spent nuclear fuel and waste management in sweden · pdf filespent nuclear fuel and waste...

Spent Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management in Sweden

Monica Hammarström

IAEA, Vienna, December 2004

Status of the Swedish programme December 2004

- Overview of the system

- Site investigations and performance assessment

- Äspö HRL – ongoing and planned activities


Karta


The Swedish system

Nuclear power station

m/s Sigyn

Medical care, industry and research

CLAB

SFR

Encapsulation plant

Deep repository for spent

nuclear fuel

Spent nuclear fuel

Operational waste


CLAB - Oskarshamn


CLAB - Surface reception and underground storage


CLAB - Storage cavern


SFR - Forsmark


SFR - Schematic picture


SFR - MLW disposal cavern


Transportation


The Deep Repository for spent nuclear fuel KBS3-concept


Deep repository for spent nuclear fuel

• Design capacity:– 9,300 tons (U)

• Depth: 400-700 m• Area needed: 2-4 km2

• Total volume~ 1.8 Mm3


Reference canister design

• 1.05 m diameter, 5 m height

• 50 mm copper

• Insert of cast iron

• 12 (BWR) or 4 (PWR)

• Total weight 25 tonnes

• Around 4,500 are needed


Canister Laboratory


Canister laboratory

• Handling Tests

• Sealing Tests– Electron Beam

Welding– Friction Stir

Welding– Reference concept

in 2005

• Non Destructive Testing– Radiography– Ultrasonic


Preparing for licensing

- 2006 application for encapsulation plant- 2008 application for deep repository


Site selection – timetable

Siting, design

Construction

Detailed characterization and

construction

Site investigations

Feasibilitystudies

Deep repository

Encapsulation

Initial operation Regular operation

Closure ?

Evaluation

Tests 5–10 %

2010 2020 2040 205020302000


Site investigations


Steps in the siting process

Oxelösund

StudsvikNyköping

Nyköpings kommun

0 10 km

Site invest.(min 2)

Sitingdecision

Detail invest.(1 site)

(Storuman)(Malå)

NyköpingÖsthammar

TierpOskarshamn

HultsfredÄlvkarleby

Nynäshamn??

Feasibilitystudies(5-10 m)


Forsmark - site for investigations


Oskarshamn - site for investigations


Safety assessments during current program stage

• The application for the encapsulation (2006), supported by safety assessment SR-Can

- SR-Can concerns long-term safety for the deep repository- Required since encapsulation plant is a major investment in the

KBS 3 method

• The application for the deep repository at one site (2008) supported by safety assessment SR-Site

• An interim report, focussing on methodology recently completed and reviewed by SKI/SSI


Encapsulation plant

• Co-siting with CLAB is the main option


Deep disposal technology

• Barrier design• Excavation method• Deposition

technology


The Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory


Why a rock laboratory?

T1

V00

V02aV02b

Tracer-reservoirs

Pumps

Filter

P1 P2

T2 T3

V03aV03b

V04aV04b

V05

Eh- and pH-electrodes

Pressurereducer

Fractioncollectors

Reservoirpart

CHEMMAC

PACKER

Groundwater inlet

Bore holeseal

Experimentalchamber formigration

studies

Pumppart

Experimentalpart

Fractioncollectors'

part

Electronicpart

Pushing part

Pressurereducer

V01

Reservoir

InternalPressure

Regulator

Pump

PACKER

CHEMLAB

2

Waterinlet

CHEMMAC

Filter

ExternalPressure

Regulator

Electrovalve

Filter

Exp.cell

P

P

∆P

P

PP

To create opportunities for:

• Research and development

• Demonstration

in a realistic and undisturbedenvironment at repository depth


Äspö HRL- Important tasks 2005-2008


• Improve the scientificunderstanding of the safety margins for the repository. Deliver data and information for safety assessments

• Develop, evaluate and demonstrate methods for construction and operation of the deep repository

• Training of personnel• Demonstration of concept to the

public and stakeholders

Äspö HRL-Sites for tests and experiments


Engineered Barriers and Repository Technology

• Prototype Repository

• Backfill and Plug Test

• Canister Retrieval Test

• Long Term Test of Buffer Material - LOT

• DEMO of Disposal Technology

• Cleaning and sealing of investigation boreholes

• Injection grout for deep repositories

• KBS-3 method with horizontal emplacement

• Large Scale Gas Injection Test

• Temperature Buffer Test.


Äspö HRL - Prototype repository project•Integration of repositorycomponents•Reference to compare with models•Development of engineering standards, quality criteria and systems



-3

-2

-1

0

-4

1 m

300 mm

tunnel

Parcel S1

insulation

heater

rock

specialtests

concrete blockn:o

Cu-tube

steel tube

beams

sand

5TE, 1TP, 1RH, WP*

5TE, 2TP, 1WP, 1RH

5TE, 1TP, 1RH

2TE

3TE

3TE

05

08

14

20

26

32

1TE, 1WP*

02

11

22

2930 copper

bacteria

Co, Cs tracer

bacteria

copper

1WP*

gaugesLong Term Tests of BufferMaterial

• Validate mineralogical and physical models in bentonite buffer

• Function tests of buffer under normal and adverse conditions

• Max temperature 90 and 130 °C, respectively

• Test times ranging from 1 year to 20 years

Äspö HRL Projects 2005-2008

Dismantling of the

• Long Term Tests of Buffer Material – Lot

• Backfill and Plug Test

• Prototype Repository

• Temperature Buffer Test


Äspö HRL projects2005-2008

KBS-3 Horizontal • Modification of KBS-3

to decrease backfill and excavated rock

• To provide basis for safety assessment of the KBS-3H concept

• To demonstrate techniques for excavation, emplacement etc


Äspö HRL Projects 2005-2008

Pillar Stability Project – Apse• examine the capability to predict

spalling in fractured rock

• study the effect of the backfill on propagation of cracks


Äspö Projects 2005-2008

Large Scale Gas InjectionTest - Lasgit• Answer questions related to upscaling.• Get additional information on gas transport

processes.• Obtain high quality data for testing

and validation of models.•Demonstrate that gas production in a

canister do not affect the repositorybarriers


Äspö HRL- Natural barrier experimentsCONCEPTUAL REPRESENTATION OF FEATURE A

FRACTURE APERTURE TO SCALE. OTHER GEOLOGICAL UNITS NOT TO SCALE

ALTERED ÄSPÖ DIORITE(DISTURBED MATRIX)

UNALTERED (FRESH)ÄSPÖ DIORITE

1 m

m

MYLONITESTAGNANTPORE

ROCK FRAGMENT(part of fault gouge)

STAGNANT PORE

CALCITE & PYRITE CRYSTALS

OPENFRACTURE

FAULTGOUGE

• TRUE 1 and TRUE Block Scale• Long Term Diffusion

Experiment - LTDE• Chemlab 1 and Chemlab 2• Matrix Fluid Chemistry• Colloid• Microbe• Task Force on groundwater flow



Long Term Diffusion Experiment - LTDE

- Understand diffusion and sorption processes

- Data from in-situ conditions


Äspö HRL projects2005-2008


Colloid project• To verify the colloid concentration

at Äspö HRL, along the tunnel• To study the potential for colloid

transport in the groundwater• Study the role of bentonite clay as

a source for colloid generation• New mobile equipment (Laser-

Induced Breakdown-Detection) can measure the colloid concentration in situ

ÄspöBaltic Sea

KR0012B1

SA1229A2

HA1330B3 KA1755A

4SA2074A

5SA2273A

6HA2780A7

KA3110A8

Handling Technology

• Testing and evaluation of construction and deposition technology

• New deposition machine

• Improved backfill compaction




Canister Retrieval

Test

demonstrate the readiness for recovering of emplaced canisters also after the time when the bentonite is fully saturated.



Rock Shear Experiment – Rose

• Demonstrate in full scale that a rock shear of 10-20 cm along a fracture intersecting the deposition hole does not harm the canister in a detrimental way

• Feasibility study done• Testing will start after dismantling of the

Apse project• Installation 2005• Maturation 2006-2007• Shear experiment 2008

• END


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