Splash Screen

Section 1-GTR

World Population

Population growth and distribution influence where people live and how they change the natural environment.

Section 1-GTR

• death rate

World Population

• doubling time

• population distribution

• population density

• birthrate

• natural increase

• migration

• demographic transition

Section 1

Population growth varies from country to country and is influenced by cultural ideas, migration, and level of development.

Population Growth

• Nearly 7.1 billion people now live on Earth, inhabiting about 30 percent of the planet’s land.

• Global population is growing rapidly and is expected to reach 9 billion by the year 2050.

• Demography: The study of populations

Section 1

• The Demographic Transition Model

– The demographic transition model uses birthrates and death rates to show changes in the population trends of a country or region.

– Most of the industrialized and technologically developed countries have reached zero population growth, in which the birthrate and death rate are equal.

Population Growth (cont.)

The Demographic Transition Model

Section 1

Population Growth (cont.)

• Rapid population growth presents many challenges to the global community:

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Section 1

Population Growth (cont.)

• Countries, such as Hungary and Germany, have experienced negative population growth, in which the annual death rate exceeds the annual birthrate.

Section 1

World population distribution is uneven and is influenced by migration and the Earth’s physical geography.

Population Distribution

• Only about 30% of Earth is land.

• Almost everyone on Earth lives on a little less than one-third of the planet’s land.

Section 1

Population Distribution (cont.)

• Population Density

– To determine population density in a country, geographers divide the total population of the country by its total land area.

– This does not account for uneven population distribution.

World Population Density

World at Night (2000)

Section 1

Population Distribution (cont.)

• Population Movement

– Many people are moving to urban areas, this is called Urbanization.

– Push/Pull Factors are reasons people migrate to a new area.

– Immigrants: People who move into an area.

– Emigrants: People who leave (exit) an area.

Section 1

Population Growth (cont.)

• List some Push/Pull Factors:

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Section 1-End

Section 2-GTR

Global Cultures

The spatial interaction of cultures can spread new ideas, establish trading relationships, cause wars, and build political partnerships.

Section 2-GTR

• culture

Global Cultures

• cultural diffusion

• culture hearth• language

family

• ethnic group

• culture region

Section 2

Geographers divide the Earth into culture regions, which are defined by the presence of common elements such as language and religion.

Elements of Culture

• A particular culture can be understood by looking at the following elements:

– Language

– Religion

World Language Families

Section 2

Elements of Culture (cont.)

– Social Groups

– Government and Economy

– Culture Regions

World Culture Regions

Section 2

Internal and external forces change cultures over time.

Cultural Change

• The Agricultural Revolution

– The shift from hunting and gathering food to producing food is known as the Agricultural Revolution.

– Some of the farming villages evolved into civilizations.

Section 2

Cultural Change (cont.)

– The world’s first civilizations arose in culture hearths.

• The most influential culture hearths developed in areas that make up the modern countries of:

– Egypt

– Iraq

– Pakistan

– China

– Mexico

World Culture Hearths

Section 2

Cultural Change (cont.)

• They have certain geographic features in common:

– Mild climate

– Fertile land

– Located near a major river or source of water

Section 2

Cultural Change (cont.)

• Cultural contact among different civilizations promoted cultural change as ideas and practices spread through trade and travel.

Section 2

Cultural Change (cont.)

• Industrial and Information Revolutions

– In the late 1700s and 1800s some countries experienced the Industrial Revolution, which led to social changes.

– At the end of the 1900s, the information revolution opened doors for experiencing new cultures.

Section 2-End

Section 3-GTR

Political and Economical Systems

Political and economic systems provide the organization and power for groups of people to control Earth’s surface.

Section 3-GTR

• unitary system

Political and Economical Systems

• democracy

• traditional economy

• market economy

• mixed economy

• command economy

• federal system

• autocracy

• monarchy

• oligarchy

Section 3

Territory, population, and sovereignty influence levels and types of governments in countries around the world.

Features of Government

• Levels of government

– Most countries have several levels of government, ranging from the national level to the village level.

Section 3

Features of Government (cont.)

• Two types of government systems are:

– Unitary—the United Kingdom and France use this system.

– Federal—the United States, Canada and Switzerland are three of many countries that use this system.

Section 3

Features of Government (cont.)

• All governments belong to one of three major groups:

– Autocracy—rule by one person

– A monarchy is another form of autocratic government.

– Oligarchy—rule by a few people

– Democracy—rule by many people

Section 3

The three major economic systems are traditional economy, market economy, and command economy.

Economic Systems

• All economic systems must make three basic economic decisions:

– What and how many goods and services should be produced

Section 3

Economic Systems (cont.)

– Who gets the goods and services that are produced

– How should they be produced

– Traditional—habit and custom determine the rules.

– Market—this economy is based on free enterprise, the idea that private individuals or groups have the right to own property or businesses and make a profit with only limited government interference.

• These decisions are made differently in the three major economic systems:

Section 3

Economic Systems (cont.)

– Most market economies are actually mixed economies.

– Command—the government controls the economy is this system.

Section 3

Economic Systems (cont.)

• Two types of command economies:

– Communist—strict government control of the entire society

– Socialist—three main goals of this type of economy:

• An equitable distribution of wealth and economic opportunity

• Society’s control, through its government, makes decisions about public goods.

• Public ownership of services and factories that are essential.

Section 3-End

Section 4-GTR

Resources, Trade, and the Environment

Although people are dependent on the world’s natural resources for survival, certain economic activities can threaten humans’ future access to these resources.

Section 4-GTR

• natural resource

Resources, Trade, and the Environment

• developing country

• free trade

• pollution

• industrialization

• developed country

• newly industrialized country

Section 4

Natural resources must be managed to ensure future needs.

Resource Management

• Because fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, and other nonrenewable resources cannot be replaced, they must be conserved.

Section 4

Resource Management (cont.)

• Alternative energy sources:

– Hydroelectric power

– Solar energy

– Nuclear energy

The Global Economy

Section 4

Countries with varying levels of economic development have become increasingly interdependent through world trade.

Economies and World Trade

• Geographers and economists classify all of the world’s economic activities into four types:

– Primary economic activities—taking or using natural resources directly from the Earth

Section 4

Economies and World Trade (cont.)

– Secondary economic activities—raw materials are used to produce something new and more valuable.

– Tertiary economic activities—provide services to people and businesses

– Quaternary economic activities—the processing, management, and distribution of information

The Global Economy

Section 4

Economies and World Trade (cont.)

• Factors affecting trade:

– The unequal distribution of natural resources

– Differences in labor costs

– Differences in education levels

Section 4

Economies and World Trade (cont.)

• Barriers to trade:

– Tariffs

– Embargos

– A quota on the quantity of a product that can be imported from a country

• Many governments around the world have moved toward free trade.

World Economic Trends

Section 4

Economic activities have led to environmental pollution.

People and the Environment

• The water, land, and air have all been polluted due to human activity.

• When humans harm natural ecosystems, they are also hurting themselves.

Section 4-End

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End of Custom Shows

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