SpellingGrammar Chapter 16

Spell by syllablesOverpronouncing each syllable of

a long word will often help you spell it correctly.◦Unnecessary◦Disappoint◦Underage◦Misspell◦Personally◦Gentleness◦Beautiful

Look up the spellings of doubtful words.Use a dictionary to help you spell

words with confusing spelling.Use dictionary.com.Use spell check.

Spelling is a serious error, a letter grade off on a college paper.

Keep a list of words that are problematic for you.Words should stay on this list until

you know how to spell them.Write these words several times,

concentrating on appearance and sound.

Study these words three or four different days.

Have someone quiz you over the words.

Making English Words PluralIn the summers my family takes a

trip to my uncle’s house near the citys of Minneapolis and St. Paul. My uncle has over one hundred sheeps on his farm. My six-year-old twin brothers say that their favorite part of visiting Uncle Jim is riding his two ponys. Uncle Jim told them, “I’m glad that you childs aren’t triplets; if you were, I’d have to buy another pony!”

Making English Words PluralIn the summers my family takes a

trip to my uncle’s house near the citys of Minneapolis and St. Paul. My uncle has over one hundred sheeps on his farm. My six-year-old twin brothers say that their favorite part of visiting Uncle Jim is riding his two ponys. Uncle Jim told them, “I’m glad that you childs aren’t triplets; if you were, I’d have to buy another pony!”

Making English Words PluralIn the summers my family takes a

trip to my uncle’s house near the cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul. My uncle has over one hundred sheep on his farm. My six-year-old twin brothers say that their favorite part of visiting Uncle Jim is riding his two ponies. Uncle Jim told them, “I’m glad that you children aren’t triplets; if you were, I’d have to buy another pony!”

If the word ends in ch, sh, s, x, or z, add es.March marchesPush pushesGenius geniusesTax taxesBuzz buzzes

If the word ends in a consonant followed by y, change the final y to i and add es.

Poppy poppiesPony poniesRally ralliesDeny denies

If the word ends in a vowel followed by y, add s.Key keysToy toys

If the word ends in f or fe, consult your dictionary. For most, add s; for others, change the f to v and add es.

Roof roofsSafe safesLeaf leavesShelf shelves

If the word ends in o, consult your dictionary. For most, add es; for others add s.

Tomato tomatoesPotato potatoesEcho echoesSolo solosPhoto photos

Add s to most other words.Look looksBugBugsMenu menusBone bones

Some nouns have irregular plural forms. Consult your dictionary for nouns with irregular plurals.

Ox oxenGoose geeseDeer deer

i before e except after c or when sounding like a as in neighbor or weigh

ShriekShieldGrieve

CeilingReceiptconceit

FreightVeinweight

ExceptionsCaffeineLeisureProteinSeizeSheikWeirdEitherneither

Class WorkGrammar exercise 16-1Grammar exercise 16-3

HomeworkGrammar exercise 16-2Grammar exercise 16-4

Doubling a final consonant: If a one-syllable word ends with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel.

Snob snobbery

Doubling a final consonant: If a multisyllabic word with its main accent on the final syllable ends with a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel.Occur occurring

If a word ends with a single consonant preceded by a double vowel, do not double the final consonant before adding a suffix.Droop droopedGreet greeted

Change the final y to I before adding a suffix if a consonant precedes the y.

Baby babiedPlenty plentifulSixty sixtieth

If the suffix itself begins with i, don not change the final y to i.

Cry cryingCarry carrying

Drop the final silent e preceded by a consonant before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel.Hope hopingLike likableUsing

Exceptions: noticeable, courageous

Keep the final silent e before adding a suffix beginning with a consonant.Hope hopelessLike likelyUse useful

Exceptions: truly, argument, judgment

Class WorkGrammar exercise 16-5

HomeworkGrammar exercise 16-6Grammar exercise 16-7

DictionaryMost common tool used for

learning about words and languages

Gives a word’s spelling, syllabification, pronunciation, definitions, different forms, parts of speech, synonyms and/or antonyms, and capitalization

May list abbreviations, geographic names, and biographical names

May include a brief history of words

TermsGuide words- pair of words that

tell you the first and last word defined on that page◦Words are listed alphabetically.

Entry- the word being defined◦Use for proper spelling of a word.

Practice!Exercise 17-1Exercise 17-2Exercise 17-3

Pronouncing the WordSyllabification- shown by dots between

each syllable◦ac-qui-esce

Pronunciation- respelling of a word that shows you how to pronounce the word correctly◦[ak-wee-es]

Pronunciation guide- lists the symbols used in that dictionary to represent sounds

Accent mark- indicates which syllables will be emphasized, or stressed, when pronounced

Practice!Exercise 17-4Exercise 17-5Exercise 17-6

Using the WordFunction label- indicates the entry

word’s part of speech◦Verb (used without an object

Definition- meaning of the word◦to assent tacitly; submit or comply

silently or without protest; agree; consent

Using the WordSynonyms- words with the same

or similar meaning◦accede, concur; capitulate

Antonyms- words with the opposite meaning◦contest, protest

Etymology- the word’s history◦1610–20;  < Latin acquiēscere  to find

rest in, equivalent to ac- ac- + quiē-  (see quiet2 ) + -sc-  inchoative suffix + -ere  infinitive suffix

Practice!Exercise 17-7Exercise 17-8

Dictionary Drills!