IRD$Seminar$

$The$UN$system$role$in$assis1ng$

government$policy$and$implementa1on$$

Andrew$Speedy$–$Visi4ng$Professor,$School$of$Agriculture$$$

$

Wednesday$13$March$2013$

RLC$$

RAP$$

RAF$ SAFR$

RNE$

SEUR$

FAO$HQ$

SLAC$SNEA$

SAPA$

• $$Headquarters$in$Rome$$$• $$Five$Regional$Offices$$• $$Five$SubMregional$Offices$$• $$Five$Liaison$Offices$$• $$SeventyMFour*$Country$Representa4ons$• $ThirtyMsix$countries$with$mul4ple$accredita4on$$

• $$3600$staff$• $$192$Member$Countries$

$Development$is$a$mul4dimensional$process$involving$changes$in$structures,$ins4tu4ons,$and$aVtudes$as$well$as$the$accelera4on$of$economic$growth,$the$reduc4on$of$inequality,$and$the$eradica4on$of$absolute$poverty.$Michael$Todaro,$1983.$Economics$for$a$Developing$World,$Longman.$

Low$income$countries$

•  Food$aid$•  Poverty$Reduc4on$•  Water$

•  Agriculture$•  Forestry$•  Fisheries$•  Alterna4ve$enterprises$

Botswana$ Brazil$ China$

India$ Indonesia$ Malaysia$

Namibia$ Nigeria$ Pakistan$

Peru$ Philippines$ Senegal$

South Africa$ Sri Lanka$ Sudan$

Swaziland$ Thailand$ Tunisia$

Turkey$ Venezuela$ Vietnam$

Some$Middle$Income$Countries$(104$in$2010)$$

Table 1: World Bank definition of income categories Middle-income countries (MIC)

Low-income (LIC) Lower-middle-income (LMIC)

Upper-middle-income (UMIC) High-income (HIC)

$995 or less $996 - $3,945 $3,946 - $12,195 $12,196 or more

Table$2:$Years$of$gradua4on$from$LIC$to$MIC$since$2000$$

2000 $ Turkmenistan $2001 $ - $2002 $ Armenia; Ukraine $2003 $ Azerbaijan; Georgia; Indonesia $2004 $ Angola $2005 $ Cameroon; Congo, Rep.; Lesotho; Moldova; Nicaragua $2006 $ Bhutan $2007 $ India; Sudan; Mongolia; Timor-Leste $

2008 $ Côte d’Ivoire ; Nigeria; Pakistan; Sao Tomé and Principe; Solomon Islands* $

2009** $ Senegal; Uzbekistan; Vietnam; Yemen $

Glennie,$J.$2011.$The$role$of$aid$to$middleMincome$countries:$a$contribu4on$to$evolving$EU$development$policy.$ODI$Working$Paper$331.$$$

National $ Most poor people live in MICs $

Regional $ Spillover effects to nearby countries $

Global $ Crucial contribution to global public goods $

Reasons$for$suppor1ng$development$and$poverty$reduc1on$in$MICs

For $ Against $Better value-for-money $ Scarce resources $Encouraging private capital $ Crowding out private capital $Danger of removing aid$ Perverse incentives $Targeted interventions $ Limited influence $Sub-national support $ Fungibility $Support to civil society $ Intergenerational poverty $

Sharing expertise and knowledge transfer$

Common$reasons$given$for$and$against$aid$to$MICs$$

Glennie,$J.$2011.$The$role$of$aid$to$middleMincome$countries:$a$contribu4on$to$evolving$EU$development$policy.$ODI$Working$Paper$331.$$$

Middle$Income$Countries$

•  Na4onal$Plans$•  Laws$•  Interna4onal$Compliance$

•  Trade$•  Health$and$Food$Safety$•  Environmental$and$CC$

•  Poverty$Reduc4on$•  Economic$restructuring$(urbanMrural)$

Finance

Business

People

Health Education

Social protection

Pension

Leisure Housing

Culture Environment

Work Goods Food

Biosphere

Industry Agriculture

Energy Water

Incentive

Tax

Tax

Social services

Environmental services Policy Framework Land

Finance

Business

People

Health Education

Social protection

Pension

Leisure Housing

Culture Environment

Work Goods Food

Biosphere

Industry Agriculture

Energy Water

Incentive

Tax

Tax

Social services

Environmental services

Land

Trade$ Interna4onal$agreements$

Foreign$Policy$

Na4onal$Security$

UN$Agencies$

•  UNDP$•  UNICEF$•  UNFPA$•  FAO$•  IFAD$•  ILO$•  IOM$•  UNAIDS$

•  UNESCO$•  UNHCR$•  UNIDO$•  UN$Women$•  UNODC$•  UNV$• WFP$• WHO$

Policy$needs$and$gaps$

•  UrbanMrural$divide$•  Migra4on$

•  Land$tenure$•  Agricultural$Restructuring$•  Ecosystem$management$

•  Climate$change$adapta4on$and$mi4ga4on$

•  Food$systems$

Agricultural$Restructuring$

•  Number'of'farmers'reducing,'urbanization'•  Differentiate'small,'medium'and'large'(commercial'farmers)'

•  Provide'public'investment'in'appropriate'infrastructure'

•  Encourage'but'closely'regulate'investment'by'the'private'sector'

•  Develop'a'fair'system'of'contract'farming'for'small'farmers'to'work'with'the'private'sector'

•  Encourage'sustainable'development'and'the'welfare'of'farmers'and'consumers'

•  Positive'bene@its'of'migration'

Outcomes$

•  Local$leadership$capacity$&$public$administra4on$improved$

•  Agriculture,$forestry$and$fisheries$produc4on$increased$$•  Workers$educated$and$employed$

•  Improved$rural$infrastructure$

•  Quality$of$life$improved,$no$more$poverty$

•  Capacity$for$natural$disaster$preparedness$

Outputs$$•  Capacity$building$in$policy$and$management$at$local$level$

•  Agriculture,$forestry$and$fisheries$development$inc.$animal$and$plant$health$and$food$safety$

•  Rural$informa4on,$educa4on$and$communica4on$programme$

•  Synchronized$development$of$rural$infrastructure$

•  Social$security$

•  Health$system$

•  Educa4on$$

•  Culture$program$

•  Sport$

•  Capacity$strengthened$for$natural$disaster$preparedness$and$mi4ga4on;$

•  Preparedness$against$typhoons,$flash$flooding,$salinity$intrusion,$and$4dal$sea;$

Some$Human$Rights$

•  Right$to$food$•  Health$care$(medical$care)$

•  Educa4on$•  Equality$of$both$males$and$females;$women's$rights$

•  The$right$to$work$•  To$own$property$•  Free$Speech$•  Safety$from$violence$

Implica4ons$for$policies$and$programmes$

1.$People$are$recognized$as$key$actors$in$their$own$development,$rather$than$passive$recipients$of$commodi4es$and$services.$

2.$Par4cipa4on$is$both$a$means$and$a$goal.$

3.$Strategies$are$empowering.$

4.$Both$outcomes$and$processes$are$monitored$and$evaluated.$

5.$Analysis$includes$all$stakeholders.$

6.$Programmes$focus$on$marginalized,$disadvantaged,$and$excluded$groups.$

7.$The$development$process$is$locally$owned.$

8.$Programmes$aim$to$reduce$disparity.$

9.$Both$topMdown$and$bonomMup$approaches$are$used$in$synergy.$

10.$Situa4on$analysis$is$used$to$iden4fy$immediate,$underlying,$and$basic$causes$of$development$problems.$

11.$Measurable$goals$and$targets$are$important$in$programming.$

12.$Strategic$partnerships$are$developed$and$sustained.$

13.$Programmes$support$accountability$to$all$stakeholders.$

$

The$way$forward....$

•  Review$strategies,$policies$and$laws$in$rela4on$to$the$holis4c$policy$framework$to$iden4fy$needs,$gaps,$synergies$and$conflicts$in$current$legisla4on$and$make$recommenda4ons.$

•  In$par4cular,$consider$the$promo4on$of$culture,$educa4on,$environment,$gender$balance,$health$and$social$protec4on$within$the$context$of$rural$development.$

•  Develop$interMministerial$and$interMdepartmental$(local)$mechanisms$for$integra4on$and$synergies$in$rural$development.$

Capacity$Building$

•  Ministers$and$Vice$Ministers$

•  Provincial$leaders$•  District$Leaders$•  Local$Leaders$•  Private$Sector$•  Civil$Society,$NGOs$•  Teachers$(Training$of$Trainers)$•  Adults$•  Children$

“Projec4ons$indicate$that$the$world’s$higher$educa4on$system$must$accommodate$nearly$80$million$more$students$by$2025.$To$do$so$in$conven4onal$campuses$would$require$the$opening$of$three$large$(30,000$students)$campuses$every$week$for$the$next$13$years.”$

Some$of$these$campuses$will$be$built$but$most$will$not.$Capacity$can$be$increased$more$quickly$and$economically$by$inves4ng$in$distance$and$eLearning$opportuni4es.$In$par4cular,$higher$educa4on$systems$should$invest$in$the$crea4on$of$open$educa4onal$resources$(OER).$This$will$create$a$global$pool$of$high$quality$material$that$can$be$adapted$and$versioned$for$individual$countries$and$ins4tu4ons,$all$of$which$should$engage$in$this$important$collec4ve$effort$to$widen$access$and$improve$quality.$$

Sir$John$Daniel,$President$&$CEO,$$Commonwealth$of$Learning.$$

Innova4ons$

•  Policy$programme$for$ministers,$directors$general,$interna4onal$organiza4ons,$banks,$NGOs.....$

•  High$level$residen4al$course$•  MPP/MPA$

•  Distance$learning$•  Teleconferencing$•  Mentoring$

The$Lecture$Room$2020$

Is$it$working?$

If$not,$why$not?$

What’s$Wrong$with$the$World?$

•  Equality$•  Gender$•  Economics$

•  Environment$

•  Poli4cal$system$

What’s$Wrong$with$the$World?$

•  Conflict$•  Food$crisis$•  Economic$crisis$

•  Poli4cal$crisis$•  Natural$disasters$•  Climate$Change$

Na4onal$Economy$

Market$Economy$

Public$Sector$

Government$

Manufacturing$ Service$Sector$

Agriculture$(Farmers)$

Banks$

Real$Estate$

Exports$

Credit$

Consumers$

Tax$

Labour$

Global$Companies$

Global$Finance$

Global$Economy$

All$bubbles$can$expand,$contract$or$burst$

Market$Economy$

Public$Sector$

Government$

Manufacturing$ Service$Sector$

Agriculture$(Farmers)$

Banks$

Real$Estate$

Exports$

Credit$

Outsourcing$

Bonds$$$$$$Hedge$funds$$$$$$Leveraging$$$$$Futures$$$$$$Deriva4ves$$

Consumers$

Tax$

Labour$

Collec4on$of$books$and$ar4cles$at:$hnps://docs.google.com/folder/d/0BxHirJwNdGgkQVBFSE80dHhNeE0/edit$

YouTube:$hnp://www.youtube.com/user/AndrewSpeedy/videos?flow=grid&view=1$

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Thank$You$