spirulina (dietary supplement)

8/14/2019 Spirulina (Dietary Supplement)

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Spirulina (dietary supplement) 1

Spirulina (dietary supplement)

Spirulina tablets

Spirulina dried

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy 1,213 kJ (290 kcal)

Carbohydrates 23.9 g

- Sugars 3.1 g

- Dietary fiber 3.6 g

Fat 7.72 g

- saturated 2.65 g

- monounsaturated 0.675 g

- polyunsaturated 2.08 g

Protein 57.47 g

- Tryptophan 0.929 g

- Threonine 2.97 g

- Isoleucine 3.209 g

- Leucine 4.947 g

- Lysine 3.025 g

- Methionine 1.149 g- Cystine 0.662 g

- Phenylalanine 2.777 g

- Tyrosine 2.584 g

- Valine 3.512 g

- Arginine 4.147 g

- Histidine 1.085 g

- Alanine 4.515 g

- Aspartic acid 5.793 g

- Glutamic acid 8.386 g
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aspartic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alaninehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histidinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argininehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyrosinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenylalaninehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cystinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methioninehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lysinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leucinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isoleucinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Threoninehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tryptophanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_%28nutrient%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyunsaturated_fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monounsaturated_fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturated_fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietary_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ASpirulina_tablets.jpg


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- Glycine 3.099 g

- Proline 2.382 g

- Serine 2.998 g

Water 4.68 g

Vitamin A equiv. 29 g (4%)

- beta-carotene 342 g (3%)

- lutein and zeaxanthin 0 g

Thiamine (vit. B1) 2.38 mg (207%)

Riboflavin (vit. B2) 3.67 mg (306%)

Niacin (vit. B3) 12.82 mg (85%)

Pantothenic acid (B5) 3.48 mg (70%)

Vitamin B6

0.364 mg (28%)

Folate (vit. B9) 94 g (24%)

Vitamin B12

0 g (0%)

Choline 66 mg (13%)

Vitamin C 10.1 mg (12%)

Vitamin D 0 IU (0%)

Vitamin E 5 mg (33%)

Vitamin K 25.5 g (24%)

Calcium 120 mg (12%)

Iron 28.5 mg (219%)

Magnesium 195 mg (55%)

Manganese 1.9 mg (90%)

Phosphorus 118 mg (17%)

Potassium 1363 mg (29%)

Sodium 1048 mg (70%)

Zinc 2 mg (21%)

Link to USDA Database entry [1]

Percentages are roughly approximatedusing US recommendations for adults.

Source: USDA Nutrient Database [2]

Spirulina is a cyanobacterium that can be consumed by humans and animals and is made primarily from two species

of cyanobacteria: Arthrospira platensis and Arthrospira maxima .

Arthrospira is cultivated worldwide; used as a dietary supplement as well as a whole food; and is available in tablet,

flake and powder form. It is also used as a feed supplement in the aquaculture, aquarium and poultry industries. [3]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poultryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquaculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fodderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whole_foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietary_supplementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthrospirahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthrospirahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyanobacteriahttp://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/listhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietary_Reference_Intakehttp://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=11667&format=Fullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zinc%23Biological_rolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodium%23Biological_rolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potassium%23In_diethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus%23Biological_rolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manganese%23Biological_rolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_in_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron%23Biological_rolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcium%23Nutritionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_Khttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_Ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cholinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_B12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_B6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pantothenic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niacinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riboflavinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zeaxanthinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beta-carotenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glycine


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Etymology and ecologyThe maxima and platensis species were once classified in the genus Spirulina . There is now agreement that they are

in fact Arthrospira ; nevertheless, and somewhat confusingly, the older term Spirulina remains in use for historical

reasons.

Arthrospira are free-floating filamentous cyanobacteria characterized by cylindrical, multicellular trichomes in an

open left-hand helix. They occur naturally in tropical and subtropical lakes with high pH and high concentrations of

carbonate and bicarbonate. Arthrospira platensis occurs in Africa, Asia and South America, whereas Arthrospira

maxima is confined to Central America. Most cultivated spirulina is produced in open channel raceway ponds, with

paddle-wheels used to agitate the water. The largest commercial producers of spirulina are located in the United

States, Thailand, India, Taiwan, China, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Burma (a.k.a. Myanmar), Greece and Chile.

Historical useSpirulina was a food source for the Aztecs and other Mesoamericans until the 16th century; the harvest from Lake

Texcoco and subsequent sale as cakes were described by one of Corts' soldiers. [4] The Aztecs called it "techuitlatl".

Spirulina was found in abundance at Lake Texcoco by French researchers in the 1960s, but there is no reference toits use by the Aztecs as a daily food source after the 16th century, probably due to the draining of the surrounding

lakes for agricultural and urban development. The first large-scale spirulina production plant, run by Sosa Texcoco,

was established there in the early 1970s.

Spirulina has also been traditionally harvested in Chad. It is dried into cakes called dih , which are used to make

broths for meals, and also sold in markets. The spirulina is harvested from small lakes and ponds around Lake

Chad. [5]

Nutrient and vitamin content

Protein

Dried spirulina contains about 60% (51 71%) protein. It is a complete protein containing all essential amino acids,though with reduced amounts of methionine, cysteine and lysine when compared to the proteins of meat, eggs and

milk. It is, however, superior to typical plant protein, such as that from legumes.

The U.S. National Library of Medicine said that spirulina was no better than milk or meat as a protein source, and

was approximately 30 times more expensive per gram.

Other nutrients

Spirulina's lipid content is about 7% by weight, [6] and is rich in gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), and also provides

alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA), stearidonic acid (SDA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA),

docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA). Spirulina contains vitamins B1

(thiamine), B2

(riboflavin),

B3

(nicotinamide), B6

(pyridoxine), B9

(folic acid), vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin A and vitamin E. It is also a source

of potassium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, selenium, sodium and zinc.

Spirulina contains many pigments which may be beneficial and bioavailable, including beta-carotene, zeaxanthin,

chlorophyll-a, xanthophyll, echinenone, myxoxanthophyll, canthaxanthin, diatoxanthin, 3'-hydroxyechinenone,

beta-cryptoxanthin and oscillaxanthin, plus the phycobiliproteins c-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allophycocyaninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phycocyaninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phycobiliproteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oscillaxanthinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beta-cryptoxanthinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3%27-hydroxyechinenonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diatoxanthinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canthaxanthinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myxoxanthophyllhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Echinenonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xanthophyllhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorophyllhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zeaxanthinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beta-carotenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bioavailablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seleniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_Ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyridoxinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicotinamidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riboflavinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arachidonic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Docosahexaenoic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eicosapentaenoic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stearidonic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linoleic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alpha-linolenic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gamma-linolenic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lysinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cysteinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methioninehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Essential_amino_acidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Complete_proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Chadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Chadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9shttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Texcocohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Texcocohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesoamericanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aztecshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiwanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raceway_pondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthrospirahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthrospirahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthrospirahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bicarbonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trichomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cylinder_%28geometry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthrospirahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spirulina_%28genus%29


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Vitamin B12

controversy

Spirulina is not considered to be a reliable source of Vitamin B12

. Spirulina supplements contain predominantly

pseudovitamin B12

, which is biologically inactive in humans. Companies which grow and market spirulina have

claimed it to be a significant source of B12

on the basis of alternative, unpublished assays, although their claims are

not accepted by independent scientific organizations. The American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada in

their position paper on vegetarian diets state that spirulina cannot be counted on as a reliable source of active vitaminB

12.[7] The medical literature similarly advises that spirulina is unsuitable as a source of B

12.

Possible health benefits and risks

Safety

Toxicological studies

Toxicological studies of the effects of spirulina consumption on humans and animals, including feeding as much as

800mg/kg, and replacing up to 60% of protein intake with spirulina, have shown no toxic effects. [8] Fertility,

teratogenicity, peri- and post-natal, and multi-generational studies on animals also have found no adverse effectsfrom spirulina consumption. Spirulina intake has also been found to prevent damage caused by toxins affecting the

heart, liver, kidneys, neurons, eyes, ovaries, DNA, and testicles. In a 2009 study, 550 malnourished children were

fed up to 10 g/day of spirulina powder, with no adverse effects. Dozens of human clinical studies have similarly

shown no harmful effects to spirulina supplementation. [9]

The Food and Drug Administration has awarded the GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) designation to spirulina

from the American spirulina companies Cyanotech, Earthrise, and RFI, [10] as well as to spirulina produced by the

Indian company Parry Pharmaceuticals. [11]

Quality-related safety issues

Spirulina is a form of cyanobacterium, some of which are known to produce toxins such as microcystins, BMAA,

and others. Some spirulina supplements have been found to be contaminated with microcystins, albeit at levels

below the limit set by the Oregon Health Department. Microcystins can cause gastrointestinal disturbances and, in

the long term, liver cancer. The effects of chronic exposure to even very low levels of microcystins are of concern,

because of the potential risk of cancer.

These toxic compounds are not produced by spirulina itself, but may occur as a result of contamination of spirulina

batches with other, toxin-producing, blue-green algae. Because spirulina is considered a dietary supplement in the

U.S., there is no active, industry-wide regulation of its production and no enforced safety standards for its production

or purity. The U.S. National Institutes of Health describes spirulina supplements as "possibly safe", provided they are

free of microcystin contamination, but "likely unsafe" (especially for children) if contaminated. Given the lack of

regulatory standards in the U.S., some public-health researchers have raised the concern that consumers cannot be

certain that spirulina and other blue-green algae supplements are free of contamination.

Heavy-metal contamination of spirulina supplements has also raised concern. The Chinese State Food and Drug

Administration reported that lead, mercury, and arsenic contamination was widespread in spirulina supplements

marketed in China.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercury_%28metal%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lead_%28metal%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Food_and_Drug_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Food_and_Drug_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietary_supplementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liver_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BMAAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microcystinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_and_Drug_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietitians_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Dietetic_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_B12


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Safety issues for certain target groups

Due to very high Vitamin K content, patients undergoing anticoagulant treatments should not change consumption

patterns of spirulina without seeking medical advice to adjust the level of medication accordingly.

Like all protein-rich foods, spirulina contains the essential amino acid phenylalanine (2.6-4.1 g/100 g), which should

be avoided by people who have phenylketonuria, a rare genetic disorder that prevents the body from metabolizing

phenylalanine, which then builds up in the brain, causing damage.

In vitro research

The primary active component of spirulina is Phycocyanobilin, which constitutes about 1% of Spirulina by weight.

This compound inhibits NADPH oxidase. Spirulina has been studied in vitro against HIV, [12] as an iron-chelating

agent, and as a radioprotective agent. [13] Animal studies have evaluated spirulina in the prevention of

chemotherapy-induced heart damage, stroke recovery, [14] age-related declines in memory, [15] diabetes mellitus, in

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and in rodent models of hay fever. [16]

Human research

In humans, small studies have been undertaken evaluating spirulina in undernourished children, [17] as a treatment for

the cosmetic aspects of arsenic poisoning, [18] in hay fever and allergic rhinitis, in arthritis, in hyperlipidemia and

hypertension, and as a means of improving exercise tolerance.

At present, these studies are considered preliminary. According to the U.S. National Institutes of Health, at present

there is insufficient scientific evidence to recommend spirulina supplementation for any human condition, and more

research is needed to clarify its benefits, if any.

AdvocatesIn the late 1980s and early 90s, both NASA (CELSS) [19] and the European Space Agency (MELISSA) [20] proposed

Spirulina as one of the primary foods to be cultivated during long-term space missions.

Notes and references[1] http:/ / ndb. nal.usda. gov/ ndb/ search/ list?qlookup=11667& format=Full

[2] http:/ / ndb. nal.usda. gov/ ndb/ search/ list

[3] Vonshak, A. (ed.). Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira): Physiology, Cell-biology and Biotechnology. London: Taylor & Francis, 1997.

[4] Diaz Del Castillo, B. The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico, 1517 1521. London: Routledge, 1928, p. 300.[5] Abdulqader, G., Barsanti, L., Tredici, M. "Harvest of Arthrospira platensis from Lake Kossorom (Chad) and its household usage among the

Kanembu." Journal of Applied Phycology . 12: 493-498. 2000. (http:/ / www. springerlink. com/ content/ l7027v518x1g7p84/ )

[6] http:/ / www. ejbiotechnology. info/ content/ vol9/ issue4/ full/ 5/

[7] Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets (http:/ / www. vrg. org/ nutrition/

2003_ADA_position_paper. pdf)

[8] http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science/ article/ pii/ S0378874198000804

[9] http:/ / www. accessdata. fda. gov/ scripts/ fcn/ gras_notices/ GRN000394. pdf

[10] http:/ / www. accessdata. fda. gov/ scripts/ fcn/ gras_notices/ grn_101. pdf

[11] http:/ / www. accessdata. fda. gov/ scripts/ fcn/ gras_notices/ GRN391. pdf

[12] Ayehunie, S. et al. "Inhibition of HIV-1 Replication by an Aqueous Extract of Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis)." JAIDS: Journal

of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology. 18, 1, May 1998: 7-12.

[13] Radioprotective effect of extract from spirulina in mouse bone marrow cells studied by using the micronucleus test, by P. Qishen, Kolman et

al. 1989. In Toxicology Letters 48: 165-169. China.

[14] Wang, Y., et al. "Dietary supplementation with blueberries, spinach, or spirulina reduces ischemic brain damage." Experimental Neurology.

May, 2005 ;193(1):75-84.

[15] Gemma, C., et al. "Diets enriched in foods with high antioxidant activity reverse age-induced decreases in cerebellar beta-adrenergic

function and increases in proinflammatory cytokines." Experimental Neurology. July 15, 2002; 22(14):6114-20.[16] Chen, LL, et al. "Experimental study of spirulina platensis in treating allergic rhinitis in rats." ( ) = Journal of

Central South University (Medical Sciences). Feb. 2005. 30(1):96-8.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toxicology_Lettershttp://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/gras_notices/GRN391.pdfhttp://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/gras_notices/grn_101.pdfhttp://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/gras_notices/GRN000394.pdfhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874198000804http://www.vrg.org/nutrition/2003_ADA_position_paper.pdfhttp://www.vrg.org/nutrition/2003_ADA_position_paper.pdfhttp://www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/vol9/issue4/full/5/http://www.springerlink.com/content/l7027v518x1g7p84/http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/listhttp://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=11667&format=Fullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MELISSAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Controlled_Ecological_Life_Support_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NASAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypertensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyperlipidemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allergic_rhinitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hay_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsenic_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hay_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diabetes_mellitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memory_and_aginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardiomyopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chelation_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chelation_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_vitrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phycocyanobilinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenylketonuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenylalaninehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anticoagulanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_K


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[17] Simpore, J., et al. "Nutrition Rehabilitation of HIV-Infected and HIV-Negative Undernourished Children Utilizing Spirulina." Annals of

Nutrition & Metabolism. 49, 2005: 373-380.

[18] Mir Misbahuddin, AZM Maidul Islam, Salamat Khandker, Ifthaker-Al-Mahmud, Nazrul Islam and Anjumanara. Efficacy of spirulina

extract plus zinc in patients of chronic arsenic poisoning: a randomized placebo-controlled study. (Risk factors ). Journal of Toxicology:

Clinical Toxicology. 44.2 (March 2006): p135(7).

[19] Characterization of Spirulina biomass for CELSS diet potential. Normal, Al.: Alabama A&M University, 1988. (http:/ / ntrs. nasa. gov/

archive/ nasa/ casi. ntrs.nasa. gov/ 19890016190_1989016190. pdf)

[20] Cornet J.F., Dubertret G. "The cyanobacterium Spirulina in the photosynthetic compartment of the MELISSA artificial ecosystem."Workshop on artificial ecological systems, DARA-CNES, Marseille, France, October 24 26, 1990

External links "Blue-green Algae" (http:/ / www. nlm.nih. gov/ medlineplus/ druginfo/ natural/ 923. html). MedlinePlus .

National Institutes of Health. December 2011.

"Blue-green Algae" (http:/ / www. mskcc. org/ cancer-care/ herb/ blue-green-algae). Memorial Sloan-Kettering

Cancer Center. December 2011.

"Spirulina" (http:/ / www.umm. edu/ altmed/ articles/ spirulina-000327. htm). University of Maryland Medical

Center. June 2011.

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Article Sources and ContributorsSpirulina (dietary supplement) Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=579077547 Contributors : 2001:630:53:B76:642A:BAED:4491:6CEE, 2over0, 842U, A3975250, Abhinavkumar.t666, Abrageddon, Adamlove, Agradman, Aintneo, Airlai, Alexbrn, Alexcount, Algaelab, Alter welt, AmeStone, Amypick, Andreic777, Anrnusna, Apothecia, Argh101fcy,ArnoldReinhold, Arosa, Athenaeu123, Basa, Bento00, Bff, Bobrayner, Bork, CanisRufus, Carnildo, Centrx, Cephal-odd, Chameleon, Chango369w, Chaniyth, Chowbok, Ciotog, Cosmo22,Cretanforever, Curb Chain, DMacks, Daniel Vaulot, Deli nk, Diannaa, Dmn, Doceddi, Download, Dr.frog, Drphilharmonic, DutchTreat, ENeville, EauOo, Eduardofuc, Egertspirulina, Ellin Beltz,Elroch, Elwikipedista, EncycloPetey, Erebus Morgaine, Erianna, Ewen, Faebou, FarmerOnMars, FearTheDark0000, Foobar, FriedMilk, Fvasconcellos, Gadfium, Gigemag76, Glitternat,Gobonobo, Greenman, Gregfitzy, Grook Da Oger, Gwern, HMman, Harej, Heegoop, Helmoony, Hoenen.felipe, Hollyposa, Hoo man, Huw Powell, Iannuttall, IrishJew, Isaacpitt, JBurkhardt10,

JNW, Jageshwar, Jbmurray, Jidanni, Jock Boy, Johnuniq, Jojalozzo, Jordan Rothstein, Josh Grosse, Jpol66, Jschnur, Jytdog, KDS4444, Kashi555, Katoa, Kingnixon, KittyKat, Kleopatra,Klosterdev, Kmzayeem, L.tak, Laonikoss, Leoadec, Leolaursen, MER-C, Mac, Macedonian, MastCell, Materialscientist, Mbvigil, Mcmarturano, Meco, Merosonox, Metron4, Mksoley, Mushin,Mxn, Mywatz, Naddy, Narayanese, NickVertical, Nickj, Nipisiquit, Niro5, Nshuer, OMHalck, Oddball Zoe, Omegatron, Onco p53, Orangemike, Oscargsol, Owlcrone, Pat primate, Perdita, PeterIsotalo, Pollinator, Poposhka, Pratyya Ghosh, Pseudomonas, PullmanLJ, Qnc, Quackslikeaduck, RJHall, RaptorFB, Razers3, Rcarlberg, Rcpenque, Rdavout, Realtruebluegreen, Reiskeks, RichFarmbrough, Rishadg, Rjd0060, Rjwilmsi, Rl, Ryulong, Sbandrews, Schtick1964, ScienceandFitness, ScottBurson, Seglea, Shisha-Tom, Slazenger, Sloth monkey, Smiddle, Snek01, Sonerh,Soniqus, Sources said, Spencer, Spicemix, Stealthound, Stephenjh, Stevenfruitsmaak, Syndicate, Tainter, Takowl, Tbhotch, Tea with toast, Tentinator, The Thing That Should Not Be, TobyBartels, Tom.ngo, Trefalcon, Trickster721, True4u, TvKimi, Tvsundar, Tyrol5, Ubermonkey, UltraMagnus, Usseryroad, VNonesuch, Velella, Versageek, Vinitharya, Vronig, W4chris,Wavelength, Wayland, William M. Connolley, Wolbo, WriterHound, XP1, Yaris678, Yerpo, Yobmod, ZZyXx, Zandperl, Zef r, Zzuuzz, 432 anonymous edits

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