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Splash Screen
Chapter Menu
Essential Question
Section 1: Democratic Governments
Section 2: Authoritarian Governments
Section 3: International Organizations
Section 4: Global Issues
Chapter Summary
Essential Question
How do governments vary around the world, and what collective challenges do they face in today’s interdependent world?
Section 1-Content Vocabulary
Content Vocabulary
• consolidated democracy
• parliamentary government
• presidential government
• apartheid
• sanction
Section 1-Academic Vocabulary
Academic Vocabulary
• transition
• widespread
• ministry
Section 1-Reading Strategy
Reading Strategy
Create a flowchart to list the process by which officials in a parliamentary government are chosen.
A. A
B. B
Section 1-Polling Question
Which type of democratic government system do you think runs most efficiently with a large population?
A B
0%0%
A. representative
B. direct
Section 1
Parliamentary Systems
• Today, political scientists call countries like the United States with well-established democratic governments consolidated democracies.
• Such nations have fair elections, competing political parties, a constitutional government that guarantees individual rights, an independent judiciary, and some form of a market economy.
Section 1
Parliamentary Systems (cont.)
• One of the most widespread forms of democratic government is parliamentary government, in which executive and legislative functions both reside in the elected assembly, or parliament.
• In Great Britain, the Parliament holds almost all governmental authority.
Comparing Governments: Presidential versus Parliamentary Governments
Section 1
Parliamentary Systems (cont.)
• Great Britain has a bicameral legislature consisting of the House of Commons—the legislative body, and the House of Lords which has limited power.
• The leader of the majority party in the House of Commons becomes the prime minister.
Comparing Governments: Presidential versus Parliamentary Governments
Section 1
Parliamentary Systems (cont.)
• Japan has a parliament of two houses called the National Diet.
• The upper house is the House of Councillors, and the lower house is the House of Representatives.
• The House of Councillors has only limited power to delay legislation.
Comparing Governments: Presidential versus Parliamentary Governments
Section 1
Parliamentary Systems (cont.)
• The House of Representatives has members chosen from election districts and the power to vote “no confidence” in the prime minister or chief executive and the cabinet.
• In parliamentary government, members of the cabinet preside over departments, or ministries, which may include justice, foreign affairs, finance, education, health and welfare, agriculture, and labor.
Section 1
Parliamentary Systems (cont.)
• If a parliamentary government should lose a vote on an important issue, it must resign and the legislature is dissolved, prompting a new general election.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1 – DQ1
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
In which democratic form of government do executive and legislative functions both reside in the elected assembly?
A. parliamentary
B. dictatorship
C. bicameral
D. presidential
Section 1
Presidential Government
• In a presidential government, the president is chosen by the people to head the executive branch, which is distinct from the legislature.
• The French president is responsible for negotiating treaties, appointing high officials, and acting as chair of the high councils of the military.
Comparing Governments: Presidential versus Parliamentary Governments
Section 1
Presidential Government (cont.)
• The French president has the rights to appeal directly to the people in a referendum and to exercise dictatorial powers in a national emergency.
• The French president maintains contact with the legislative branch through a premier, whom the president appoints.
Comparing Governments: Presidential versus Parliamentary Governments
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 1 – DQ2
A B C
0% 0%0%
In a presidential system of government, the president is chosen by the people to head which branch of government?
A. the legislative branch
B. the executive branch
C. the judicial branch
Section 1
Emerging Democracies
• In 1989 the people of Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria threw out the Communist governments that were imposed on them at the end of World War II.
• Poland led the way in these revolutions when a trade union called Solidarity emerged from an underground resistance movement.
Section 1
Emerging Democracies (cont.)
• In 1997, the National Assembly adopted the new Constitution of the Republic of Poland.
• Starting in 1948, South Africa followed a policy of apartheid, or strict segregation of the races enforced by the government.
• In the 1980s, the United States and the European Economic Community ordered economic sanctions, or the imposition of restrictions and the withholding of aid, against the South African government.
Section 1
Emerging Democracies (cont.)
• In 1917 Mexico adopted a constitution that divided the national government into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.
• The president’s power and the control of the government by one party, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), led political observers to view it as more authoritarian than democratic.
Section 1
Emerging Democracies (cont.)
• In 1994, PRI candidate Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon won the presidency and introduced nationwide electoral reforms that did much to end the PRI’s long tradition of ballot box fraud.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1 – DQ3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Strict segregation of the races enforced by a government is called
A. discrimination.
B. racism.
C. apartheid.
D. integration.
Section 2-Academic Vocabulary
Academic Vocabulary
• civil
• sustain
• transform
Section 2-Reading Strategy
Reading Strategy
Create a time line similar to the one below to list the important events in the history of Communist China and Cuba.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 2-Polling Question
What factor is most responsible for political tension in Saudi Arabia?
A. Its government is based on a fundamentalist interpretation of Islam.
B. It is ruled as an absolute monarchy.
C. It supplies oil and military bases to the U.S.
A B C
0% 0%0%
Section 2
The People’s Republic of China
• In 1911 the last Chinese emperor was overthrown in an uprising and a year later China became a republic with rival factions that divided the nation.
• The Nationalist Party, under Chiang Kai-shek, defeated the Communists.
• The Nationalists represented the urban middle class and controlled urban areas.
• In 1949 the Communists, led by Mao Zedong, took control of the Nationalists areas.
Section 2
The People’s Republic of China (cont.)
• Today China has a ceremonial national government, which includes a legislature, a cabinet, and a president and vice president, but the government is controlled by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
• The CCP’s top governing body is the National Party Congress.
• National policy is made by the party’s Political Bureau—the Politburo.
Section 2
The People’s Republic of China (cont.)
• Authoritarian governments, like China’s, tolerate little criticism or open disagreement.
• The United States ended official diplomatic relations with China in 1949 when the Communists gained control of the mainland.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2 – DQ1
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
The Chinese party under Chiang Kai-shek was called the
A. Nationalist Party.
B. Communist Party.
C. Democratic Party.
D. Federal Party.
Section 2
Communism in Cuba
• In 1959 Fidel Castro led Cubans in a revolt that ousted dictator Fulgencio Batista.
• Under Castro, Cuba became a Communist dictatorship that was largely sustained by the Soviet Union.
• In 1961 anti-Castro exiles, trained by the United States, invaded Cuba at the Bay of Pigs.
• The failed invasion embarrassed the United States.
Section 2
Communism in Cuba (cont.)
• The end of the Cold War in the early 1990s left Cuba isolated.
• The loss of Soviet aid, combined with low prices for sugar exports, caused a deep economic crisis.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2 – DQ2
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Which country went through a deep economic crisis due to the loss of Soviet aid combined with low prices for sugar exports?
A. Poland
B. Iran
C. Venezuela
D. Cuba
Section 2
North Korea
• After World War II, the Korean peninsula was divided into North and South Korea.
• With U.S. aid, South Korea became a democracy with a strong, free market economy.
• North Korea became a Communist nation supported by the Soviet Union until its collapse.
Section 2
North Korea (cont.)
• Today, North Korea’s totalitarian government centers on unquestioning loyalty to Kim Jong Il.
• In the early 1990s, North Korea began to develop chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons, spurring tension with the U.S.
A. A
B. B
Section 2 – DQ3
A B
0%0%
Which country has been more successful economically following the Korean War?
A. North Korea
B. South Korea
Section 2
Islamic Governments
• A Muslim, or follower of Islam, is “one who submits” to Allah and the instructions of the Quran.
• Muslims form a majority in the Arab countries of the Middle East.
• Islamic leaders believe there is no need for a separation between religion and the state because Allah is inherent in politics.
Section 2
Islamic Governments (cont.)
• Today, some Muslims are moderates who believe that religious doctrine and secular, or civil, law can coexist.
• Muslim militants or radicals believe that Islamic countries should base their legal systems strictly on the law of the Quran, rather than on any Western legal principles.
Section 2
Islamic Governments (cont.)
• Although all Muslims have respect for specially trained Islamic religious leaders called mullahs, Islamic militants believe that Muslims should adhere to their rulings without question in every sphere of life.
• In the 1960s and 1970s, Iran began building a capitalistic economy based on oil revenues.
Section 2
Islamic Governments (cont.)
• The Iranian shah, or king, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, led this effort, strengthening economic and cultural ties to the West.
• The struggle between militant Islam and the modern world has caused tension in Saudi Arabia, a country that has provided oil and important military bases to the United States.
Section 2
Islamic Governments (cont.)
• The Al Saud family established the country in 1932 and have ruled as absolute monarchs ever since.
• The government is based on a fundamentalist interpretation of Islam with no separation of religion and the state.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2 – DQ4
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Muslim militants or radicals believe that Islamic countries should base their legal systems strictly on
A. Western law.
B. Hammurabi’s Code.
C. the Quran.
D. secular beliefs.
Section 3-Content Vocabulary
Content Vocabulary
• nongovernmental organization
• intergovernmental organization
• supranational organization
Section 3-Reading Strategy
Reading Strategy
As you read, use a graphic organizer like the one below to list the various aspects of the government of the European Union.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3-Polling Question
Which organization or country has the greatest influence on global peace?
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
A. NATO
B. United Nations
C. United States
D. European Union
Section 3
The United Nations
• Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are made up of individuals and groups outside the scope of government.
• An intergovernmental organization (IGO) is one comprised of members of national governments.
Section 3
The United Nations (cont.)
• In 1945 the United States and other nations established the United Nations—an IGO—to provide a forum to allow nations to settle their disputes peacefully.
Organization of the United Nations
Section 3
The United Nations (cont.)
• The Charter of the UN identifies the organization’s three major goals:
Organization of the United Nations
– to preserve world peace and security
– to encourage nations to deal fairly with one another
– to help nations cooperate in trying to solve their social and economic problems
Section 3
The United Nations (cont.)
• The UN’s General Assembly discusses, debates, and recommends solutions for major international problems presented to the United Nations.
Organization of the United Nations
• The Assembly also controls the UN budget by determining the members’ yearly contributions and by setting expenditures for the many UN agencies.
Section 3
The United Nations (cont.)
• The UN Security Council has the authority to make peacekeeping decisions for the United Nations.
Organization of the United Nations
• The Secretariat conducts the UN’s day-to-day business with a staff of about 9,000 people who work under the direction of the secretary general.
Section 3
The United Nations (cont.)
• The International Court of Justice, also called the World Court, is the judicial branch of the UN.
Organization of the United Nations
• Member nations may voluntarily submit disputes over international law to this court for settlement.
Section 3
The United Nations (cont.)
• The Economic and Social Council is responsible for helping the UN promote social and economic progress around the world.
Organization of the United Nations
• In addition to promoting alternatives to armed conflict, the UN has a limited ability to use military force for peacekeeping.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3 – DQ1
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
An private organization that distributes grants to farmers in Central America is an example of
A. an intergovernmental organization.
B. an anti-governmental organization.
C. a nongovernmental organization.
D. a central bank.
Section 3
The European Union
• The European Union is a regional IGO that has evolved further than any other toward becoming a supranational organization, or an organization whose authority overrides or supersedes the sovereignty of its individual members.
Integrating Europe
Section 3
The European Union (cont.)
• Since its founding, the EU has developed into a quasi-government with the authority to make and enforce some decisions that apply to all of its members even though they remain sovereign nations.
Integrating Europe
Section 3
The European Union (cont.)
• The Council of the European Union is a gathering of foreign ministers or state secretaries chosen by each member nation that meets to discuss and vote on major issues.
Integrating Europe
• The European Parliament is the legislative branch of the EU, with 732 members divided among countries on the basis of population.
Section 3
The European Union (cont.)
• The European Court of Justice is the EU’s highest judicial body and has one judge per member.
Integrating Europe
• The European Commission drafts proposals for new laws, presents them to the European Parliament and the Council, and sees that decisions are implemented.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3 – DQ2
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
An organization whose authority overrides or supersedes the sovereignty of its individual members is a(n) ____ organization.
A. post-sovereign
B. supranational
C. intergovernmental
D. arbitration
Section 4-Content Vocabulary
Content Vocabulary
• terrorism
• state-sponsored terrorism
• nuclear proliferation
• human rights
Section 4-Academic Vocabulary
Academic Vocabulary
• prime
• monitor
• comprehensive
Section 4-Reading Strategy
Reading Strategy
Use a graphic organizer like the one below to list the promises made by major nuclear powers when they signed the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4-Polling Question
Which is the most powerful factor influencing global politics today?
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
A. international terrorism
B. human rights
C. nuclear weapons
D. environmental issues
Section 4
International Terrorism
• Terrorism is the use of violence by nongovernmental groups against civilians to achieve a political goal.
• Since World War II, most terrorist attacks on Americans have been carried out by Middle Eastern groups.
Terrorist Concerns
Section 4
International Terrorism (cont.)
• One reason for such attacks stems from the history of American investment in the oil industry.
• In the 1970s, several Middle Eastern nations realized that they could fight the United States by providing terrorist groups with money, weapons, and training.
Terrorist Concerns
Section 4
International Terrorism (cont.)
• When a government secretly supports terrorism, this is called state-sponsored terrorism.
• In 1988 Osama bin Laden founded a group called al-Qaeda, or “the Base.”
• Al-Qaeda recruited Muslims and channeled money and arms to the Afghan resistance.
Terrorist Concerns
Section 4
International Terrorism (cont.)
• Operating first from Sudan and later Afghanistan, bin Laden dedicated himself and al-Qaeda to driving Westerners, especially Americans, out of the Middle East.
Terrorist Concerns
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4 – DQ1
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
The use of violence by nongovernmental groups against civilians to achieve a political goal is referred to as
A. war.
B. sanctions.
C. invasions.
D. terrorism.
Section 4
Nuclear Weapons Threat
• Another problem that the world faces is nuclear proliferation, or the spread of nuclear weapons.
• Five nations—the United States, Russia, Great Britain, France, and China—have had nuclear weapons for many years.
• Israel, South Africa, Argentina, and Taiwan also are believed to possess nuclear weapons.
Section 4
Nuclear Weapons Threat (cont.)
• More recently, India and Pakistan have acquired the capability to produce nuclear weapons.
• In 1968 the major nuclear powers created the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, in which they promised not to provide nuclear weapons technology to other nations.
• Two countries who are cause for U.S. concern are North Korea and Iran, both of which have nuclear capabilities.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4 – DQ2
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
What describes the spread of nuclear weapons to other nations?
A. atomic warfare
B. global nuclear surge
C. nuclear proliferation
D. nuclear revolution
Section 4
Human Rights
• Human rights are the basic freedoms and rights that all people, regardless of age, gender, nationality, or ethnicity, should enjoy.
• In 1948 the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which set forth in 30 articles a comprehensive statement of “inalienable rights of all members of the human family.”
Section 4
Human Rights (cont.)
• The UN Commission on Human Rights monitors and reports on human rights violations.
• In 2002 a permanent International Criminal Court (ICC) was established as a result of the efforts of the UN and a group of nearly 50 countries led by Canada and Germany.
• The ICC has strong powers to investigate and prosecute those accused of major human rights violations and war crimes.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4 – DQ3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Which of the following was established to investigate and prosecute those accused of major human rights violations and war crimes?
A. European Union
B. European Convention of Human Rights
C. International Atomic Energy Agency
D. International Criminal Court
Section 4
Protecting the Environment
• The core dilemma for policymakers is learning how to continue to develop their economies while protecting the environment and preserving the natural resources that are necessary for an industrial economy.
• In 1992 the UN Conference on Environment and Development, known as the Earth Summit, produced the Biodiversity Treaty, which set forth procedures for conserving natural habitats.
Section 4
Protecting the Environment (cont.)
• The United States did not sign the treaty in part because policymakers feared that it placed too many limits on biotechnology patents and would hurt the economy.
• In 1998 the U.S. signed the Kyoto Protocol, which focused on timetables for reducing greenhouse emissions to target levels among participating nations; however, in 1999 the U.S. Senate voted against formal implementation of the agreement.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4 – DQ4
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
What was the focus of the Kyoto Protocol?
A. reducing greenhouse gas emissions
B. limiting garbage dumped in oceans
C. finding alternative energy
D. strip mining for coal
Chapter Summary start
Democratic Governments
• These governments have free elections, competing parties, individual rights, and a market economy.
• The elected body has both executive and legislative duties in parliamentary governments; these duties reside in separate branches in presidential governments.
Chapter Summary
International Organizations
• The United Nations seeks to preserve peace and encourages global cooperation to solve world problems.
• The European Union promotes political and economic cooperation among members.
Chapter Summary
Authoritarian Governments
• In such governments, citizens have few civil rights and government criticism is restricted.
• Examples include the People’s Republic of China, the Communist government of Cuba, and the nonsecular Islamic government of Iran.
Chapter Summary
Global Issues
• These issues include terrorism, nuclear proliferation, human rights and environmental protection.
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