spin-offs of nuclear and subnuclear physics ugo amaldi

Casimir - Milano - 30 giugno 2003 1

SPIN-OFFS OF NUCLEAR AND SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS

Ugo Amaldi

University of Milano Bicocca and TERA Foundation


METHODSTECHNOLOGIES

USABLEKNOWLEDGE PEOPLE

SCIENTIFICACTIVITY


1. USABLE KNOWLEDGE

(1) antiproton 18th May 1999 - NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntville : "We are experimenting with laser propulsion and antimatter as viable options for space travels".

(2) -induced (p+d) fission L. Alvarez:

"For a few days we thought we had solved all the fuel problems of mankind for the rest of time“ (1956).

time to applicationexample

X-rays 0.2 years

nuclear fission

positron

antiproton(1) > 50 years

-induced fusion(2) (?)

3 years

50 years


Computer Tomography


1. 1 Standard Model based Applications

"Neutrino explorations of the earth" - 1983

A. de Rújula, S.L. Glashow, R.R. Wilson and G. Charpak.

GEOTRON = 10 TeV protonsynchrotron

GENIUS = Geological Explorations By Neutrino-Induced Underground Sounds

GEMINI = Geological Exploration by Muons Induced by Neutrino Interactions

GEOSCAN = Scanner for Measuring the density profile of the Earth


1. 2 Energy Production linked to Physics beyond the SM

“Monopole catalysed proton decay”

“Non-topological stable solutions with a global baryon number”

“Long-lived charged particles which could catalyse fusion”


2. PEOPLE

Scientists and engineers are interesting to other fields of science and to companies because of · analytical thought and systematic approach· experience in designing and carrying out complex projects· habit of documenting and presenting own work· experience in working in international teams at the edge of knowledge· their knowledge

Three groups of people· Students· Senior scientists


2. 1 Students

· In the USA and in Europe students have different attitudes towards creating their own company

University of San Diego 92 % want itSwitzerland 8% want it · States supporting technological theses at CERN

Austria, France, Israel, Italy, Japan, Spain, Sweden · 300 PhD experimental theses/year based on CERN data

A large fraction goes to industry - DELPHI enquiry


DIPLOMA AND PhD STUDENTS AT THE DELPHI COLLABORATION –CERN/1

[T. Camporesi]


DIPLOMA AND PhD STUDENTS AT THE DELPHI COLLABORATION –CERN/2

[T. Camporesi]


2. 2 Senior Scientists

I. ten Have, PHILIPS product manager for medical imaging:

"After working as CERN staff for a number of years, the word impossible is no longer part of your vocabulary".

CERN policy :

“In 1999 the Finance Committee adopted the policy proposed by the new Management (protection of intellectual property and education to young scientists). The new measures will encourage the establishment of firms in Member States by young scientists leaving the Laboratory at the end of their first employment".

Examples:

Hendrick CASIMIR Richard GARWIN Carlo RUBBIA


3. METHODS

Better technologies and better methods (always mixed) are continuously required

In subnuclear physics Heisenberg indetermination: cross-sections decrease as 1/E2

Luminosities and data acquisition rates have to increase with less EUROS/GeV

More spin-offs to society


WWW = Internet + Hypertext

Montecarlo Simulations of complex processes

X-ray treatment planning

Handling of large amount of data

Large-Hadron-Collider-Computing Grid = LCG


4. TECHNOLOGIES

4. 1 Spin-offs of a particular technology

electromechanical engineering

mechanical engineering

material science

RF and microwave engineering

geodesy

superconductivity

cryogenic technologies

ultra high vacuum

radiation detection

electronics

computer systems

data networks


THIN FILM COATINGS ACTING AS A NON-EVAPORABLE GETTER

NEG = Non Evaporable Getters

LEP SC cavities

Ultra-high vacuum

C. BenvenutiEPS – IGA award, 1998


Collimation system

Detection system

Acquisition boards: RS232, DAQ board

GaAs: 64 x 64 pixels of 170 x 170 m2

by MEDIPIX Coll.(A. Stefanini et al)with AMS, LABEN,CAEN.GILARDONI, Pol.HI.TECH

radiation detectors

Integrated Mammography Imaging =IMI


4. 2 Spin-offs of integrated systems

• Synchrotron radiation sources

• X-ray FEL

• Neutron Sources

• Ion sources for implantation

• Accelerators for sterilisation

• Accelerators for art applications

• Accelerators for isotope production

• Inertial fusion by bombardement of pellets

• Waste incineration

• Production of medical isotopes

• Radiotherapy with X-rays

• Hadrontherapy


Electron beamenergy : 15 - 50 GeVfrequency :5 hzbunch charge : 1 nCbunch length :80 fsmacro bunch : 11315 bunches

• X-ray FEL

DESY Hamburg


EHPi-500 5 - 260 keV (X+) DC Tandetron accelerator

• Ion sources for implantation

VARIAN SEMICONDUCTOR EQUIPMENT


• Accelerators for sterilisation

IBA RHODOTRON

Rhodotron by Ion Beam Applications (IBA)


• Accelerators for art applications


AccSys PULSAR: 7 MeV protons

• Accelerators for isotope production

EBCO30: 30 MeV protons up to 2 mA


ADVANTAGES OF 67Cu produced by

68Zn (p, 2p) 67Cu with 72 MeV protons:

0.185 MeV emission for imaging 0.57 MeV ß emission for therapy (max range = 2.2 mm ; mean = 0.2 mm) T ½ phys = 2.6 days

Matched pair with the PET nuclide 64Cu

• Accelerators for isotope production / 3

Tumour targetting with ß-emitters

(B. Novak, PSI + M. Bishop/A. Parkers, Nottingham)


• Waste incineration

Adiabatic Resonance Crossing


• Conformal radiotherapy with X-rays


• Hadrontherapy

fast slow

horizontalscanning

verticalscanning

Energy variationfrom the

synchrotron

Totalthickness

Patient

Scanning system

Target volume

Field 22E22

Field 4E4


IMRT vs protonsIMRT vs protons

Between the eyes

Abdomen

Brain


Potential patients

X-ray therapy (photons of 5 – 20 MeV)

20'000 pts/year every 10 million inhabitants

Protontherapy

Category A: 1% of X-ray patients = 200 pts/year every 10 M

Category B: 10% of X-ray patients = 2'000 pts/year every 10 M

Therapy with Carbon ions for radioresistant tumours

10% of X-ray patients = 2'000 pts/year every 10 M


Hadrontherapy in the worldHadrontherapy in the world

M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterHouston (TX) (2004)

protons ( 235 MeV) from cyclotron3 gantries + 1 fixed beam + 1 experimental

Midwest Proton Radiaton InstituteBloomington (IN) (2003)

protons ( 210 MeV) from cyclotron1 gantry + 1 fixed beam + 1 experimental

LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY CENTER

Los Angeles (1992)protons ( 250 MeV) from synchrotron

3 gantries + 2 fixed beams

NORTHEAST PROTON THERAPY CENTER

NPTC of Mas General HospitalBoston (2001)

protons ( 235 MeV) cyclotron (IBA)

2 gantries + 2 fixed beams


Hadrontherapy in the worldHadrontherapy in the world

KASHIWA CENTERChiba (1998)

protons ( 235 MeV)cyclotron (IBA – SHI)

2 Gantries + 1 hor. beam

HYOGO MED CENTREHyogo (2001)

protons ( 230 MeV) - He and C ions ( 320 MeV/u) Mitsubishi synchrotron

2 p gantries + 2 fixed p beam + 2 ion rooms

TSUKUBA CENTREIbaraki (2001)

protons ( 270 MeV) synchrotron (Hitachi)

2 gantries2 beam for research

WAKASA BAY PROJECTby Wakasa-Bay Energy Research Center

Fukui (2002)protons ( 200 MeV) synchrotron (Hitachi)

1 h beam + 1 v beam + 1 gantry

SHIZUOKA FACILITYShizuoka (2002)

protons cyclotron or synchrotron2 gantries + 1 h beam

HEAVY ION MEDICAL ACCELERATOR

HIMAC of NIRS (1995)He and C ( 430 MeV/u) 2 synchrotrons

2 h beams + 2 v beams


PIMMS (Proton-Ions Medical Machine Study)PIMMS (Proton-Ions Medical Machine Study)

Period: 1996-1999CERN-GSI-MedAUSTRON-Oncology2000-TERA

PL: P. Bryant (CERN+experts)TERA: 25 manyrsMedA.: 10 manyrsO2000: 3 manyrsGSI: experts advices

Objective: define the optimal hadrontherapy centre without constraints


CNACNACentroCentro

Nazionale Nazionale di Adroterapia di Adroterapia

State Budget Law 23.12.00 : State Budget Law 23.12.00 :

CNAO FoundationCNAO Foundation: Polyclinics of Milan and Pave, National Neurological : Polyclinics of Milan and Pave, National Neurological Institute, European Institute of Oncology, National Institute of Tumours, TERAInstitute, European Institute of Oncology, National Institute of Tumours, TERA

10,3 MEuro in 200110,3 MEuro in 2001

State Budget Law 23.12.02:State Budget Law 23.12.02:

5.0 MEuro in 2003, 10 MEuro in 2004 and 10 MEuro in 20055.0 MEuro in 2003, 10 MEuro in 2004 and 10 MEuro in 2005

CARIPLO Foundation: CARIPLO Foundation: 5.0 MEuro5.0 MEuro Total 40 MEuroTotal 40 MEuro

Site announced by the Government on 20.1.03

Pavia

close to San Matteo and belonging to the Town


High technology designed by TERA ready in september 2003High technology designed by TERA ready in september 2003

Compact lines design

RFQ+linac by GSI (Darmstadt)

PIMMS/TERARing

Collaborations:CERNGSI (Darmstadt)INFN LNFINFN LNSINFN Sez. To e GeIN2P3


Italian NationalCentre in Pavia

of the CNAO Foundation

First patient:

October 2007

5

4

3

2

1


Ion implanters and surface modificationCATEGORY NUMBER IN USE

~ 7000Accelerators in industry > 1500Accelerators in non-nuclear research ~ 1000

Radiotherapy > 5000Medical radioisotope production ~ 200Hadrontherapy ~ 20Synchrotron radiation sources ~ 70NP and HEP research accelerators ~ 110

TOTAL ~ 15000

ENERGY

Accelerators in the world

}55%

}35%

Data from W.H. Scharf and collaborators


4. 3 The paths for technological transfers

1. Spill-over of technological knowledge

2. Transfer through procurement

3. Transfer through joint development projects

Japanese physicists are very good at this


Transfer through procurement

Four studies have been performed of the

economic utility = increased turnover + cost savings resulting from high-tech contracts

CERN 1 economic utility = 3 1975

CERN 2 economic utility = 3.01985

ESA 1 economic utility = 2.91983

ESA 2 economic utility = 3.21990


Transfer through joint development projects

Reasons for an industry in a joint project

• gains in technological know-how for new products

• expectation of later orders

• acquisition of improved manufacturing technology

• prospects of new markets

Example :

ANSALDO Superconduttori (Genova)

magneti superconduttori per LHC (2007)_


Four streams of spin-offs

by knowledge future is linked to the existence of new stable particles and/or entities

by people students

research scientists

senior scientists

by methods

by technologies particular technologies or integrated systems through spill-over of technological knowledge

through procurement

through joint development projects

Summary


SCIENTIFICCULTURE

HARDWARE

TECHNOLOGIES METHODS

SOFTWARE

USABLEKNOWLEDGE PEOPLE

SCIENTIFICACTIVITY

WETWARE

SUMMARY


• Accelerators for isotope production / 2

ISOTOPES AVAILABLE

Energy [MeV] 3.5 (d) 10 11 16.5 18 30 MeV

PET

SPECT

15-O 11-C 11-C 11-C 11-C 11-C 13-N 13-N 13-N 13-N 13-N 15-O 15-O 15-O 15-O 15-O 18-F 18-F 18-F 18-F 18-F 64-Cu 64-Cu 64-Cu 64-Cu 86-Y 86-Y 120-I 120-I 123-I 123-I 124-I 124-I 67-Ga 81-Rb 111-In 201-Tl others

Radioisotopes produced with accelerators (mainly cyclotrons) areabout 20 % of the overall production


ions ionsconverters

pelletD and T

• Inertial fusion by bombardement of pellets


[ Modified fromK. Bethge, Nuclear Physics News 1999]

LINAC

The time tree of the accelerators

spin-offs of nuclear and subnuclear physics ugo amaldi

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