splash screen

Splash Screen

Chapter Menu

Chapter Introduction

Section 1: History and Governments

Section 2: Cultures and Lifestyles

Visual Summary

http://www.glencoe.com/

Chapter Intro 1

Regions South Asia is the birthplace of several world religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism. Islam has a large following in the region, and there are also followers of Jainism, Christianity, and other faiths. How do religious beliefs and practices influence people’s lives?


Chapter Intro 2

Section 1: History and Governments

Geography is used to interpret the past, understand the present, and plan for the future. Civilizations and empires rose and fell in South Asia, but the religions that developed centuries ago are still influential. South Asia’s countries were also shaped by a long period of British rule from the late 1700s until the mid-1900s.


Chapter Intro 2

Section 2: Cultures and Lifestyles

The characteristics and movements of people impact physical and human systems. The people of South Asia belong to different ethnic groups, speak a variety of languages, and practice a number of religions. The rapid growth of this varied population is straining the region’s resources and contributing to widespread poverty.


Chapter Intro-End


Section 1-Main Idea

Geography is used to interpret thepast, understand the present, and plan for the future.


Section 1-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• varna

• caste

• reincarnation

• dharma

• karma

• nirvana

• civil disobedience

• boycott

Academic Vocabulary

• status

• capable

• consequence


Section 1-Key Terms

Hindus believe that the water of the Brahmaputra River cleanses the body and the soul. Located near Bangladesh’s capital, Dhaka, the Brahmaputra River is where, on a specific day, thousands of Hindu believers take baths to receive blessings. People believe that on this holy day, the river contains all the blessings of all the holy places in the world. To learn more about South Asia, read Section 1.


A. A

B. B

Section 1-Polling Question

Do you believe that a river can cleanse your body and soul?

A. Yes

B. No

A B

0%0%


Section 1

Mohandas Gandhi’s nonviolent protest Salt March gained the attention of the world. He led a march to the seacoast and then defied British law by making salt from seawater. The British in the early 1900s had a heavy tax on salt and also a law against Indians making their own. The march became a step toward India’s independence from Britain.


Section 1

Early History

Thousands of years ago, people in South Asia developed a complex social structure, two of the world’s major religions, and powerful empires.


Section 1

Early History (cont.)

• South Asia’s first cities, Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, appeared in the Indus River valley by 2500 B.C. and had structures made of brick, carefully laid-out streets, plumbing, and sewers.


Section 1


• The Indus Valley civilization declined between 1700 B.C. and 1500 B.C., possibly because of earthquakes, floods, or the Indus River changing its course.

Indus ValleyCivilization


Section 1

• About 1500 B.C., nomadic herders known as Aryans settled in northern South Asia.

• They developed a spoken language called Sanskrit through which they passed on hymns and religious teachings.

• When Sanskrit became a written language, these traditions were recorded in sacred writings called the Vedas.



Section 1


• The Aryans had four broad social groups called varnas.

• Priests had the highest status, followed by warriors, farmers, and servants.

• Eventually people were separated by caste, or social group that someone is born into and cannot change and that determines a person’s positions in life.


Section 1

• Hinduism is one of the world’s oldest religions.

• Hindus believe that every living being has a soul that wants to be reunited with Brahman.

• To achieve this reunion, a soul must repeatedly undergo reincarnation—being born into a new body after dying.



Section 1

• Hindus believe that if they perform their duty, called dharma, they will earn good karma, or the consequences of how a person lives, and will move closer to Brahman in the next life.



Section 1

• In the 500s B.C., Buddhism was founded by a young prince named Siddhartha Gautama who gave up wealth and family in search of truth, eventually becoming known as the Buddha, or “Enlightened One.”



Section 1

• The Buddha taught that people suffer because they are too attached to material things and that by following his Eightfold Path, they can reach a state of endless peace and joy called nirvana.



Section 1

• In the 300s B.C., a prince named Chandragupta Maurya conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley called the Mauryan Empire.

• Chandragupta’s grandson, Aśoka, gained power in 274 B.C. and expanded the empire to include almost the entire subcontinent.



Section 1

• In the early 1500s, Moguls, or Muslim warriors, created an empire in South Asia.

• Emperor Akbar added new lands to the empire, reduced taxes, and improved the lives of ordinary people.

• Akbar brought peace and order to his empire by treating all people fairly, including the Hindu majority.



Section 1

• Later Mogul rulers weakened the empire. By the early 1700s, the empire had collapsed into many different kingdoms.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

The following are all features of Hinduism EXCEPT:

A. Dharma

B. Reincarnation

C. Karma

D. Nirvana


Section 1

Modern South Asia

After a period of British rule, South Asians set up independent countries during the 1900s.


Section 1

Modern South Asia (cont.)

• In the 1600s, the East India Company built a string of trading posts along the coasts of India, with forts to protect them.

• Through trade and military might, the British became the dominant power in South Asia, having colonized most of the subcontinent by the mid-1880s.


Section 1

• Many local people felt that the British were trying to change their culture.

• In 1857 Indian soldiers in the company’s army rebelled against their British officers.

• The revolt spread across northern India, but Britain sent more troops and put down the rebellion, and the British took complete control of the country.



Section 1

• By the early 1900s, independence movements were spreading across South Asia.

• The popular Indian leader Mohandas Gandhi protested British rule by nonviolent civil disobedience—the refusal to obey unjust laws using peaceful protests—and by encouraging strikes and boycotts, or refusal to buy, British goods.



Section 1

• In 1947 the British government divided India.

• The mostly Hindu area became India.

• The mostly Muslim area became Pakistan, which was further divided into West and East Pakistan.



Section 1

• In 1971 East Pakistan declared its independence and became the new country of Bangladesh.

• Pakistan now includes only the lands northwest of India.


History at a Glance


Section 1

• In 1948 Britain gave independence to the island of Ceylon which later took back its ancient name of Sri Lanka.


• Maldives won independence from Britain in 1965.

• Nepal and Bhutan, two other countries in the region, had always been free of European rule.


Section 1

• India and Pakistan continue to fight over the ownership of Kashmir in the Himalaya and Karakoram mountains.


• Each has nuclear weapons.

• Even though they have developed better relations through peace talks, they have not been able to settle their dispute over Kashmir.


Section 1

• In Sri Lanka, a civil war began in 1983 between the government and ethnic Tamil groups who want a separate nation.


• In Nepal, communist rebels have fought the government since 1996, and the country’s king has limited his powers under pressure from democratic groups.


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

Which region is India and Pakistan fighting over?

A. Kashmir

B. Nepal

C. Bhutan

D. Maldives

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%


Section 1-End


Section 2-Main Idea

The characteristics and movementsof people impact physical and humansystems.


Section 2-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• dzong

• sitar

• sari

Academic Vocabulary

• ongoing

• primary

• contemporary


Section 2-Picture This

In Jaipur, India, elephants are decorated with bright colored paint, fancy cloth, and jewelry for the Elephant Festival. The festival is held on the day before the celebration of Holi. This is the Indian festival of colors when people welcome the coming of spring. Spectators watch elephant races and polo matches and even an elephant tug-of-war, in which elephants compete against men. Read the next section to learn more about the people and cultures of South Asia.


A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 2-Polling Question

Would you consider marrying a person chosen for you?

A. Yes

B. No

C. Maybe

0% 0%0%


Section 2

In rural India, women artists and craft makers have begun marketing their creations to large corporations that have gift-giving needs. The women earn much-needed income and self-esteem, the purchasing companies improve the rural economy, and those who receive the gifts have a handmade treasure of quality and beauty.


Section 2

The People of South Asia

South Asia’s population has grown rapidly in the past 100 years.


Section 2

The People of South Asia (cont.)

• South Asia, with nearly 1.5 billion people, includes three of the world’s seven most populous nations—India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

• Ongoing population growth presents major challenges for South Asia.


Section 2


• Reasons for South Asia’s dramatic population growth are improved medical and health care, which lowered death rates, and continued high birthrates.

• In the 1990s alone, India’s population rose by 175 million people.


Section 2

• Population densities in the region are very high.


• India averages 869 people per square mile (336 per sq. km), and Bangladesh, South Asia’s most densely populated nation, has 2,594 people per square mile (1,001 per sq. km).

• In comparison, the United Sates averages 80 people per square mile (31 per sq. km).


Section 2

• River valleys are densely settled, but desert areas have few inhabitants.


• More than two-thirds of South Asians live in rural areas, but the region also has large and growing cities such as Mumbai with more than 19 million people.


Section 2

• South Asia’s cities are packed with buyers and sellers and vehicles ranging from carts to cars.


• Skyscrapers and modern apartments are signs of urban wealth and the growing middle class, but poverty is widespread, as evidenced by inadequate housing, homelessness, and begging.


Section 2

• Unemployment, pollution, disease, crime, and lack of clean water are common problems in urban slums.



Section 2

• Farmland is limited in mountainous Nepal and Bhutan and on the sandy islands of the Maldives.


• Elsewhere, overcrowding has reduced the size of the land plots that farmers can work.


Section 2

• Inefficient farming methods lead to low crop yields, so millions of people barely grow enough food to feed their own families.


• Rural villages in South Asia may also lack safe drinking water and electricity.


Section 2


• A well-known ethnic group in South Asia, the Sherpa, whose ancestors came from Tibet, are a farming people; but because of their remarkable endurance in high altitudes, many Sherpa are hired to guide climbing expeditions or to carry the gear and supplies on such trips.


Section 2

• South Asia’s people speak 19 major languages and hundreds of local dialects. In India alone, the government officially recognizes 15 languages.


• About half of India’s people speak Hindi as their primary, or major, language.


Section 2

• Urdu is Pakistan’s official language, and Bengali is the official language of Bangladesh.


• English is also widely spoken in the parts of South Asia that were once under British rule.


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Technological advances have raised living standards through the following EXCEPT:

A. Better schools

B. Paved roads

C. Social security

D. Electricity


Section 2

Religion, the Arts, and Daily Life

Religious and cultural traditions in South Asia are thousands of years old.


Section 2

Religion, the Arts, and Daily Life (cont.)

• Hinduism, the most widely practiced religion in South Asia, influences the daily life of about 800 million Indians.

• Islam is the second-largest faith in the region.

• India’s Muslims and Hindus have sometimes clashed, but India has a secular, or nonreligious, government and Muslims’ rights are protected under the law.


Section 2

• Buddhism’s importance is fading in India, but it remains strong in Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan.


• In Bhutan, dzongs, or Buddhist centers of prayer and study, have shaped the country’s art and culture.

The Spread of Buddhismin Asia


Section 2

• Sikhism was founded in the early 1500s.


• Most of South Asia’s Sikhs live in northwestern India, and many want an independent Sikh state there.

• Jainism has about 4 million followers in India and 100,000 elsewhere in South Asia.

• Small Christian communities also exist in some urban areas of India.


Section 2

• For thousands of years, artists and craftspeople in South Asia have created paintings, stone and metal sculptures, jewelry, pottery, fine carpets, and colorful silk and cotton textiles.



Section 2

• Painters have been inspired by sacred writings. Hindu, Buddhist, and Sikh architects built beautiful temples across the region.


• Muslims, too, built beautiful mosques, forts, and palaces in South Asia.


Section 2

• One of India’s greatest poems is the Mahabharata.


• Written down about 100 B.C., the Mahabharata is the longest poem in any written language, and it describes a great war.


Section 2

• Most of India’s traditional dance styles involve themes from Hinduism or heroic tales.


• Classical Indian music usually features the sitar, a stringed instrument.

• Contemporary South Asian music reflects the growing influence of Western styles, such as rock and roll.


Section 2

• Moviemaking is a booming business in the region.


• The city of Mumbai, nicknamed “Bollywood,” is the center of the Indian film industry.


Section 2

• Marriage in South Asia is viewed as the joining of two families, so parents often arrange marriages for their children.


• After a woman marries, she becomes part of her husband’s family.

• In India and Pakistan, several generations often live together in the same house.


Section 2

• Western-style clothing is popular in South Asian cities, but many women people still dress in traditional garments such as the sari, or long, rectangular cloth draped gracefully around the body.



Section 2

• Religious beliefs influence diet in South Asia.

• Hindus do not eat beef, Muslims do not eat pork, and the Jain do not eat any meat.

• Dishes have spicy sauces and are served with rice or flat breads.

• Tea and flavored yogurt drinks are favorite beverages.



Section 2

• Two of the most popular sports, field hockey and cricket, were introduced by the British during the colonial era.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

What is the second-largest faith in the South Asian region?

A. Hinduism

B. Buddhism

C. Islam

D. Christianity

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%


Section 2-End


VS 1

History

• Powerful Buddhist and Hindu empires ruled early South Asia.

• Britain controlled much of South Asia from the 1700s to the mid-1900s.

• British India was divided into the independent countries of India and Pakistan in 1947. Bangladesh, once East Pakistan, won its independence in 1971.

• Other countries of South Asia are Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Maldives.


VS 2

Population

• Population growth presents major challenges to South Asia.

• Most South Asians livein rural areas, but manycities have large populations.

• Cities in South Asia reflect both wealth andpoverty.


VS 3

Ethnic and Language Groups

• South Asia is a region of many ethnic and cultural groups and languages.

• India has 15 official languages, but Hindi is the most widely used.


VS 4

Religion and the Arts

• Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism are major South Asian religions.

• Temples and mosques are examples of religious influences on South Asia’s architecture.


VS 5

Daily life

• Family life is important in South Asia.

• Housing in the region varies from slum dwellings to modern high-rise apartments.

• Religious rules have an effect on diet in South Asia.

• South Asians enjoy sports such as field hockeyand cricket.


VS-End


Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

PP Trans

DFS Trans 1

Answers will vary but should show contrasting point of view.

DFS Trans 2

Vocab1

varna

one of the four broad classes of human society under Hinduism

Vocab2

caste

social class a person is born into and cannot change

Vocab3

reincarnation

belief that after a person dies, his or her soul is reborn into another body

Vocab4

dharma

duty in Hinduism

Vocab5

karma

belief in Hinduism that one’s actions in past lives determine the spiritual level into which one is reborn

Vocab6

nirvana

state of perfect peace and an end to the cycle of rebirth; the goal of following the Eightfold Path in Buddhism

Vocab7

civil disobedience

use of nonviolent protests to challenge a government or its laws

Vocab8

boycott

to refuse to buy items from a particular country

Vocab9

status

position or rank in relation to others

Vocab10

capable

able to do one’s job well

Vocab11

consequence

result

Vocab12

dzong

Buddhist center of prayer and study

Vocab13

sitar

long-necked instrument with seven strings on the outside and ten inside the neck that provides Indian music with a distinctive sound

Vocab14

sari

traditional clothing for women in India; a long rectangular piece of cloth that can be draped around the body in several different ways

Vocab15

ongoing

in progress

Vocab16

primary

main or most important

Vocab17

contemporary

of the present time, modern

Help

Click the Forward button to go to the next slide.

Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.

Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu.

Click the Transparency button from the Chapter Menu, Chapter Introduction, or Visual Summary slides to access the transparencies that are relevant to this chapter. From within a section, click on this button to access the relevant Daily Focus Skills Transparency.

Click the Return button in a feature to return to the main presentation.

Click the Geography Online button to access online textbook features.

Click the Reference Atlas button to access the Interactive Reference Atlas.

Click the Exit button or press the Escape key [Esc] to end the chapter slide show.

Click the Help button to access this screen.

Links to Presentation Plus! features such as Graphs in Motion, Charts in Motion, and figures from your textbook are located at the bottom of relevant screens.

To use this Presentation Plus! product:

End of Custom Shows

This slide is intentionally blank.

splash screen

Documents

people of south asia

regions south asia

northern south asia

indus river valley

brahmaputra river

south asias countries

world religions

early history cont