North and wet meadows or coastal marshes in the south. The latter now holds only a small fraction of the population. Movements: Most birds winter in sub-Saharan Africa, but some migrate to India, the Middle East and small numbers occur in Europe. Population size and trends: The European population is estimated to 200,000 – 510,000 pairs with the major part of this population breeding in Russia – 140,000 – 420,000 pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The population in EU 27 is estimated to 51,000 – 71,000 pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004B). During 1990-2000 most populations, including the core populations in Sweden and Russia, declined moderately (>10%) (BirdLife Int. 2004A). Biological and behavioural aspects: Breeding: clutch sizes usually (2-) 4 eggs; incubation: 20-23 days; fledging period: 25-28 days and becomes independent at or before fledging as the female, who is the only parent caring for the young, sometimes depart before fledging of the young; brood: 1.



Movements

Ruff Philomachus pugnax

MIGRANT Member State RESIDENT Breeding Passage Wintering

FI SE EE EE Rare LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK Very few (< 5

pairs)

IE Very few occasionally

DE NL BE Occasional LU HU Irregular AT SI FR Very few ES PT IT Very few MT GR Few CY RO BG HR




Ruff Philomachus pugnax Member



FI Occupation breeding sites

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

SE Occupation breeding sites

8, 11, 12,46

EE Courtship display LV 1 LT Construction of the nest,

courtship display 7

PL Occupation breeding sites

Very few breeding pairs. 3

SK CZ DK 5 UK Display 2 IE DE Occupation breeding

sites 4, 7

NL Display 11 BE LU HU Occupation breeding

sites Irregular breeder

AT SI FR Occupation breeding

sites 1, 4, 6

ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR

Comments and conclusions 1) The period of reproduction begins with the occupation of the breeding sites. 2) The end of the period of reproduction ranges from the 2nd decade of June (PL) to

the 3rd decade of August (UK). Full flight of young birds marks the end of the reproduction period.






Member


FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE X 8, 11, 12 EE X LV 6 LT The local breeding birds

are mixing with migrants

5,7

PL X 3 SK 1, 8 CZ X DK 5 UK X 1 IE X DE X 4, 7, 10 NL X 21, 37 BE Presence of wintering

birds

LU Small numbers HU X AT SI X FR X 2, 4, 6 ES PT Little data available IT X 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 MT 5 GR CY RO 3 BG X 6 HR X 18, 20, 21





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY ? ? ? RO BG HR

IT - the country is crossed by large numbers of birds ringed in northern European countries; also birds of much more eastern origin are passing (recoveries from eastern Russia and Siberia of birds ringed in IT during prenuptial migration). Comments and conclusions 1) Migratory with most birds wintering in sub-Saharan Africa. 2) This species shows a sharp difference in the phenology of migration according to

sex and age classes. 3) The beginning of the prenuptial migration ranges from the 3rd decade of January

(IT, BG) to the 2nd decade of April (FI, EE, SE, LT).



Species no. 48: Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus Distribution: The Jack Snipe is breeding in boreal regions of North Eastern Europe and Siberia. Movements: Migratory. The birds of Europe and western Siberia are wintering in Western and South Western Europe and in North Western Africa. Population size and trends: The European breeding population amounts to 18,000-70,000 breeding pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The European Union breeding population is estimated at 12,000-19,000 pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004B). The status of the Jack Snipe remains relatively unknown, and consequently it is not yet possible to determine long-term population trends. During 1990-2000 the populations are believed to have remained stable in most countries but the large population in Russia declined (BirdLife Int. 2004A). Biological and behavioural aspects: Breeding: clutch size is (3)-4 eggs; incubation: at least 24 days; fledging period: not recorded – but probably 2-3 decades after hatching as other snipes; brood: normally one but two broods suspected but no proof.



Movements

Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus

MIGRANT Member State RESIDENT Breeding Passage Wintering FI SE EE Irregular EE Rare Irregular LV Few LT Irregular PL SK CZ Rare DK UK IE ? DE NL BE LU Few HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY Few Few RO BG HR





Member




1, 2, 3, 4, 5


10, 11

EE Occupation of breeding sites

4

LV 6 LT Courtship display PL Occupation of breeding

sites Exceptional breeder 3

PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR







1) In the EU, the majority breds breeds in FI and SE with only small populations few pairs in EE, LV and LT.

2) The reproduction period begins with the occupation of the breeding sites. 3) The end of the reproduction period ranges from the 3rd decade of May (PL) to

the 1st decade of September (FI). Full flight of young birds (probably 2-3 decades after hatching as other snipes) marks the end of the reproduction period.






Member


FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE X 8, 10, 11 EE X LV 6 LT PL X 3 SK 1 CZ X DK 5 UK X 1 IE Secretive species; few

seen/recorded after end of hunting season (31/01)

1, 3

DE No data available 4 NL Secretive species X 42 BE Secretive species; presence of

wintering birds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

LU HU Irregular AT X 8 FR X 6 ES Small number of wintering birds 1 PT Secretive species occurring in

small numbers. Little information available.

IT X 26 MT 5 GR Little information on counts,

migration and phenology 1, 2, 3

CY X RO 3 BG Secretive species occurring in

small numbers 6, 15, 21

HR X 9, 17, 23





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU ? AT SI FR ES ? ? PT IT MT GR ? ? CY RO BG HR


1) Migratory and secretive. 2) The prenuptial migration period starts with the arrival of first migrants in

Fennoscandia and the departure from wintering grounds elsewhere. 3) The beginning of the prenuptial migration period ranges from the 3rd decade of

January (ES) to the 1st decade of April (FI, EE, LT).



Species no. 49: Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago Distribution: The Common Snipe (excluding G. delicata from the Nearctic) has a large Palearctic breeding distribution. It winters in Europe, North and sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle-East, India and south-east Asia. Within Europe the species is a widespread breeder from Iceland to Russia above approximately 50° N. The main wintering range extends from the British Isles, Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands and France south to Iberia and North Africa, eastwards through the Mediterranean basin to Turkey and the Middle-East. Two subspecies occur in Europe G. g. faeroeensis which breeds in Iceland and the Faeroes, and the nominate race which occurs elsewhere in Europe. Movements: The species is mostly migratory in Europe, though some birds in the western maritime countries are only partially migratory or even resident. Fennoscandian populations mainly winter in Ireland, Britain, France and Iberia. Some of these birds winter in Denmark and the Netherlands. Birds moving through southern Fennoscandia include birds from Northwest Russia. Return migration starts in February in Iberia, and March elsewhere, breeding grounds being occupied in April-May. Population size and trends: The population is estimated to 930,000 – 1,900,000 pairs in Europe of which 300,000-850,000 breeds in Russia (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The population in the European Union amounts to 300,000 – 450,000 pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004B). Eastern European populations appear to be currently stable. In contrast the western European populations have declined during 1990-2000 (BirdLife Int. 2004A). Biological and behavioural aspects: Breeding: clutch size: usually 4 eggs (2-5); incubation: 18-20 days; fledging period: 19-20 days; independent before or soon after fledging; broods: probably only one brood.



Movements

Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago

MIGRANT Member

State RESIDENT Breeding Passage Wintering FI SE EE Occasional LV LT PL SK CZ Few DK UK IE >20 000 p DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES Very few PT Very few IT Accidental MT GR CY RO BG Few HR





Member




1, 2, 3, 4, 5


1, 9, 11

EE Courtship display LV 1 LT Courtship display 7 PL Occupation breeding

sites 3

SK Courtship display CZ Occupation of breeding

sites

DK Occupation of breeding sites

UK Courtship display 1 IE Construction of the nest 1, 2, 3 DE Occupation of breeding

sites 1

NL Courtship display 11 BE Occupation of breeding

sites with nuptial parade 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

LU HU Courtship display AT Pair formation Displaying away from

breeding area

SI FR Occupation of breeding

sites 6

ES Occupation of breeding sites

5

PT Occupation of breeding sites

Little data available 7

IT 1, 4 MT GR CY RO 1 BG Courtship display 6, 13 HR Occupation of breeding

sites with courtship display

Small breeding population

20, 23





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT ? ? IT MT GR CY RO BG HR

ES and SL - very small population. LU - rare breeding species. PT - very small population, breeding in mountainous areas. Comments and conclusions 1) The period of reproduction begins with the occupation of the breeding sites with

courtship display or the construction of the nest where resident populations exist (UK, IE, HU).

2) End of the period of reproduction ranges from the 3rd decade of May (PL) to the 2nd decade of September (UK). Full flight of young birds indicates the end of the reproduction period (c. 2 decades after hatching), but difficult to notice in the field.






Member State

YES NO References

FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE X 1, 9, 11 EE X LV 1 LT X 5,7 PL X 3 SK Mixing of wintering and migrating

birds

CZ X DK UK Mixed population of migrants &

residents. Secretive species. 1

IE Secretive species; small minority of the population seen after the end of the hunting season (31st January). Difficult to distinguish between wintering migrants and the breeding population

1, 2

DE X 1 NL Large wintering population 7 BE Presence of wintering birds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 LU X 1 HU X AT X 5, 6 SI X FR Secretive species. Overlap of

breeding, migrating and wintering populations

6

ES 1, 4 PT Little data available on species

phenology

IT Secretive species. Overlap of wintering and passage migrants

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

MT X 5 GR No data on counts, phenology of

migration 1, 2, 3

CY 3 RO 1 BG Secretive species.

Overlap of wintering, passage and breeding migrants

6, 13, 16

HR Mixing of migrating and wintering 18, 21, 23



populations






BE - winter movements in January; IE - very early move eastwards, especially in mild winters; Icelandic breeding population probably starts to leave much later than the European population. Comments and conclusions

1) Mostly migratory in Europe with major resident populations in the UK and IE. 2) It seems difficult to make difference between a wintering and a migrating bird

and so it is difficult to identify the beginning of the period of return. The first strong movements may indicate the beginning of the prenuptial migration.

3) Beginning of the prenuptial migration ranges from the 3rd decade of January (IE) to the 3rd decade of March (FI, EE, LT).

species no. 44: grey plover pluvialis squatarola · movements: migratory. the birds breeding from...

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