Sports conditions,injuries and prevention

Suzanne Younger

Who has had a fracture?.....

What is a Fracture?

• A fracture is a break in the continuity of a bone or a loss of continuity in the substance of a bone

Clinical sigFracturesf a fracture

• A deformity that can be seen or felt

• Pain on stressing the limb

• Abnormal movement in a limb due to movement at site

• Crepitus or grating between bone ends

• Impaired function

• Swelling at the fracture site

• Tenderness at site

Fractures

Causes of fractures• Direct trauma– caused by external forces which exceed the

strength of the bone.

– direct violence e.g. RTA, a blow

or

• Indirect trauma– Fracture results from twisting or rotational

forces being applied to the bone

–e.g football studs planted, rotation force applied to the limb resulting in spiral of the tibia

or

• Pathological fracture– bone is already weakened or diseased

– fracture because the bone’s internal structure is weakened

• Stress fracture– Caused by repeated excessive loading of a bone, the

cumulative forces result in a break

Types of fracture:

• Classified by skin damage• Or shape of fracture • Or displacement

Classified by skin damage:

• Open: skin’s broken either by external force or internal one

• Closed: simple fracture

Fractures

Fractures

Classified by shape

• Shape of the fracture– Transverse or Horizontal –Oblique / Spiral–Comminuted (many small parts)–Crush–Greenstick - • children, bend in immature bone with a break

in cortices

What picture shows and Oblique Fracture?What picture shows a Transverse Fracture?

Classification by displacement:

–Undisplaced

–Displaced

– Impacted

– Stable

Comminuted displaced fracture of a femur

Stable undisplaced fracture of a radius:

Stages of fracture healing:

• Stage 1: Haematoma (0–2 wks)

• Stage 2: Cellular proliferation (2-6 wks)

• Stage 3: Callus formation• Stage 4: Consolidation stage (6-12 wks)

Ossification occurs 12 -26 wk callus matures

• Stage 5: Stage of remodelling (1-2 yrs)

Why do physios treat fractures?

• Aim to restore the patient to optimal functional state

• Prevent fracture and soft-tissue complications

• Get the fracture to heal, and in a position which will produce optimal functional recovery

• Rehabilitate the patient as early as possible

Who has had concussion?

Sports Concussion:

• Head injuries in sport are common in all contact sports, the vast majority are minor

• Common sports for these are:– Football– Boxing– Gymnastics– Horse riding – Martial arts

...impact from camogie stick

Causes:

• Direct blow to head, face, neck, or elsewhere on the body with force transmitted to the head

• Typically results in rapid onset of short-lived impairment of neurological function that resolves spontaneously

• May or may not involve loss of consciousness

Symptoms:

• Headache• Dizziness• Unsteadiness• Feeling stunned or dazed• Seeing stars or flashing lights• Tinnitus• Double vision

• Sleepiness, sleep disturbance, • Poor concentration• Nausea/vomiting• Slurred speech• Personality change• Impaired playing ability