spheres avionics design - mitalvarso/thesis-phd/appendix - avionics.pdf · spheres avionics design...

86
421 Appendix F SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES laboratory avionics sub-systems implements electronics for the satellites, communications with the control computer, metrology beacons, and a beacon tester. This appendix also presents the design of several expansion port items already in use. Each section presents the functional block diagram and the complete schematics (when applicable) for all the electronic components of the SPHERES laboratory: SPHERES nano-satellites - Power & control panel - Data processing unit (C6701 DSP / SMT375) - Metrology - Communications - Propulsion - Expansion Port - Internal beacon Laptop communications Metrology Beacons Metrology Beacon Tester Expansion Port Items

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Page 1: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

421

Appendix F

SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN

This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

laboratory avionics sub-systems implements electronics for the satellites, communications

with the control computer, metrology beacons, and a beacon tester. This appendix also

presents the design of several expansion port items already in use. Each section presents

the functional block diagram and the complete schematics (when applicable) for all the

electronic components of the SPHERES laboratory:

• SPHERES nano-satellites

- Power & control panel

- Data processing unit (C6701 DSP / SMT375)

- Metrology

- Communications

- Propulsion

- Expansion Port

- Internal beacon

• Laptop communications

• Metrology Beacons

• Metrology Beacon Tester

• Expansion Port Items

Page 2: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

422 APPENDIX F

F.1 SPHERES nano-satellites

The electronics of the SPHERES nano-satellites, shown in Figure F.1, are implemented in

two primary "electronics stacks", with several peripheral electronic boards. The groupings

are as follows (third level bullets indicate peripheral electronic boards which support the

primary board of that stack):

• First stack (power & propulsion)

- Power

Batteries (2x)

Power Switch

Circuit Breaker

Control Panel

- Propulsion

Propulsion LEDs

• Second stack (data processing)

- SMT375 (C6701 DSP)

- Metrology (Motherboard 1)

Metrology 6 (ultrasound / IR)

Accelerometer Boards

On-board beacon

- Communications (Mother board 2)

DR200x wireless boards (2x)

Expansion Port

Page 3: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

APPENDIX F 423

Figure F.1 SPHERES avionics overview

Stack 1 - Power & PropulsionDSP Memory BusSerial LinesDigital I/O signalsAnalog signalsPower signals

Micro Processor(C6701 DSP)

Metrology AvionicsFPGA

CommunicationsAvionics

(PIC MCU’s)

A2D

US/IR12x

STLRF

STSRF

Watchdog

ControlPanel

Power Propulsion

Solenoids

Amplifiers

Accels.

Gyros.

ExpansionPort

BatteryPacks

Beacon

Stack 2 - Data

Page 4: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

424 APPENDIX F

F.1.1 Power & Control Panel

Design Drivers

• Provide the necessary power and voltages for all sub-systems

- 3.3 V: DSP, Metrology, Communications

- 5 V: DSP, Metrology, Communications, Propulsion

- ±15 V: Metrology (gyros and accelerometers)

- 22 V: Propulsion

• Meet applicable ISS safety guidelines

• Maximize battery utilization

Functional Block Diagram

The power sub-system is comprised of three main type of electronic boards: battery packs,

control panel, and the power regulation board. The circuit breaker and power switch are

wired independently. The functional description, inputs, and outputs of each component

are presented below.

Battery packs

There are two types of battery packs: flight and rechargeable. The functions of the two

types are:

• Flight: Provides up to two hours of operations to the SPHERES nano-satel-lites through 8 AA alkaline batteries. It also provides diode and fuse protec-tion to meet NASA Safety requirements (triple redundancy).

• Rechargeable: Provides up to two hours of operations to the SPHERESnano-satellites through 8AA NiMH rechargeable batteries. The batterycharging circuit resides within the packs themselves, requiring only a 15Vdcexternal supply. The external supply can have an optional LED to indicatecharging status. The board provides the same diode and fuse protection asthe flight packs.

Its inputs and outputs are listed in Table F.1

Page 5: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

APPENDIX F 425

Power Switch

The power switch is a two phase mechanical switch. The switch is two phase so that the

battery positive power connections are isolated when the switch is open (the SPHERES

are off), preventing any current from flowing between the battery packs. While not neces-

sary for NASA safety requirements, it allows the battery packs to remain inserted in the

satellites without risk. Its inputs and outputs are listed in Table F.2

Figure F.2 Power sub-system functional block diagram

Enable

Mainpowerswitch

12V unreg(6.4-13.6V)

5V RegulatorTraco TSI5.0S2ROSH

Max out: 2A - 10W

15V DC-DCMAXIM MAX772Max out: 1A - 15W

3.3V RegulatorTraco TSI3.3S2ROSHMax out: 2A - 6.6W

Magneticovercurrentcircuit breaker

5.0 V

3.3 V

15.0 V

Bypass cap.3300µF 16Velectrolytic

8AA 6.4-13.6V 8AA 6.4-13.6V

-15V DC-DCMAXIM MAX776Max out: 1A - 15W

-15.0 V

ToPropulsion

Control Panel

PowerEnableLow Bat

Reset /ResetPB/ENABLE

5.0 V LED-enable/LowBat

Watch dogVcc(unreg)

/RESET

WDOG

Page 6: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

426 APPENDIX F

Circuit Breaker

The magnetic circuit breaker provides 5A current protection. A thermistor is connected in

series with the circuit breaker to prevent power-surges larger than 5A when the satellites

are turned on and the large bypass capacitor (3300µF) charges. Once heated the thermistor

has a resistance of approximately 0.1Ω. The inputs and outputs of this board are listed in

Table F.3

TABLE F.1 Battery packs signals description

Signal Type DescriptionFlightVin In Unregulated input voltage from 8AA batteries (6.4-

13.6V)Vout Out Protected, unregulated voltage (5.8-13.0V due to 0.6V

drop through diodes)GND Pwr Common reference groundRechargeableVin In Unregulated input voltage from 8AA batteries (6.4-

13.6V)Vout Out Protected, unregulated voltage (5.8-13.0V due to 0.6V

drop through diodes)Vsupply In 15V input voltage for recharging circuitFT Out Signal to external LED which indicates charging in pro-

cess (blinking) or done (solid on)GND Pwr Common reference ground

TABLE F.2 Power Switch signals description

Signal Type DescriptionTwo phase power switch which isolates the battery packs when turned off

Vin1, Vin2 In Protected, unregulated voltage from battery packsVout1, Vout2 Out Switched, unregulated voltage to circuit breaker

Page 7: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

APPENDIX F 427

Control Panel

The control panel is the primary manual interface of the satellites. The panel mechanically

holds the power switch, although it is not connected electrically. The panel electronics

only include digital I/O lines powered through the regulated 5V supply. The elements in

the panel are:

• Reset button - creates a negative logic signal which connects directly to thewatchdog module, which in turn generates a correctly timed reset signal forthe rest of the electronics.

• Enable button - creates a negative logic signal which is sent directly to theSPHERES FPGA as a general I/O signal; the SPHERES Core Softwarechecks the state of this button to enable operations (go from "idle" to "ready"or "running" mode).

• Power LED - driven directly off the regulated 5V supply indicates when thepower is on; since it is driven directly off the 5V supply, it is only on whenthe supply operates correctly, giving a reasonable indication that the powerregulation module is operating correctly.

• Low Battery LED - the watchdog measures the unregulated battery voltageand indicates a low battery condition when there are approximately 20 min-utes remaining of operation.

• Enabled LED - the LED is driven directly off the SPHERES FPGA as a gen-eral I/O signal; it is turned on by the SPHERES Core Software when the sat-ellites are in a "ready" or "running".

The inputs and outputs of this board are listed in Table F.4

Power Regulation Board

The power regulation board is the most complex board of the power sub-system. It pro-

vides power regulation for the data stack and all other avionics1, contains the watchdog,

and serves as a bypass for the propulsion signals. The board outputs four voltages to the

TABLE F.3 Circuit breaker signals description

Signal Type DescriptionVin1, Vin2 In Switched, unregulated voltage from power switchVout Out Switched and protected, unregulated voltage to power

board

Page 8: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

428 APPENDIX F

second stack: +3.3V, +5V, +15V, and -15V. The +3.3V and +5V signals are used through-

out the system to power electronic components. The ±15V powers the accelerometers and

gyroscopes. The power board is the mechanical attachment point for two of the gyro-

scopes, although no electrical signals from the gyroscopes pass through the board.

Table F.5 lists the inputs and outputs of this board (or refers to other tables as applicable).

1. The propulsion sub-system increases the unregulated voltage to 20V; the power board does not provide the higher voltage required by the propulsion circuit.

TABLE F.4 Control panel signals description

Signal Type DescriptionVcc Pwr Input +5V dcGND Pwr Common reference groundLED-enable In Enable LED control signalLED-lowbat In Low battery LED indicator control signal/Reset Out Reset signal to power board watchdog module/Enable Out Enable signal for SPHERES FPGA

TABLE F.5 Power regulation board signals description

Section Signal Type DescriptionPower to second elec-tronic stack

Vcc(+5V) Pwr +5V outputVcc(+3.3V) Pwr +3.3V outputVcc(+15V) Pwr +15V outputVcc(-15V) Pwr -15V outputGND Pwr Common ground

Data con-nector to second elec-tronics stack

THR 1-12 In Pass through signals for thrusters 1-12/Enable Out Enable button pass through signal/LED-enable In Enable LED pass through signal/Batlow Out Low battery output to DSPWDOG In Watchdog control signal from DSP/RESET Out Reset control line to second electronics

stack

Page 9: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

APPENDIX F 429

Schematics

The schematics of the power sub-systems follow.

Data and power to propulsion board

THR 1-12 Out Pass through signals for thrusters 1-12Vcc(5V) Pwr 5V power for propulsion boardVcc(unreg) Pwr Switched, protected, unregulated voltage

for propulsion boardGND Pwr Common ground

Data to/from con-trol panel

See Table F.4

TABLE F.5 Power regulation board signals description

Section Signal Type Description

Page 10: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

430 APPENDIX F

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APPENDIX F 431

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432 APPENDIX F

5

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SPH-1-0800-### -

PowerSwitch Schematic - REFERENCE ONLY, NOT A PCB

A

1 1Sunday, May 19, 2002

Title

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Page 13: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

APPENDIX F 433

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Page 14: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

434 APPENDIX F

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APPENDIX F 435

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Page 16: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

436 APPENDIX F

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Page 17: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

APPENDIX F 437

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Page 18: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

438 APPENDIX F

F.1.2 Propulsion

Design Drivers

• Create a spike and hold signal for the solenoids as presented in Figure F.3

- Spike at +22V

- Spike hold time: 7ms

- Hold at +5V

- Minimum impulse bit: 5ms

- Maximum impulse bit: infinite

• Provide visual indication of solenoid states (open or closed)

Functional Block Diagram

Figure F.4 presents the functional block diagram of the propulsion system. A propulsion

board receives the propulsion inputs from the data processing stack (pass through in the

power board) and creates a spike and hold signal independently for each solenoid. The

driver signals are sent to the solenoid via shielded wire to reduce the EMI effects of the

spike on other circuits. A board with an LED attaches to the front face of the nozzle of

each solenoid to indicate its state (off = closed, on = open). The propulsion board creates

the +22V supply needed for the spike from the unregulated voltage input.

Figure F.3 Propulsion spike and hold timing diagram

time

outp

utin

put

22V

5V

0

1

0V

7ms

spike

hold

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APPENDIX F 439

Propulsion Board

The propulsion board creates the spike and hold signal necessary to operate the solenoids.

The board utilizes a Maxim MAX668 step-up switching regulator to create 22V from the

variable 8-13V unregulated input. Each spike and hold circuit uses the schematic pre-

sented in Figure F.5 (with the necessary current limiting resistors and reverse voltage pro-

tection diodes). The inputs and outputs of this board are described in Table F.6.

Solenoid Board

The solenoid boards provide visual indication of the state of their corresponding solenoid.

Their small size allows them to be mounted directly on top of the connector side of each

nozzle, ensuring immediate correlation between an LED and a solenoid. The inputs and

outputs of this board are listed in Table F.7.

Figure F.4 Propulsion avionics functional block diagram

Figure F.5 Propulsion spike and hold circuit

5V

prop12

unregGND

thr13

thr123

LED

LED 2

2 Solenoid

Solenoid

Driver 1

Driver 12

22VSupply

LM555

22V 5V

in Out-

Out+

22V

Shield

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440 APPENDIX F

Schematics

The schematics for the propulsion sub-system follow.

TABLE F.6 Propulsion board signals description

Signal Type DescriptionGND Pwr Common groundVcc(5V) Pwr +5V supplyVcc(unreg) Pwr Unregulated (8-13V) powerProp[1-12] In Command signals from the data processing stackPosDriver[1-12] Out Positive terminal for each solenoidNegDriver[1-12] Out Negative terminal for each solenoid

TABLE F.7 Solenoid board signals description

Signal Type DescriptionThr + I/O Positive terminal of signal / solenoidThr - I/O Negative terminal of signal / solenoid

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APPENDIX F 441

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

Pro

pu

lsio

n B

oa

rd 2

- S

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-1-0

80

0-2

02

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Firin

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Drive

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Drive

rs

Pro

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Pro

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r_3

Drive

rs

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Pro

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r_4

Drive

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Pro

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Drive

r_5

Drive

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ut-

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r_6

Drive

rs

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Pro

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Drive

rs

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Pro

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Drive

r_8

Drive

rs

Pro

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ut+

Pro

pIn

Pro

pO

ut-

Drive

r_9

Drive

rs

Pro

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ut+

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Pro

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r_1

0

Drive

rs

Pro

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Pro

pIn

Pro

pO

ut-

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r_1

1

Drive

rs

Pro

pO

ut+

Pro

pIn

Pro

pO

ut-

Drive

r_1

2

Drive

rs

Pro

pO

ut+

Pro

pIn

Pro

pO

ut-

NegDriver_4PosDriver_4

thr9

thr7thr8

thr12

NegDriver_1PosDriver_1

NegDriver_7PosDriver_7

NegDriver_6PosDriver_6

NegDriver_5PosDriver_5

NegDriver_12PosDriver_12

NegDriver_11PosDriver_11

NegDriver_10PosDriver_10

NegDriver_9

thr1

thr4thr3

thr2

thr5thr6

thr10thr11

PosDriver_3

PosDriver_2

NegDriver_3

NegDriver_2

PosDriver_8

PosDriver_9

NegDriver_8

Po

sD

rive

r_5

Po

sD

rive

r_6

Po

sD

rive

r_7

Po

sD

rive

r_8

Po

sD

rive

r_9

Po

sD

rive

r_1

0

Po

sD

rive

r_1

1

Po

sD

rive

r_1

2

Po

sD

rive

r_1

Ne

gD

rive

r_1

Ne

gD

rive

r_5

Ne

gD

rive

r_6

Ne

gD

rive

r_7

Ne

gD

rive

r_9

Ne

gD

rive

r_1

0

Ne

gD

rive

r_1

1

Ne

gD

rive

r_1

2

Po

sD

rive

r_4

Po

sD

rive

r_3

Ne

gD

rive

r_3

Ne

gD

rive

r_4

Ne

gD

rive

r_2

Po

sD

rive

r_2

Ne

gD

rive

r_8

thr1

thr2

thr3

thr4

thr5

thr6

thr7

thr8

thr9

thr1

0

thr1

1

thr1

2

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442 APPENDIX F

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

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CC

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Pro

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r_2

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rive

r_4

Po

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rive

r_5

Po

sD

rive

r_6

Po

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rive

r_7

Po

sD

rive

r_8

Po

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rive

r_9

Po

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rive

r_1

1

Po

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rive

r_1

2

Ne

gD

rive

r_1

Ne

gD

rive

r_2

Ne

gD

rive

r_3

Ne

gD

rive

r_4

Ne

gD

rive

r_5

Ne

gD

rive

r_6

Ne

gD

rive

r_7

Ne

gD

rive

r_8

Ne

gD

rive

r_9

Ne

gD

rive

r_1

0

Ne

gD

rive

r_1

1

Ne

gD

rive

r_1

2

Po

sD

rive

r_1

0

Po

sD

rive

r_3

J4

TH

R-4

123

J8

TH

R-8

123

J1

2

TH

R-1

2

123

J1

TH

R-1

123

J5

TH

R-5

123

J9

TH

R-9

123

J2

TH

R-2

123

J6

TH

R-6

123

J1

0

TH

R-1

0

123

J3

TH

R-3

123

J7

TH

R-7

123

J1

1

TH

R-1

1

123

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APPENDIX F 443

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

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AA

Pro

pu

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up

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A

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444 APPENDIX F

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

Pro

pu

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2

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R8

TH

R9

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R4

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R2

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R3

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R5

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R6

thr1

thr2

thr4

thr7

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APPENDIX F 445

The following schematic repeats twelve times, once per signal/solenoid:5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

Pro

pu

lsio

n B

oa

rd 2

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Pro

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10

k

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DE

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446 APPENDIX F

F.1.3 Data Processing (C6701 DSP / SMT375)

Design Drivers

• Support other subsystems’ data processing needs

- Communications data processing

- Metrology computational support

- Propulsion thruster actuation

- Provide house-keeping information to user

Battery information

Tank usage

• Allow reconfiguration of control algorithms

- Enable the complete software to be changed to allow testing of programswith different configurations and goals

• Maximize processing power for available volume and power

5

5

4

4

3

3

2

2

1

1

D D

C C

B B

A A

Propulsion LEDs - SPH-1-0800-501 A

Thursters LED Indicators

A

1 1Tuesday, September 17, 2002

Title

Size Document Number Rev

Date: Sheet of

THR-THR+

J2

Solenoid Out

12

D1

LED

J1

PropIn

12

R14.9k

D2

1N4148

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APPENDIX F 447

- Minimize processing needs of ‘bus’ system to maximize processingpower available for control algorithms

Functional Block Diagram

A COTS product was selected to perform the data processing within each SPHERES sat-

ellite. The selected product is a Sundance Multiprocessor Technology Ltd SMT375 board

which features a Texas Instruments TMS320C6701 Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The

SMT375 board utilizes the Texas Instruments Module standard for the C40 DSP (TIM40),

used in the prototype design of SPHERES. The standard implements a 32 bit global data

bus with 31 address lines, plus six TI communications ports which split 32 bit data into

bytes for a maximum data speed of 20MBps. A block diagram (simplified from [Sun-

dance, 2003]) of the SMT375 board is presented in Figure F.6. The SPHERES metrology

FPGA interfaces via the global data bus, while the communications system utilizes the

commports.The features of the SMT375 board are summarized in Table F.8

Figure F.6 SMT375 functional block diagram

TMS320C6701

SDRAM4M x 32

SBSRAM128k x 32

FLASH512k x 32

VIRTEX FPGA

Global BusCommports

SDB

SDB

(2)

Global DataBus

Commports6x

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448 APPENDIX F

The SMT375 interfaces to the rest of the sub-systems through the metrology FPGA board

via three 80-pin connectors. The signal descriptions of these connectors are explained in

the metrology and communications sections which utilize them.

F.1.4 Metrology

Design Drivers

• Provide real-time position and attitude information of each satellite

• Implements measurement circuitry for metrology

- One infrared transmitter command (protected)

- 12 infrared receiver channels

- 24 ultrasound receiver channels

- Six 12-bit A/D channels, up to 1KHz

• Propulsion register (to control solenoid valves)

- 12 outputs with read-back capability

• General output register

- Two outputs with read-back capability

• General input register

- Two inputs

TABLE F.8 Features of the SMT375 board

Form Factor Single-width TIM40CPU TMS320C6701Speed 167MHzFLOPS 1 GFLOPS peakRAM 16MB (4M x 32)Cache 512k (128k x 32)Commports 6 x 20MBpsProgramming C and C++Power Consumption 7 W

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APPENDIX F 449

Functional Block Diagrams

Because the metrology motherboard is the only board which interfaces directly with the

SMT375 DSP board, it functions not only to support metrology, but also to provide gen-

eral input/output signals and pass-through of the commports and power to the communica-

tions system. To implement these functions the metrology system centers its design

around an FPGA as pictured in Figure F.7. The system interfaces to the twelve US/IR

boards, the internal beacon, three gyroscopes, and three accelerometers (with amplifiers).

An EEPROM stores the configuration of the FPGA and interfaces to a JTAG port to

update the programming as necessary.

The four boards that support the metrology sub-system (motherboard, US/IR, accelerome-

ter amplifier, and internal beacon) are described next.

Figure F.7 Metrology sub-system functional block diagram

Metrology Motherboard

DSPFPGA

A/D

Gyro

Amp Accel

US/IRBoard(12x)

Prop12x

ControlPanel

InternalBeacon

xmitID

reset

IR rcv

US rcv

IR xmt

5V

2

4

12 5

Exp.Port

15.0 VGND

5V15.0 V

JTAG

EEPR

OM

6

GND

GND

22

Power

Global bus

Comm.

Commport (3x)

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450 APPENDIX F

Metrology Motherboard

The metrology system utilizes a Xilinx FPGA which interfaces with the DSP via the glo-

bal bus and implements general input/output for the propulsion and control panel boards.

The FPGA also collects the range measurements of the US/IR system independently of the

DSP, to minimize the load of the metrology system on the DSP. The FPGA implements its

own 25MHz counter which is reset automatically when an IR signal is received; registers

on the FPGA store the time taken to receive an ultrasound signal at each of the 24 receiv-

ers without interrupting the DSP. The DSP is only interrupted once after each beacon

transmits its signal (i.e., a total of five times when five beacons are in use, but not 120

times if each receiver interrupted). The parallel processing of the FPGA ensures that the

signals from each receiver are recorded correctly. The FPGA interfaces with a 12-bit ana-

log to digital converter to provide up to 1kHz data from the gyroscopes and accelerome-

ters. The board provides a single pole low-pass filter with a drop-off frequency at 300Hz

implemented with a simple RC circuit. Because the metrology motherboard is oriented in

the X plane, it hosts one accelerometer and its amplification circuit. Figure F.8 shows a

schematic of the FPGA firmware design.

Table F.9 describes the inputs and outputs of the metrology mother board.

TABLE F.9 Metrology motherboard signals description

Section Signal Type DescriptionFrom Power

Vcc(+5V) Pwr +5V powerVcc(+3.3V) Pwr +3.3V powerVcc(+15V) Pwr +15V powerVcc(-15V) Pwr -15V powerGND Pwr Common ground

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APPENDIX F 451

Data to power and propulsion stack

THR 1-12 Out Pass through signals for thrusters 1-12/Enable In Enable button signal/LED-enable Out Enable LED signal/Batlow In Low battery indicator signalWDOG Out Watchdog control signal/RESET In Reset

Data and power to SMT375

Vcc(+5V) Pwr +5V powerVcc(+3.3V) Pwr +3.3V powerGND Pwr Common groundC[0-5] D[0-7] I/O Commport data linesCACK[0-5] I/O Commport acknowledge signalCRDY[0-5] I/O Commport ready signalCREQ[0-5] I/O Commport request signalSTRB[0-5] I/O Commport strobe/RESET Out Reset LineIR_RCV_INT Out Infrared reception interrupt. It is asserted

when an IR is received so the DSP can prepare for a global metrology cycle

PADS_INT Out 1kHz interrupt. Provides timing for the DSP and indicates IMU data is available.

A0-A30 Out Global bus address linesD0-D31 I/O Global bus data linesRDY1 Out Global bus readyPAGE1 In Global bus page selectSTRB1 In Global bus strobeR/W1 In Global bus read/write/CE1 Out Global bus control lines enable/OE Out Global bus data lines enable/AE Out Global bus address lines enable

TABLE F.9 Metrology motherboard signals description

Section Signal Type Description

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452 APPENDIX F

Data and power to communica-tions board

Vcc(+5V) Pwr +5V powerVcc(+3.3V) Pwr +3.3V powerVcc(+15V) Pwr +15V powerVcc(-15V) Pwr -15V powerGND Pwr Common groundA0-A30 Out Global bus address lines (expansion port)D0-D31 I/O Global bus data lines (expansion port)RDY1 I/O Global bus ready (expansion port)PAGE1 I/O Global bus page select (expansion port)STRB1 Out Global bus strobe (expansion port)R/W1 I/O Global bus read/write (expansion port)/RESET Out Reset line/Exp_port_in In High when an expansion port selects to

bypass the satellite US/IR metrology boards

IR_XMIT Out IR transmit commandUS-RX[11-12]-[1-2]

In Input ultrasound signals from the expan-sion port board

IR-RX[11-12] In Input infrared signals from the expansion port board

EXP A2D [0-2] In Input analog signals from the expansion port board

C[1,2,4] D[0-7] I/O Commport data linesCACK[1,2,4] I/O Commport acknowledge signalCRDY[1,2,4] I/O Commport ready signalCREQ[1,2,4] I/O Commport request signalSTRB[1,2,4] I/O Commport strobe

US/IR Boards (12x)

Vcc(+5V) Pwr +5V powerGND Pwr Common groundIR_XMIT Out IR transmit commandUS-RX[1-2] In Input ultrasound signalsIR-RX In Input infrared signal

TABLE F.9 Metrology motherboard signals description

Section Signal Type Description

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APPENDIX F 453

Onboard beacon

Vcc(+5V) Pwr +5V powerVcc(+15V) Pwr +15V powerGND Pwr Common groundIR_RCV_INT Out IR Received interrupt signal - commands

the beacon to initiate its US transmit pro-cess

B-MCLR Out Beacon enable/resetB-NUM[0-3] Out Beacon configuration number

Gyros.(3x)

Vcc(+15V) Pwr +15V powerGND Pwr Common ground[X,Y,Z] Gyro In Gyroscope analog signal

Accels.(2x)

Vcc(+5V) Pwr +5V powerVcc(+15V) Pwr +15V powerVcc(-15V) Pwr -15V powerGND Pwr Common ground[Y,Z] Accel-Amp In Y and Z accelerometer amplified analog

signals[Y,Z] Temp-Temp

In Y and Z accelerometer temperature sensor signal

JTAG Vcc(+3.3V) Pwr +3.3V powerGND Pwr Common groundPTCK In ClockPTDO Out Data outPTDI In Data inPTMS In Select

TABLE F.9 Metrology motherboard signals description

Section Signal Type Description

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454 APPENDIX F

Metrology US/IR Boards

The metrology ultrasound/infrared board receive and amplify the ultrasound signals emit-

ted by the global metrology beacons. They also transmit and receive the infrared signal

which initiates the global metrology process. Therefore, as pictured in Figure F.9, each

board consists of three main elements: infrared transmit, infrared receive, and ultrasound

receive. The infrared transmit circuit uses a transistor to drive 1A of current through an

Figure F.8 FPGA firmware design

Page 35: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

APPENDIX F 455

infrared LED; the FPGA ensures the 1A pulse is no longer than 10µs and has a maximum

duty cycle of 10% to protect the LEDs. The infrared receive utilizes a COTS receiver

which directly outputs a logic signal to the FPGA. The ultrasound receive signal required

the use of a quad op-amp to amplify, rectify, and digitize the signal. A schematic of the

circuit is presented in Figure F.10. The signals of the US/IR boards are described in

Table F.9, reversing inputs and outputs.

Figure F.9 US/IR boards functional block diagram

Figure F.10 Ultrasound amplification schematic

US RX 1

IR RXUS RX 2

IR RX

IR TX

Amplifier Rectifier Comparator

Driver

5V

IR TX

Amplifier Rectifier

US RX 1

US RX 2

GND

Comparator

2.5V 2.5V

5V

US out+-

+-

+-

+-

OriginalSignal

AmplifiedSignal

RectifiedSignal

DigitizedSignal

Page 36: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

456 APPENDIX F

Accelerometer Amplifier Boards

The selected accelerometers have an operational range of ±30g but are capable of measur-

ing accelerations with milli-g precision. Because the SPHERES thrusters create accelera-

tions in the milli-g range, the accelerometer require custom amplifiers to provide the

necessary 0-5V analog signal required by the A2D converter. The accelerometer operate

like current sources, therefore they require a sense resistor at the output to create a voltage

for measurement. The circuit selected a sense resistor which allows the use of a high-fre-

quency op-amp to amplify the input signal 40 times. The accelerometers also output a

temperature measurement signal from a thermistor, so that software can take into account

temperature changes. While not used in the initial implementation of SPHERES, the

accelerometer boards send the temperature signal to the FPGA in case it proves necessary

in the future. A description of the signals of the accelerometer boards is presented in

Table F.9, reversing inputs and outputs.

Internal Beacon

The internal beacon replicates an external beacon (see Section F.3 below), but omits the

infrared reception circuitry, does not use a manual switch, and utilizes custom power reg-

ulation circuitry. The infrared circuitry and ID number selector are replaced by signals

from the FPGA. The power sub-system provides regulated 5V. The internal beacon regu-

lates +15V to +12V using a linear regulator. Descriptions of the signals are presented in

Table F.9, reversing inputs and outputs.

Schematics

The schematics for all the metrology boards are presented next.

Page 37: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

APPENDIX F 457

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

NOTES:

1. Place capacitors C1, C2, and C3 as close to the associated pins of U6 as

possible.

2. Place capacitors C4 and C5 as close to the associated pins of U5 as

possible.

3. Place capacitors C6 and C7 as close to the associated pins of U7 as possible.

Opti

onal

Plac

e as

close

to R

EF as

poss

ible.

Plac

e as

clo

se t

o RE

F as possible.

MB

1: M

etr

olo

gy

- S

PH

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800-2

12

A

A/D

Conve

rters

and R

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rence

B

19

Thurs

day,

Septe

mber

19, 2002

Titl

e

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ocu

ment N

um

ber

Rev

Date

:S

heet

of

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TA

9

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DL

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4

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1

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BIN

TL

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TA

11

AD

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TA

10

AD

DA

TA

3

AD

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6

AD

DA

TA

9

AD

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0

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5

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BW

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ccel-A

mp

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mp

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mp

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V)

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ND

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C1

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uF

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TB

DC

47

TB

DC

48

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DC

50

TB

DC

51

TB

DC

52

TB

D

C53

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D

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I

21

20

19

18

17

16

25

24

22

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

28

27

26 23

12

13

15

14

11

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C54

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20

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18

17

16

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22

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28

27

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12

13

15

14

11

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CLK

INT

C5 1 u

F

C4 2.2

uF

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4.7

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C9

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D

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D

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D

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TB

DR

43

TB

DR

44

TB

DR

45

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DR

46

TB

DR

47

TB

D

C2

4.7

uF

Page 38: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

458 APPENDIX F

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

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1:

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63

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65

66

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69

70

71

72

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

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63

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65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

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76

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5 Co

mm

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65

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67

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69

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71

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73

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75

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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12

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14

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16

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18

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20

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22

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24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

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43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

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62

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64

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66

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Page 39: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

APPENDIX F 459

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

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67

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71

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73

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75

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79

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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12

13

14

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16

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18

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20

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24

25

26

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31

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41

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Page 40: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

460 APPENDIX F

5 5

4 4

3 3

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APPENDIX F 461

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Page 43: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

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464 APPENDIX F

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APPENDIX F 465

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Page 46: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

466 APPENDIX F

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Page 47: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

APPENDIX F 467

Each metrology board includes two of these circuits:5 5

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2 2

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Page 48: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

468 APPENDIX F

5 5

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Page 49: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

APPENDIX F 469

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Page 50: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

470 APPENDIX F

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Page 51: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

APPENDIX F 471

F.1.5 Communications

Design Drivers

• Two wireless communications channels

- Satellite to Laptop (STL) - Telemetry and Commands

- Satellite to Satellite (STS) - Control and Commands

• Support at least three satellites

• Should be expandable

• Accommodate a minimum volume of 6’ x 6’ x 6’

• Highest data rate possible

• Low power

Functional Block Diagrams

Figure F.11 presents the functional block diagram of the communications sub-system. The

major elements of the communications sub-system are three PIC processors that translate

TI Commport signals into standard 8-bit (plus start and stop bit) UART serial data and two

DR200x modules (one each for Satellite-to-Laptop STL and for Satellite-to-Satellite

STS communications) which convert the 8-bit UART data into 14-bit bit-balanced

words to minimize errors during wireless transmissions. The two elements are described

below.

DR200x Wireless Boards

The DR2000 development kit is a COTS product available from RFM Monolithics in. The

kit utilizes an ARM DSP to manage data for wireless transmissions. The ARM performs

four functions:

• Creates 12-bit bit-balanced words for every byte to be transmitted. Bit bal-anced words contain the same number of ones and zeros to reduce the errorrate in wireless transmission.

• Manages packets of a pre-set size. The DR200x can be configured to sendfixed sized packets immediately once the fixed number of bytes arereceived; alternatively, it will transmit a packet if there is a pause longer than2ms between bytes.

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472 APPENDIX F

• Adds a start header to all transmissions which allows the crystals in thereceiving end to resonate at the correct frequency before the actual dataarrives.

• Allows identification of each module individually, so that data can bedirected to a specific DR200x board.

The basic features of the DR200x boards are listed in Table F.10. Table F.11 describes the

signals of the DR2000x.

To improve the bandwidth of the system, though, SPHERES uses custom firmware.

Therefore, while [RFM, URL] provides an overview of the hardware used in the board,

Appendix H should be consulted to understand the operations of firmware. Further, to

Figure F.11 Communications sub-system functional block diagram

Communications Motherboard

CommPort 1

12PIC

DR2000916.5MHz

PICCommPort 212

STL

PIC RS232CommPort 412

ExpansionPort

2 2

STS

DR2001868.35MHz

MetrologyMB

DSP

Power

A/D

FPGA

Global Bus69

3

US/IR

EXP_in

Analog inReset

Reset

Reset

2

2

Reset

UART

UART

Page 53: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

APPENDIX F 473

minimize power consumption, the DR200x board used inside the satellites have been

modified by removing the power regulation circuit (because the satellite power system

provides regulated 3.3V) and the RS232 level converter, since the boards can connect

directly through TTL to the PIC processors.

Communications Interface Board

The communications interface board hosts the PIC processors which translate the DR200x

serial data to the TI commport standard. The DR200x utilizes a standard UART signal at

115.2kbps; the selected PIC (16C66) contains a serial port capable of handling up to

1.25Mbps communications with support via special registers. The implemented firmware

TABLE F.10 DR200x specifications

DR2000 DR2001Frequency 916.5MHz 868.35MHzMaximum wireless data rate 115.2kbpsImplemented wireless data rate 56.6kbpsUART data rate 115.2kbpsBuffer 64 bytesRF Mode ASKAvailable Addresses 1-255 (0x01-0xFF)Broadcast mode Yes (to address = 0x00)Packet size 1-255 (0x01-0xFF)Input Voltage 3.1V-3.6VPower <050mW

TABLE F.11 DR200x signals descriptions

Signal Type DescriptionVcc(+3.3V) Pwr +3.3V powerGND Pwr Common groundRX Out Serial data receive lineTX In Serial data transmit line/RST In Reset

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474 APPENDIX F

provides 96-byte input and output buffers. The TI commport standard is a parallel bi-

directional data bus with token handshaking. The data consists of 32-bit words split into

four bytes. Four control lines are used to pass the token (REQ and ACK) between the two

units (in this case the DSP and the PIC) and to indicate that data is available (STRB) and

has been read (RDY). Chapter 8 of [TI, SPRU159A] describes the operations of the com-

munications ports in full.

Table F.12 describes the input and output signals of the communications motherboard.

TABLE F.12 Communications motherboard signals description

Section Signal Type DescriptionTo/From Metrology Mother-board

Vcc(+5V) Pwr +5V powerVcc(+3.3V) Pwr +3.3V powerVcc(+15V) Pwr +15V powerVcc(-15V) Pwr -15V powerGND Pwr Common groundA0-A30 In Global bus address lines (expansion port)D0-D31 I/O Global bus data lines (expansion port)RDY1 I/O Global bus ready (expansion port)PAGE1 I/O Global bus page select (expansion port)STRB1 In Global bus strobe (expansion port)R/W1 I/O Global bus read/write (expansion port)/RESET In Reset line/Exp_port_in Out Expansion port item indicatorIR_XMIT In IR transmit commandUS-RX[11-12]-[1-2]

Out Input ultrasound signals from the expan-sion port board

IR-RX[11-12] Out Input infrared signals from the expansion port board

EXP A2D [0-2] Out Analog signals from expansion portC[1,2,4] D[0-7] I/O Commport data linesCACK[1,2,4] I/O Commport acknowledge signalCRDY[1,2,4] I/O Commport ready signal

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APPENDIX F 475

Met. MB (cont)

CREQ[1,2,4] I/O Commport request signalSTRB[1,2,4] I/O Commport strobe

Expansion Port Con-nector

Vcc(+5V) Pwr +5V powerVcc(+15V) Pwr +15V powerVcc(-15V) Pwr -15V powerGND Pwr Common groundA0-A30 Out Global bus address linesD0-D31 I/O Global bus data linesRDY1 I/O Global bus readyPAGE1 I/O Global bus page selectSTRB1 Out Global bus strobeR/W1 I/O Global bus read/write/RESET In Reset line/Exp_port_in In High when an expansion port selects to

bypass the satellite US/IR metrology boards

IR_XMIT Out IR transmit commandUS-RX[11-12]-[1-2]

In Input ultrasound signals

IR-RX[11-12] In Input infrared signalsEXP A2D [0-2] In Input analog signalsEXP RX In Serial data receive (RS232)EXP TX Out Serial data transmit (RS232)

Wired Serial Con-nector

EXP RX In Serial data receive (RS232)EXP TX Out Serial data transmit (RS232)GND Pwr Common Ground

DR200x (2x)

Vcc(+3.3V) Pwr +3.3V powerGND Pwr Common groundRX Out Serial data receive lineTX In Serial data transmit line/RST In Reset

TABLE F.12 Communications motherboard signals description

Section Signal Type Description

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476 APPENDIX F

Schematics

The schematics of the DR200x boards are available in [RFM, URL]. The schematics of

the SPHERES communications motherboard are presented next.

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APPENDIX F 477

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15

16

17

18

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20

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25

26

27

28

29

30

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34

35

36

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40

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41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

JP

3

Co

mm

PW

R

12

34

56

78

91

01

11

21

31

41

51

61

71

81

92

02

12

22

32

4

Page 58: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

478 APPENDIX F

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

MB

2:

Co

mm

- S

PH

-1-0

80

0-2

13

A

Exp

an

sio

n P

ort

Co

nn

ecto

rs

A

25

Th

urs

da

y,

Octo

be

r 1

0,

20

02

Title

Siz

eD

ocu

me

nt

Nu

mb

er

Re

v

Da

te:

Sh

ee

to

f

D1

D9

D2

7

D1

9

D2

9

D2

D1

3

D3

D2

2

D1

4

D1

0

D4

D2

3

D1

5

D3

0

D1

1

D5

D6

D2

4

D1

6

D3

1

D1

2

D2

8

D7

D2

5

D1

7

D2

0

D0

D8

D2

6

D1

8

D2

1

US

-RX

11-1

IR-R

X1

1

IR-R

X1

2

US

-RX

12-1

US

-RX

12-2

US

-RX

11-2

IR_X

MIT

EX

P-R

XE

XP

-TX

Exp

-Po

rt-I

n

A30

A17

A13

/RD

Y1

A11

A26

A14

A8

A6

A22

A18

A5

A3

A20

PA

GE

1

/CE

1

A28

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A10

A1

A27

A23

A7

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RB

1

A29

A9

R/W

1

A25

A16

A15

A4

/LO

CK

A19

A24

A21

A12

A2

EX

P A

2D

1

EX

P A

2D

0

EX

P A

2D

2

/RE

SE

T

VC

C(-

15

V)

VC

C(5

V)

VC

C(1

5V

)

J3

Exp

PW

R

1 2 3 4 5 6

J1

Exp

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

J2

Exp

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

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APPENDIX F 479

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

MB

2:

Co

mm

- S

PH

-1-0

80

0-2

13

A

UA

RT

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xp

an

sio

n B

us S

eria

l P

ort

A

35

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urs

da

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02

Title

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mb

er

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v

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te:

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ee

to

f

OS

C-P

IC-2

OS

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ES

ET

C4

-D0

C4

-D1

C4

-D2

C4

-D3

C4

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C4

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C4

-D6

C4

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EX

P-R

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CS

TR

B4

CR

DY

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AC

K4

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EQ

4

VC

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V)

VC

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V)

VC

C(5

V)

C2

1 u

F

R2

2

50

C7

.1u

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1 u

F

RS232

TTL

U2

DS

14

C2

32

13

81

1

10

1 3 4 5 2 6

12 9

14

7

16 15

R1

IN

R2

IND

1IN

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IN

C1

+C

1-

C2

+C

2-

V+ V-

R1

OU

T

R2

OU

TD

1O

UT

D2

OU

T

VCC GND

R2

3

50

U1

PIC

16

C6

6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8

91

0

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

/MC

LR

RA

0R

A1

RA

2R

A3

RA

4/T

0C

KR

A5

/SS

GND

OS

C1

OS

C2

RC

0R

C1

RC

2R

C3

RC

4R

C5

RC

6/T

XR

C7

/RX

Vdd

RB

0R

B1

RB

2R

B3

RB

4R

B5

RB

6R

B7

C1 1 u

F

J6

HE

AD

ER

3

1 2 3

R1

10

kR

31

0k

R2

0

50

R2

10

k

C4 1 u

F

R4

10

kR

21

50

Page 60: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

480 APPENDIX F

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

MB

2:

Co

mm

- S

PH

-1-0

80

0-2

13

A

UA

RT

1 -

ST

L C

om

mu

nic

atio

ns C

ha

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45

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urs

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02

Title

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me

nt

Nu

mb

er

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v

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te:

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ee

to

f

RS

T2

RX

2T

X2C

2-D

0C

2-D

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2-D

2C

2-D

3C

2-D

4C

2-D

5C

2-D

6C

2-D

7/R

ES

ET

OS

C-P

IC-2

OS

C-P

IC-1

OS

C-P

IC-1

OS

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IC-2

CR

DY

2C

AC

K2

CS

TR

B2

CR

EQ

2

VC

C(5

V)

VC

C(5

V)

VC

C(3

.3V

)

C8

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PIC

16

C6

6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8

91

0

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

/MC

LR

RA

0R

A1

RA

2R

A3

RA

4/T

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KR

A5

/SS

GND

OS

C1

OS

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RC

0R

C1

RC

2R

C3

RC

4R

C5

RC

6/T

XR

C7

/RX

Vdd

RB

0R

B1

RB

2R

B3

RB

4R

B5

RB

6R

B7

R2

7

50

R5

10

k

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22

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10

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4

50

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10

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6

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Page 61: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

APPENDIX F 481

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

MB

2:

Co

mm

- S

PH

-1-0

80

0-2

13

A

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C1

-D3

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C1

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IC-2

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IC-1

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1

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EQ

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CS

TR

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DY

1

VC

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V)

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V)

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)

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PIC

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6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8

91

0

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

/MC

LR

RA

0R

A1

RA

2R

A3

RA

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KR

A5

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GND

OS

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OS

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RC

0R

C1

RC

2R

C3

RC

4R

C5

RC

6/T

XR

C7

/RX

Vdd

RB

0R

B1

RB

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01

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9

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Page 62: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

482 APPENDIX F

F.1.6 Expansion Port

Design Drivers

• Provide digital interface for future expansions

Functional Block Diagrams

The broad requirements in the definition of the expansion port resulted in a design which

provides a simple but limited serial line capable of up to 1.25Mbps data rates as well as the

very flexible but complex global bus. Figure F.12 presents the functional block diagram

for the Expansion Port.

Figure F.12 Expansion port functional block diagram

CommMB

PIC &RS232

CommPort 412

Expansion Port

2

MetrologyMB

DSP

Power

A/D

FPGA

Global Bus69

3

US/IR

EXP_in

Analog in

Reset

FX-8

0 C

onne

ctor

UART(RS232)

Reset

EXP_in

IR_xmit

US/IR 12US/IR 11

US-RX11

IR-RX11

US-RX11

IR-RX12

Page 63: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

APPENDIX F 483

Apart from providing the required digital data lines, the Expansion Port also supports

three other functions:

• Provides power to expansion items via +5V, +15V, and -15V power lines. Itprotects these lines with 0.5A self-resetable fuses.

• Because three analog lines were available from the basic metrology design,the expansion port makes these lines available to expansion items.

• Allows an expansion item to bypass the internal US/IR metrology boardslocated on the expansion port face (+X face). This allows an expansion itemto replace the functionality of those boards if the expansion item covers thesensors. The expansion board uses high-speed multiplexers so that the sig-nals received by the FPGA are equivalent to any other US/IR signals. TheEXP_in line allows the DSP to account for the new physical locations(which must be programmed) of the US/IR boards when the signals havebeen bypassed.

Table F.13 describes the inputs and outputs of the Expansion Port.

TABLE F.13 Expansion port signals description

Section Signal Type DescriptionTo/From Comm. Mother-board

See Table F.12

Expansion Port Con-nector

Vcc(+5V) Pwr +5V powerVcc(+15V) Pwr +15V powerVcc(-15V) Pwr -15V powerGND Pwr Common groundA0-A30 Out Global bus address linesD0-D31 I/O Global bus data linesRDY1 I/O Global bus readyPAGE1 I/O Global bus page selectSTRB1 Out Global bus strobeR/W1 I/O Global bus read/write/RESET In Reset line

Page 64: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

484 APPENDIX F

Expansion Port (cont)

/Exp_port_in In High when an expansion port selects to bypass the satellite US/IR metrology boards

IR_XMIT Out IR transmit commandUS-RX[11-12]-[1-2]-EXT

In External sensor input ultrasound signals

IR-RX[11-12]-EXT

In External sensor input infrared signals

EXP A2D [0-2] In Input analog signalsEXP RX In Serial data receive (RS232)EXP TX Out Serial data transmit (RS232)

Metrology Pass-through(2x)

Vcc(+5V) Pwr +5V powerGND Pwr Common groundIR_XMIT Out IR transmit commandUS-RX[11-12]-[1-2]-INT

In Internal sensor input ultrasound signals

IR-RX[11-12]-INT

In Internal sensor input infrared signals

TABLE F.13 Expansion port signals description

Section Signal Type Description

Page 65: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

APPENDIX F 485

Schematics5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

Exp

an

sio

n P

ort

- S

PH

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3

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2

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3

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3

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4

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0

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1

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7

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-RX

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-EX

TU

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X-1

1-2

-EX

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US

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IR_X

MIT

Exp

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nE

XP

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EX

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ES

ET

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15

V)

VC

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V)

VC

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5V

)

R1

1M

F2

.2A

F3

.2A

F1

.2A

JP

1

EX

80-1

00

1 3 5 7 9

112 4 6 8

10

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

10

0

PW

R1

3 5 7 9 11

PW

R2

4 6 8 10

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

PW

R5

1

PW

R5

2

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

10

0

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486 APPENDIX F

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

Exp

an

sio

n P

ort

- S

PH

-1-0

80

0-7

01

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tro

log

y P

ass T

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pte

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00

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Title

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me

nt

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v

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te:

Sh

ee

to

f

US

-RX

-11

-2-I

NT

IR-R

X-1

1-I

NT

US

-RX

-11

-1-I

NT

US

-RX

-12

-2-I

NT

IR-R

X-1

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NT

US

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-12

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NT

IR-R

X-1

1-E

XT

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-RX

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T

US

-RX

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-EX

T

Exp

-Po

rt-I

n

Exp

-Po

rt-I

n

US

-RX

11-1

US

-RX

11-2

IR-R

X1

1

IR-R

X1

2

US

-RX

12-1

US

-RX

12-2

IR_X

MIT

US

-RX

-12-1

-EX

T

IR_X

MIT

IR-R

X-1

2-E

XT

US

-RX

-12-2

-EX

TVC

C(5

V)

VC

C(5

V)

U1

74LS

241

2 4 6 81

11

31

51

7 11

9

18

16

14

12

9 7 5 3

20 10

1A

11

A2

1A

31

A4

2A

12

A2

2A

32

A4

1G

2G

1Y

11

Y2

1Y

31

Y4

2Y

12

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2Y

32

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VCC GND

J4

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/IR

1

1234567891

0

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11234567891

0

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241

2 4 6 81

11

31

51

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9

18

16

14

12

9 7 5 3

20 101

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A3

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4

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2G

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11

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31

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2Y

12

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2Y

32

Y4

VCC GND

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APPENDIX F 487

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

Exp

an

sio

n P

ort

- S

PH

-1-0

80

0-7

01

-

Co

nn

ecto

rs f

rom

Mo

the

r B

oa

rd

A

33

Tu

esd

ay,

Se

pte

mb

er

17

, 2

00

2

Title

Siz

eD

ocu

me

nt

Nu

mb

er

Re

v

Da

te:

Sh

ee

to

f

D0

9

IR-R

X1

2

US

-RX

11-2

D2

3

D1

1

D2

4

EX

P-T

XD1

2

A10

A14

EX

P A

2D

0

D1

3

R/W

1

PA

GE

1

A13

D1

4

A21

A07

A18

A04

D2

5

D0

0

D1

8D

19

IR-R

X1

1

A22

US

-RX

12-2

A15

A00

A26

EX

P-R

X

EX

P A

2D

1

A09

D3

0

A20

A17

D0

6

A24

A23

D3

1

D0

2

D2

2

D0

4

D0

7

D2

0

D2

6

A06

A16

A28

A11

A02

A29

A03

D0

1

A30

US

-RX

11-1

D2

7

A19

A27

US

-RX

12-1

IR_X

MIT

D1

5

D0

5

D1

6

D0

3

D1

0

Exp

-Po

rt-I

n

A01

A08

D2

8D

29

EX

P A

2D

2

A25

D1

7

/CE

1/R

DY

1

D0

8

A12

/ST

RB

1

A05

D2

1

/LO

CK

/RE

SE

T

VC

C(5

V)

VC

C(-

15

V)

VC

C(1

5V

)

J3

Exp

PW

R

123456

J1

Exp

1

12345678910

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

J2

Exp

2

12345678910

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

Page 68: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

488 APPENDIX F

F.2 Laptop Communications

Design Drivers

• Interface with standard equipment available on the ISS SSC

Functional Block Diagrams

The laptop transceiver is a modified DR2001 (868.35MHz) development kit (the backup

is a DR2000, 916.5MHz). The transceiver uses the custom firmware developed for

SPHERES and does not use the power regulation circuit. The power regulation has been

replaced with two diodes which step down the +5V voltage of a USB port of the SSC to

approximately 3.6V, the maximum allowed by the DR200x without power

circuitry.Figure F.13 presents the functional block diagram of the laptop communications.

[RFM, URL] provides information on the hardware design, and Appendix H on the firm-

ware and operations.

F.3 Metrology Beacons

Design Drivers

• Trigger on IR reception

• Transmit ultrasonic (US) pulse at

- ms

- N = beacon number (1-5)

• Provide selectable beacon number

Figure F.13 Laptop communications functional block diagram

DR200xTXRX

Power Mod3.6VUSB

Serial Line(RS232)

5V

∆t N –( ) +⋅ =

Page 69: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

APPENDIX F 489

• Battery operation

- On/off switch

- Low battery LED

Functional Block Diagrams

The metrology beacons operate on two AA batteries (alkaline aboard the ISS, which pro-

vide approximately 24 hours of operation, and rechargeable in ground-based facilities).

The approximately 3V from the batteries are stepped-up to 5V to power a PIC microcon-

troller and 12V to drive the ultrasound transmitter. The PIC operates at 40MHz to create

the pulses required for the ultrasound with a timing accuracy (as per the function pre-

sented in the design drivers) of 1µs (0.3mm error). The PIC creates a pulse with 16 oscil-

lations at 40kHz. The driver circuitry effectively produces 24V pulses at the ultrasound

transmitter by alternating the two leads of the transmitter between ground and +12V dur-

ing the pulses (rather than using a 12V signal by holding one lead constant and only alter-

nating the other lead). When there are no pulses a constant 12V differential exists between

the leads, but the transmitter does not produce any ultrasound since it is a resonator which

must be exited to its resonant frequency (40kHz). The beacon uses the same IR receiver/

amplifier used in the satellite US/IR boards.

Two LED’s provide feedback on the status of the beacon. A green LED indicates the sta-

tus of the beacon. A solid green indicated the beacon is powered on; a flashing green indi-

cates the beacon is active (is transmitting ultrasound). An amber LED indicates a low-

batter condition.

The functional block diagram of the metrology beacons is presented in Figure F.14.

Page 70: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

490 APPENDIX F

Figure F.14 Metrology beacon functional block diagram

IR RX

US TXDriverPIC

16C505

ID SW 4

Batteries(2AA)

+5V Reg +12V Reg

PWR/Active

Low Bat

Page 71: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

APPENDIX F 491

Schematics5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

Me

tro

log

y B

ea

co

n 3

- S

PH

-1-0

80

0-6

10

A

Pro

ce

sso

r &

IR

A

13

We

dn

esd

ay,

Ju

ne

12

, 2

00

2

Title

Siz

eD

ocu

me

nt

Nu

mb

er

Re

v

Da

te:

Sh

ee

to

f

US

_X

MIT

VC

C(5

V)

VC

C(5

V)

VC

C(5

V)

R1

TP

2

IR_

RC

V

1

U1

PIC

16

C5

05

1 2 3 4 5 6 7891

0

11

12

13

14

Vcc

CL

K_

INC

LK

_O

UT

RB

3

RC

5R

C4

RC

3R

C2

RC

1R

C0

RB

2R

B1

RB

0

GN

D

D4 Sta

t L

ED

C8

4.7

uF

TP

3

GN

D

1

R2

R1

2470

Y1

40M

Hz

4

3

2

1

VCC OU

T

GND

E/D

J1

IR P

AD

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

SW

1

TX

NU

M D

IP1 2 4 7

65

R1

1

C9

0.1

uF

R1

047

R3

10

k

Page 72: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

492 APPENDIX F

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

MAX1674 LBI: Rvin = Rout * (Vref - Vtrip) / (Vout - Vref)

Vref = 1.3, Vout = 3.3, Vtrip = 1.0 (desired)

---> Rvin = Rout * 0.15

-----> Rout = 260kohm (max) => Rvin = 39kohm

Me

tro

log

y B

ea

co

n 3

- S

PH

-1-0

80

0-6

10

A

Po

we

r S

up

plie

s

A

23

Th

urs

da

y,

Ju

ne

13

, 2

00

2

Title

Siz

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ocu

me

nt

Nu

mb

er

Re

v

Da

te:

Sh

ee

to

f

LBI

VC

C(+

12

V)

VC

C(5

V)

C2

47

uF

C6

47

uF

C3

0.1

uF

U3

MA

X16743

2 15 4

6

78

/LB

O

LB

I

FB

/SH

DN

RE

F

GND

LX

OU

T

D3 Lo

wB

at

LE

D

C5

0.1

uF

R5

470

L1

18

uH

JP

2

PW

R212

U2

MA

X761

1

2 345

6

7 8

LB

O

LB

I

FB

SH

DN

RE

F

GND

LX

V+

JP

1

PW

R112

JP

4

LB

I S

EL

1 2 3

C1

0.1

uF

R4

39

k

R6

26

0k

C7

0.1

uF

C4

47

uF

SW

2

Po

we

r S

W

D1

1N

58

17

12

L2

22

uH

D2

MB

R0520

Page 73: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

APPENDIX F 493

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

Me

tro

log

y B

ea

co

n 3

- S

PH

-1-0

80

0-6

10

A

US

Tra

nsm

itte

r

A

33

Mo

nd

ay,

Ju

ne

10

, 2

00

2

Title

Siz

eD

ocu

me

nt

Nu

mb

er

Re

v

Da

te:

Sh

ee

to

f

US

_X

MIT

-U

S_X

MIT

+

US

_X

MIT

VC

C(+

12

V)

VC

C(5

V)

VC

C(+

12

V)

VC

C(+

12

V)

R8

10

k

R7

10

k

R9

100

U4

CD

40

93

1 23 4

5 6

7

8 91

0

11

12

13

14

1A

1B

1Y

2Y

2A

2B

GND

3A

3B

3Y

4Y

4A

4B

Vcc

Q1

2N

39

04C

BE

TP

1

US

_X

MIT

1

U5

US

Xm

it

1 2

Page 74: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

494 APPENDIX F

F.4 Metrology Beacon Tester

Design Drivers

• Allow operator to test each metrology beacon individually

- Manual operation

- Indicate beacon number

• Detect extraneous infrared and ultrasound signal in operational environment

Functional Block Diagrams

The beacon tester merges the design of the satellites US/IR boards and the metrology bea-

cons to allow an operator to determine correct operations of the metrology beacons. The

design uses the same infrared receiver product as the satellites and beacons. It uses the

same ultrasound amplification and infrared transmission electronics as the satellites. The

beacon tester uses the same PIC processor used in the beacons to create an infrared signal,

detect the ultrasound signals, and measure the time of flight to identify the beacon num-

ber. Figure F.15 presents the functional block diagram of the beacon tester.

The beacon tester has a manual push-button used to command an IR transmission, equiva-

lent of a satellite starting a global metrology cycle. If the beacon tester receives infrared or

Figure F.15 Beacon tester functional block diagram

IR RX

8Driver

PIC16C505

Batteries(2AA)

+5V Reg

PWR /Active/IR Rcv

Low Bat

US Rcv

IR xmt

US RX Amp

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APPENDIX F 495

ultrasound signals when the push button has not been operated, it indicates an error (extra-

neous signals) by showing an E in the display. If the button is pressed and the beacon tester

receives a valid ultrasound signal it will display the beacon number (1-9). If the beacon

receives too many ultrasound signals or no signal at all, it will indicate an error (E). Any

time an ultrasound signal is received the tester flashes the blue LEDs. Whenever an infra-

red signal is received the beacon tester flashes the green status LEDs. An amber LED indi-

cates a low-battery condition.

Page 76: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

496 APPENDIX F

Schematics

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

bypass

All the grounds in this diagram must be one single

thick trace which connects the 470uF cap to the

IRL520N

US

Be

aco

n T

este

r B

oa

rd

Bo

ard

Asse

mb

ly

A

14

Tu

esd

ay,

Se

pte

mb

er

17

, 2

00

2

Title

Siz

eD

ocu

me

nt

Nu

mb

er

Re

v

Da

te:

Sh

ee

to

f

US

-1

US

Circu

it

US

Sig

na

lU

S_

RC

V

IR_X

MIT

IR_X

MIT

IR_

RC

V

US

_R

CV

US

_R

CV

_L

ED

VC

C(+

2.5

V)

VC

C(+

5V

)

VC

C(+

5V

)

VC

C(+

5V

)

VC

C(+

5V

)

TP

1

US

_R

CV

1

C10.1uF

D1IR LED

D2IR LED

R8

22K

C2 47

uF

R9

22K

D3

IRL

ML

25

02

3

1

2

R1100 Ohm

R6

470

R5 1M

R7

470

R31 Ohm

R41 Ohm

D5 US

LE

D

C3

4.7

uF

D4 US

LE

D

C5

4.7

uF

J1

IR P

AD

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

C4

0.1

uF

R2

47

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APPENDIX F 497

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

US

Be

aco

n T

este

r B

oa

rd

Pro

ce

sso

r &

IR

A

24

Tu

esd

ay,

Se

pte

mb

er

17

, 2

00

2

Title

Siz

eD

ocu

me

nt

Nu

mb

er

Re

v

Da

te:

Sh

ee

to

f

US

_R

CV

IR_

RC

V

IR_X

MIT

US

_R

CV

_L

ED

VC

C(+

5V

)

VC

C(+

5V

)

VC

C(+

5V

)

SW

1

SW

PU

SH

BU

TT

ON

U3

7-seg LED Display

123456

78910

Cat eCat dAn1Cat cCat dpCat b

Cat aAn2

Cat fCat g

U1

PIC

16

C5

05

1 2 3 4 5 6 7891

0

11

12

13

14

Vcc

CL

K_

INC

LK

_O

UT

RB

3

RC

5R

C4

RC

3R

C2

RC

1R

C0

RB

2R

B1

RB

0

GN

D

TP

2

IR_

RC

V

1

D6 Sta

t L

ED

R1

1470

D7 Sta

t L

ED

TP

4

GN

D1R1

0470

Y1

40M

Hz

4

3

2

1

VCC OU

T

GND

E/D

U2

DM

9374

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 891

0

11

12

13

14

15

16

A1

A2

/LE

/RB

O

/RB

I

A3

A0

GN

D/e/d/c/b/a/g/f

Vcc

TP

3

IR_X

MT

1

R1

21

M

Page 78: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

498 APPENDIX F

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

MAX1674 LBI: Rvin = Rout * (Vref - Vtrip) / (Vout - Vref)

Vref = 1.3, Vout = 3.3, Vtrip = 1.0 (desired)

---> Rvin = Rout * 0.15

-----> Rout = 260kohm (max) => Rvin = 39kohm

US

Be

aco

n T

este

r B

oa

rd

Po

we

r S

up

plie

s

A

34

Tu

esd

ay,

Se

pte

mb

er

17

, 2

00

2

Title

Siz

eD

ocu

me

nt

Nu

mb

er

Re

v

Da

te:

Sh

ee

to

f

LBI

VC

C(+

5V

)

C8

47

uF

U4

MA

X16743

2 15 4

6

78

/LB

O

LB

I

FB

/SH

DN

RE

F

GND

LX

OU

TD

9 Lo

wB

at

LE

D

C7

0.1

uF

R1

4470

JP

2

PW

R212

JP

1

PW

R112

JP

3

LB

I S

EL

1 2 3

R1

33

9k

R1

5

26

0k

C9

0.1

uF

SW

2

Po

we

r S

W

C6

47

uF

L1

22

uH

D8

MB

R0520

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APPENDIX F 499

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

Keep trace as short as possible

Piggyback parallel to Rf

Piggyback parallel to Rf

Me

tro

log

y 5

6.1

Sin

lge

US

Am

plif

ier

Ch

an

ne

l

A

44

We

dn

esd

ay,

Ma

rch

27

, 2

00

2

Title

Siz

eD

ocu

me

nt

Nu

mb

er

Re

v

Da

te:

Sh

ee

to

f

VC

C(+

5V

)

VC

C(+

5V

)

VC

C(+

5V

)V

CC

(+5

V)

VC

C(+

2.5

V)

VC

C(+

2.5

V)

VC

C(+

2.5

V)V

CC

(+5

V)

+ -

U5

C

LM

6154A

/SO

10 9

8

4 11

R2

310K

PO

T

13

2

+ -

U5

B

LM

6154A

/SO

5 67

4 11

+ -

U5

A

LM

6154A

/SO

3 21

4 11

D1

01

N9

14

/SO

R1

634K

R2

134K

C1

3

5p

R1

7

1M

R2

068K

D111N914/SO

C1

10

.27

0n

C1

25

p

R1

9

10K

C1

010n

R2

568K

R2

2220K

J2

US

1

1 2

R1

8

68K

R2

41

M

+ -U

5D

LM

6154A

/SO

12

13

14

4 11

US

Sig

na

l

Page 80: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

500 APPENDIX F

F.5 Expansion Port Items

F.5.1 Expansion Port Beacon

The Expansion Port beacon was developed to allow formation flight algorithms where

each satellite can transmit an ultrasound signal from two opposite sides: one using the on-

board beacon (-X) and another using the expansion port (+X). The expansion port beacon

replicates the internal beacon, but uses the serial line in the expansion port instead of it

own IR or the use of the IR_rcv_int line which is not available to expansion items. The

firmware in the expansion port beacon accounts for the extra delay in serial communica-

tions to initiate the command so that the receiving units do not need to account for the

delay. The functional block diagram of the expansion port beacon is presented in

Figure F.16. Table F.14 describes the inputs and outputs of this expansion item.

Figure F.16 Expansion port beacon functional block diagram

TABLE F.14 Expansion port beacon signals description

Signal Type DescriptionVcc(+5V) Pwr +5V powerVcc(+15V) Pwr +15V powerGND Pwr Common GroundTX In Transmit data line (RS232)/RESET In Reset line

RS232

US TXDriverPIC

16C505

ID SW 4

+12V Reg

PWR /Active

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APPENDIX F 501

Schematics5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

SP

HE

RE

Be

aco

n -

SP

H-1

-10

00

-10

1-

Pro

ce

sso

r

A

12

Mo

nd

ay,

Ju

ne

09

, 2

00

3

Title

Siz

eD

ocu

me

nt

Nu

mb

er

Re

v

Da

te:

Sh

ee

to

f

NU

M1

NU

M0

NU

M2

NU

M3

US

_X

MIT

/RE

SE

T

EX

P-T

X

VC

C(5

V)

VC

C(5

V)

VC

C(5

V)

R2

C2

1 u

F

C5

.1u

TP

1IR

_R

CV

1

C3

1 u

F

U1

PIC

16

C5

05

1 2 3 4 5 6 7891

0

11

12

13

14

Vcc

CL

K_

INC

LK

_O

UT

RB

3

RC

5R

C4

RC

3R

C2

RC

1R

C0

RB

2R

B1

RB

0

GN

D

RS232

TTL

U2 DS

14

C2

32

13 8

11

10

1 3 4 5 2 6

12

91

4 7

16 15

R1

IN

R2

IND

1IN

D2

IN

C1

+C

1-

C2

+C

2-

V+

V-

R1

OU

T

R2

OU

TD

1O

UT

D2

OU

T

VCC GND

C1

1 u

F

D1 Sta

t L

ED

TP

2

GN

D

1

R3

R1

470

C4

1 u

F

Y1

40M

Hz

4

3

2

1

VCC OU

T

GND

E/D

SW

1

TX

NU

M D

IP1 2 4 7

65

R5

R4

10

k

Page 82: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

502 APPENDIX F

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

Exp

an

sio

n P

ort

- S

PH

-1-1

00

0-1

01

-

Exte

rna

l C

on

ne

cto

rs

A

13

Mo

nd

ay,

Ju

ne

09

, 2

00

3

Title

Siz

eD

ocu

me

nt

Nu

mb

er

Re

v

Da

te:

Sh

ee

to

f

A0

8

EX

P A

2D

0

EX

P A

2D

1

/LO

CK

A2

7

PA

GE

1

A0

7

A1

0

A2

1

A0

9

/ST

RB

1/R

DY

1

A1

4

A0

2

A3

0

A1

1

A0

0

A2

5

A2

8

A2

0

A1

5

A1

2

A0

3

A1

6

A0

4

A2

9

A2

4

R/W

1

EX

P A

2D

2

A0

6

/CE

1

A1

9

A0

5

A2

6

A0

1

A2

3

A1

7A

18

A2

2

A1

3

D0

3

D2

4

D0

0

D3

1

D0

7

D2

9

D1

8

D0

1

D2

3

D2

5

D1

9

D2

7

D1

6

D1

3

D0

4

D2

2

D0

9D

08

D0

6

D1

7

D1

1

D2

6

D1

0

D2

1

D1

5D

14

D3

0

D2

0

D0

2

D2

8

D0

5

D1

2

US

-RX

-12-1

-EX

T

IR-R

X-1

1-E

XT

IR-R

X-1

2-E

XT

US

-RX

-11-1

-EX

TU

S-R

X-1

1-2

-EX

T

US

-RX

-12-2

-EX

T

IR_X

MIT

EX

P-T

XE

XP

-RX

/RE

SE

T

VC

C(5

V)

VC

C(1

5V

)

JP

1

EX

80-1

00

1 3 5 7 9

112 4 6 8

10

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

10

0

PW

R1

3 5 7 9 11

PW

R2

4 6 8 10

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

PW

R5

1

PW

R5

2

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

10

0

Page 83: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

APPENDIX F 503

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

SP

HE

RE

Be

aco

n -

SP

H-1

-10

00

-10

1-

US

Tra

nsm

itte

r

A

22

Mo

nd

ay,

Ju

ne

09

, 2

00

3

Title

Siz

eD

ocu

me

nt

Nu

mb

er

Re

v

Da

te:

Sh

ee

to

f

US

_X

MIT

-U

S_X

MIT

+

US

_X

MIT

VC

C(5

V)

VC

C(1

5V

)

R7

10

k

R6

10

k

R8

100

U4

CD

40

93

1 23 4

5 6

7

8 91

0

11

12

13

14

1A

1B

1Y

2Y

2A

2B

GND

3A

3B

3Y

4Y

4A

4B

Vcc

Q1

2N

39

04

C

B

ET

P3

US

_X

MIT

1

C6

47

uF

US

1

US

Xm

it

1 2

C7

.1u

F

U3

LM

3480-1

2/S

OT

23

21

3

INO

UT

GND

Page 84: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

504 APPENDIX F

F.5.2 Expansion Port Tether

The Expansion Port Tether mechanism is a prototype system to test control algorithms for

tethered formation flight spacecraft. The mechanism uses the expansion port serial line to

interface with a COTS pulse-width-modulation driver board, which drives a motor to

extend or retract a monofilament tether which connects two satellites. This prototype does

not have any sensors, allowing the design to be very simple.

Figure F.17 shows the functional block diagram of the expansion port tether board. The

board uses a SMC02B micro serial motor controller by Pololu Corporation ([Pololu,

URL]). A serial line commands the micro controller the speed and direction of the motor.

An adjustable (manual) voltage regulator in the expansion board allows testing of several

motors at voltage ranges between 6.5V to 9V. Table F.15 describes the expansion port sig-

nals used by the expansion tether board.

Figure F.17 Expansion port tether functional block diagram

TABLE F.15 Expansion port tether signals description

Signal Type DescriptionVcc(+5V) Pwr +5V powerVcc(+15V) Pwr +15V power - regulated to +7V for motorGND Pwr Common GroundTX In Transmit data line (RS232)/RESET In Reset line

RS232 MotorSMC02B

Adj Reg

2

Page 85: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

APPENDIX F 505

Schematics5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

SP

HE

RE

S E

xp

an

sio

n -

Te

the

r D

rive

r1

.0

Exp

an

sio

n P

ort

Co

nn

ecto

r

A

12

Th

urs

da

y,

Ju

ne

17

, 2

00

4

Title

Siz

eD

ocu

me

nt

Nu

mb

er

Re

v

Da

te:

Sh

ee

to

f

A0

8

EX

P A

2D

0

EX

P A

2D

1

/LO

CK

A2

7

PA

GE

1

A0

7

A1

0

A2

1

A0

9

/ST

RB

1/R

DY

1

A1

4

A0

2

A3

0

A1

1

A0

0

A2

5

A2

8

A2

0

A1

5

A1

2

A0

3

A1

6

A0

4

A2

9

A2

4

R/W

1

EX

P A

2D

2

A0

6

/CE

1

A1

9

A0

5

A2

6

A0

1

A2

3

A1

7A

18

A2

2

A1

3

D0

3

D2

4

D0

0

D3

1

D0

7

D2

9

D1

8

D0

1

D2

3

D2

5

D1

9

D2

7

D1

6

D1

3

D0

4

D2

2

D0

9D

08

D0

6

D1

7

D1

1

D2

6

D1

0

D2

1

D1

5D

14

D3

0

D2

0

D0

2

D2

8

D0

5

D1

2

US

-RX

-12-1

-EX

T

IR-R

X-1

1-E

XT

IR-R

X-1

2-E

XT

US

-RX

-11-1

-EX

TU

S-R

X-1

1-2

-EX

T

US

-RX

-12-2

-EX

T

IR_X

MIT

EX

P-T

XE

XP

-RX

/RE

SE

T

VC

C(5

V)

VC

C(1

5V

)

VC

C(-

15

V)

JP

1

EX

80-1

00

1 3 5 7 9

112 4 6 8

10

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

10

0

PW

R1

3 5 7 9 11

PW

R2

4 6 8 10

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

PW

R5

1

PW

R5

2

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

10

0

Page 86: SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN - MITalvarso/thesis-phd/Appendix - Avionics.pdf · SPHERES AVIONICS DESIGN This appendix presents detailed descriptions of the SPHERES avionics. The SPHERES

506 APPENDIX F

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

DD

CC

BB

AA

SP

HE

RE

S E

xp

an

sio

n -

Te

the

r D

rive

r1

.0

Pro

ce

sso

r &

Drive

r

A

22

Th

urs

da

y,

Ju

ne

17

, 2

00

4

Title

Siz

eD

ocu

me

nt

Nu

mb

er

Re

v

Da

te:

Sh

ee

to

f

EX

P-T

X

/RE

SE

T

VC

C(5

V)

VC

C(5

V)

VC

C(1

5V

)

C3

0.1

uF

C5

1 u

F

U1

LM

317/S

OT

1

23

AD

J

VO

UT

VIN

C6

1 u

F

R1

500 P

OT

RS232

TTL

U3 DS

14

C2

32

13 8

11

10

1 3 4 5 2 6

12

91

4 7

16 15

R1

IN

R2

IND

1IN

D2

IN

C1

+C

1-

C2

+C

2-

V+

V-

R1

OU

T

R2

OU

TD

1O

UT

D2

OU

T

VCC GND

U2

SM

C02B

1

23

4 5

6 7 8 9

PWR

GNDVcc

RX

/RE

SE

T

OU

T0

+O

UT

0-

OU

T1

-O

UT

1+

R3

240

C4

1 u

F

C2

1 u

F

C1

0.1

uF

C7

1 u

F

R2

1k

J1

MO

TO

R

12