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Splash Screen. Chapter Introduction Section 1: The Roots of Progressivism Section 2: Roosevelt and Taft Section 3: The Wilson Years Visual Summary. Chapter Menu. The Roots of Progressivism Why did many citizens call for reforms?. Chapter Intro 1. The Rise of Progressivism. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter Menu
Chapter Introduction
Section 1:The Roots of Progressivism
Section 2:Roosevelt and Taft
Section 3:The Wilson Years
Visual Summary
Chapter Intro 1
The Roots of Progressivism
Why did many citizens call for reforms?
Section 1
The Rise of Progressivism
Progressives tried to solve the social problems that arose as the United States became an urban, industrialized nation.
Section 1
• Progressivism was a series of responses to problems in American society that had emerged from the growth of industry.
• Facts about progressives:
The Rise of Progressivism (cont.)
− Their ideas were a reaction against laissez-faire economics and its emphasis on an unregulated market.
− They believed that industrialization and urbanization had created many social problems.
Section 1
− They belonged to both major political parties.
− Most were urban, educated, middle-class Americans.
− They believed that government had to be fixed before it could fix other problems.
− They had a strong faith in science and technology.
The Rise of Progressivism (cont.)
Section 1
• Among the first people to articulate progressive ideas was a group of crusading journalists who investigated social conditions and political corruption, also called muckrakers.
The Rise of Progressivism (cont.)
− Photojournalist Jacob Riis highlighted the plight of immigrants living in New York City in his book How the Other Half Lives.
− Lincoln Steffens exposed corruption in urban political machines.
Section 1
• Ida Tarbell exposed the competitive business practices of Standard Oil
• One of the first “investigative” reporters
• 2 year series of articles in McClure magazine draw the ire of the American public and the attention of Teddy Roosevelt as the great trust buster (or is it regulator??)
•
The Rise of Progressivism (cont.)
Section 1
Reforming Society
Many progressives focused on social welfare problems such as child labor, unsafe working conditions, and alcohol abuse.
Section 1
• Many progressives agreed that big business needed regulation.
Reforming Society (cont.)
− The Sherman Antitrust Act and the Interstate Commerce Commission both helped with regulation.
− Some progressives even advocated socialism—the idea that the government should own and operate industry for the community.
Section 1
• Many adult workers also labored in difficult conditions, so some changes went into effect.
• The Triangle Waistshirt Factory Fire was instrumental in the Progressive Movement.
• Probably the most emotional progressive issue was the campaign against child labor.
Reforming Society (cont.)
Section 1
• Some of the changes included:
Reforming Society (cont.)
− Workers’ compensation laws
− Zoning laws
− Building and health codes
− Government regulation of business to protect workers
Section 1
• The temperance movement emerged from the concern that alcohol explained many of society’s problems.
Reforming Society (cont.)
− This movement later pressed for prohibition.
Section 1
Reforming Government
Progressives tried to make government more efficient and more responsive to citizens.
Section 1
• One group of progressives focused on making government more efficient by using ideas from business.
• Progressives supported two proposals to reform city government:
Reforming Government (cont.)
− The first, a commission plan, divided city government into several departments, each one under an expert commissioner’s control.
New Types of Government
Section 1
− The second approach was a council-manager system.
• Another group of progressives focused on making the political system more democratic and more responsive to citizens.
Reforming Government (cont.)
New Types of Government
Section 1
• Led by Republican governor Robert M. La Follette, Wisconsin became a model of progressive reform.
− He attacked the way political parties ran their conventions and pressured the state legislature to pass a law requiring parties to hold a direct primary.
Reforming Government (cont.)
Section 1
• Progressives also pushed for three additional reforms: the initiative, the referendum, and the recall.
• To counter Senate corruption, progressives called for direct election of senators by the states’ voters.
Reforming Government (cont.)
− In 1913, the Seventeenth Amendment was added to the Constitution.
Section 1
Suffrage
Many progressives joined the movement to win voting rights for women.
Section 1
• The debate over the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments split the suffrage movement into two groups:
Suffrage (cont.)
− The New York City-based National Woman Suffrage Association
− The Boston-based American Woman Suffrage Association
The Woman Suffrage Movement
Section 1
• This split weakened the movement, and by 1900 only four states had granted women full voting rights.
• In 1890, the two groups united to form the National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA).
• Alice Paul left NAWSA and formed the National Woman’s Party so that she could use protests to confront Wilson on suffrage.
Suffrage (cont.)
Section 1
• In 1915 Carrie Chapman Catt became NAWSA’s leader and tried to mobilize the suffrage movement in one final nationwide push.
• On August 26, 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment went into effect.
Suffrage (cont.)
Woman Suffrage, 1869–1920
Chapter Intro 2
Roosevelt and Taft
What were the policies and achievements of the Roosevelt and Taft presidencies?
Section 2
Roosevelt Revives the Presidency
Theodore Roosevelt, who believed in progressive ideals for the nation, took on big business.
Section 2
• Roosevelt’s reform programs became known as the Square Deal.
• To Roosevelt, it was not inconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism and progressivism at the same time.
• Roosevelt believed that trusts and other large business organizations were very efficient and part of the reason for America’s prosperity.
Roosevelt Revives the Presidency (cont.)
− However, he also wanted to ensure that trusts did not abuse their power.
Section 2
• Roosevelt also believed that it was his job to keep society operating efficiently by mediating conflicts between different groups and their interests.
− He urged the United Mine Workers (UMW) and mine owners to accept arbitration.
Roosevelt Revives the Presidency (cont.)
Section 2
• In 1903, Roosevelt convinced Congress to create the Department of Commerce and Labor to investigate corporations and publicize the results.
Roosevelt Revives the Presidency (cont.)
− However, he later agreed to advise the companies privately and allow them to correct their problems without taking them to court.
− Therefore, Roosevelt was able to regulate big business without sacrificing economic efficiency.
Section 2
• In keeping with his belief in regulation, Roosevelt pushed the Hepburn Act through Congress in 1906.
• By 1905 consumer protection had become a national issue.
Roosevelt Revives the Presidency (cont.)
− Many Americans were equally concerned about the food they ate.
− In 1906 Upton Sinclair published his novel The Jungle, which resulted in the Meat Inspection Act being passed in 1906.
Section 2
− The Pure Food and Drug Act passed the same day.
Roosevelt Revives the Presidency (cont.)
Section 2
Conservation
New legislation gave the federal government the power to conserve natural resources.
Section 2
• Roosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most clearly in the area of environmental conservation.
• In 1902, Roosevelt supported passage of the Newlands Reclamation Act, which paid for irrigation and land development projects in the West.
Conservation (cont.)
Section 2
• Roosevelt also backed efforts to save the nation’s forests through careful management of the timber resources of the West.
Conservation (cont.)
− He appointed Gifford Pinchot to head the United States Forest Service, established in 1905.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 2
Under Roosevelt, the power of which branch of government dramatically increased?
A. Legislative
B. Executive
C. Judicial
A B C
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Section 2
Taft’s Reforms
William Howard Taft broke with progressives on tariff and conservation issues.
Section 2
• William Howard Taft called Congress into a special session to lower tariff rates.
Taft’s Reforms (cont.)
− The tariff debate divided progressives, and in the end, Taft signed into law the Payne-Aldrich Tariff, which cut tariffs hardly at all and actually raised them on some goods.
Section 2
• Many progressives were unhappy when Taft replaced Roosevelt’s secretary of the interior, James R. Garfield, an aggressive conservationist, with Richard A. Ballinger, a more conservative corporate lawyer.
Taft’s Reforms (cont.)
− Gifford Pinchot charged Ballinger with having once plotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska to a private business group for personal profit.
Section 2
− Taft’s attorney general decided the charges were groundless, but Pinchot leaked the story to the press and asked Congress to investigate.
Taft’s Reforms (cont.)
− Taft fired Pinchot for insubordination.
Section 2
• Despite his political problems, Taft had many successes:
Taft’s Reforms (cont.)
− He brought twice as many antitrust cases in four years as his predecessor had in seven.
− He established the Children’s Bureau in 1912.
− He set up the Bureau of Mines in 1910.
Section 2
• Frustrated with Taft over the issue of trusts, Roosevelt announced that he would enter the presidential campaign of 1912.
Taft’s Reforms (cont.)
Chapter Intro 3
The Wilson Years
What reforms did President Wilson undertake?
Section 3
The Election of 1912
Woodrow Wilson was elected after Republican voters split between Taft and Roosevelt.
Section 3
• Theodore Roosevelt left the Republican Party and became the presidential candidate for the newly formed Progressive Party in the election of 1912.
• Conservative Republicans rallied behind William Howard Taft.
• Woodrow Wilson was a progressive Democrat.
The Election of 1912 (cont.)
Section 3
• The election of 1912 was a contest between two progressives with different approaches to reform.
The Election of 1912 (cont.)
− Roosevelt called his program the New Nationalism.
− Wilson countered with what he called the New Freedom.
New Nationalism Versus New Freedom
Section 3
• Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican voters, enabling Wilson to win.
The Election of 1912 (cont.)
New Nationalism Versus New Freedom
A. A
B. B
Section 3
Which candidate believed that monopolies should be destroyed and that freedom was more important than efficiency?
A. Woodrow Wilson
B. Theodore Roosevelt
A B
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Section 3
Wilson’s Reforms
President Wilson reformed tariffs and banks and oversaw the creation of the Federal Trade Commission.
Section 3
• Five weeks after taking office, Wilson appeared before Congress to present his bill to reduce tariffs.
• In 1913, Congress passed the Underwood Tariff, and Wilson signed it into law.
• This law reduced the average tariff on imported goods to about 30 percent of the value of the goods and provided for levying an income tax.
Wilson’s Reforms (cont.)
Section 3
• To restore public confidence in the banking system, Wilson supported the establishment of a federal reserve system.
• The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 created 12 regional banks to be supervised by a Board of Governors, appointed by the president.
Wilson’s Reforms (cont.)
Progressives Reform the Economic System
Section 3
• In the summer of 1914, at Wilson’s request, Congress created the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to monitor American business.
Wilson’s Reforms (cont.)
− The FTC had the power to investigate companies and issue “cease and desist” orders against companies engaging in unfair trade practices.
Section 3
• Wilson wanted the FTC to work toward limiting business activities that unfairly limited competition, as opposed to breaking up big business.
• Unsatisfied by Wilson’s approach, progressives in Congress responded by passing the Clayton Antitrust Act in 1914.
Wilson’s Reforms (cont.)
Section 3
• In 1916, Wilson signed the first federal law regulating child labor.
− The Keating-Owen Child Labor Act prohibited the employment of children under the age of 14 in factories producing goods for interstate commerce.
− The Supreme Court declared the law unconstitutional in 1918.
Wilson’s Reforms (cont.)
Section 3
• Wilson also supported the Adamson Act and the Federal Farm Loan Act.
Wilson’s Reforms (cont.)
Section 3
Progressivism’s Legacy and Limits
Progressivism changed many people’s ideas about the government’s role in social issues.
Section 3
• By the end of the Progressive Era, Americans expected the government, particularly the federal government, to play a more active role in regulating the economy and solving social problems.
• The most conspicuous limit to progressivism was its failure to address racial and religious discrimination.
Progressivism’s Legacy and Limits (cont.)
Section 3
• In 1905 W.E.B Du Bois and 28 other African American leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand full rights for African Americans.
Progressivism’s Legacy and Limits (cont.)
− This meeting was one of the many steps leading to the foundation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Section 3
• Jewish people also faced discrimination.
• Sigmund Livingston started the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) to combat stereotypes and discrimination.
Progressivism’s Legacy and Limits (cont.)
VS 1
Causes of the Progressive Movement
• People thought progress in science and knowledge could improve society.
• People thought immigration, urbanization, and industrialization had created social problems.
• People thought laissez-faire economics and an unregulated market led to social problems and that government could fix them.
• Political corruption prevented the government from helping its citizens.
VS 2
Effects on Business and Society
• Interstate Commerce Commission is strengthened.
• Consumer protection laws are passed.
• Federal Trade Commission is created.
• Federal Reserve System is created to regulate the money supply.
• Clayton Antitrust Act grants labor unions more rights.
• Zoning laws and building codes improve urban housing.
VS 3
Effects on Business and Society (cont.)
• Child labor laws are passed, regulating time and conditions for minors to work.
• Workers’ compensation laws are passed.
• Temperance movement begins seeking limitations on the production and consumption of alcohol.
VS 4
Effects on Politics
• Cities begin adopting commission and city-manager forms of government.
• States begin to adopt the direct primary system, allowing voters to choose candidates for office.
• States begin to allow initiatives, referendums, and recall votes.
VS 5
Effects on Politics (cont.)
• Seventeenth Amendment is ratified, requiring direct election of senators.
• Nineteenth Amendment is ratified, guaranteeing women the right to vote.