Spring 1991

President's Message

CAPA/AAPC had a very energetic and successful year, thanks to the efforts of our members and special activities coordinators:

- Our annual meeting in Banff was a tremendous success, with 46 presented papers in four symposia and two contributed papers sessions. Once again we are delighted with the international representation at the meeting, largely a result of the efforts of symposia organizers.

- Membership continues to grow, particularly in the Student Member category.

- On behalf of the membership, the association has made representation to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council to promote the funding of research in physical anthropology.

- Recommendations have been made by the association to the Joint Assembly of First Nations/Canadian Museums Association Task Force on Museums and First Peoples and to Saskatchewan Culture, Multiculturalism and Recreation, with discussion continuing on an ad hoc basis with Alberta Culture, regarding aboriginal skeletal remains.

Updated information on these last two issues will be provided at the 1991 business meeting, and other issues will be considered. For example:

- Members of the executive and conference organizers often incur travel expenses, and the question of reimbursement by CAPA in cases where the member cannot obtain funding from their institution has arisen. As well, the associationts ability or responsibility to provide full or partial travel support for members who officially represent CAPA at other meetings must be addressed.

- The associationts constitution requires revision, particularly the sections dealing with the nomination and election of the executive, the submission of motions for inclusion in the agenda of the business meeting, the auditing of the associationts accounts, and the use of the generic "he". The constitution is reprinted in this issue of the Newsletter. Please submit any suggestions for revision to the President or the Secretary/Treasurer.

As a sad counterpoint to the successes of the past year, we note the deaths of our colleagues Charlie Eyman and Larry

Fedigan.

I look forward to seeing you at the next meeting.

Nancy Love11

I t is my p leasure t o , f i r s t o f all, t h a n k t h e Ac t ing Ed i to r f o r l as t yea r , Nancy Ossenberg , f o r ed i t ing t h e news le t te r in 1990. A s you had heard, I was in Munchen, Germany, and en joyed mysel f immensely among my f a v o r i t e sKele t o n s . -

This year , I t r ~ e d t o s t a r t ear ly with a ca l l f o r mater ia l and I did g e t a number o f pos i t i ve r e p l ~ e s . However, our f acu l t y decided t o go on s t r i k e beginning o f March. The end o f our labour dispute was more than t h r e e weeKs la te r , and the time l o s t in teaching had t o be recouped. Accordingly, e v e r y t h i n g e lse had t o move, I apologize f o r t h e delay in e d i t i n g t h i s n e w s l e t t e r 1991.

By assembling t h e mater ia l , I n o t i c e d a common t r e n d ; some members a r e v e r y active, o t h e r s a r e n o t in sending n o t e s and news, I would l ike t o thank those who con t r i bu te t o t h e news le t te r , b u t I would also like t o encourage t h e o t h e r s t o become more act ive in t h e s e m a t t e r s . A f t e r all, it i s always i n te res t i ng t o r e a d what o t h e r members do. Please do n o t hes i ta te t o r e p o r t y o u r t h o u g h t s and a c t i v i t i e s t o al l o f us,

Hermann Helmuth

Please be reminded t h a t a t our n e x t meet ing in Hamilton (see at tached) we need t o e lect a new (7) p res ident . Any ideas? What about a sea rch committee t o come up with s u g g e s t i o n s ?

I should also remind my r e a d e r s t h a t we decided t o mutate t h e membership f e e ;

t h e new member-ship f e e s will be:

f u l l members: $ 35.-- i n s t i t u t i o n a l mernbers: $ 25.--

s t u d e n t members: $ 15.--

Memberships ex tend f r o m one annual general meet ing t o t h e n e x t and people who have n o t paid the i r f e e s may n o t receive t h i s n e w s l e t t e r ,

Shelley Saunders (McMaster Un ive rs i t y ) has been s e l e c t e d t o t h e e d i t o r s h i p o f t h e " In te rnat iona l J o u r n a l o f Anthropologyw and thus, encourages members t o hand in m a n u s c r i p t s f o r pub l i ca t i on ,

Minutes of the 18th annual General Meeting of the Canadian Association for Physical Anthropology November 30, 1990, Banff Park Lodge.

Meeting called to order at 5:16 with 18 members present other than the executive (president: Lovell, secretary: Jackes).

The agenda was approved unanimously (m. Herring, s. Meiklejohn). Katzenberg stated that she wished to have a discussion on criteria for awarding student prizes and proposed that AAPA rules apply. The discussion was deferred and unfortunately there was insufficient time to deal with the question later (note that the 1989 awarding committee published a report on their discussions in the Spring, 1990 Newsletter and that Pfeiffer states that notice of student status will have to be forwarded with the abstract for the 1991 meetings).

The meetings of the 17th Annual General Meeting as published in the Spring, 1990 Newsletter were approved unanimously (m. Molto, s. Meiklejohn).

Business arising from the minutes: Jackes noted that the proposal to draft an amendment to the constitution with regard to election to the executive by acclamation rather than ballot vote (Newsletter, 1990, page 11) was not followed through. She proposed that the constitution be republished in the next Newsletter, along with the draft of the amendment. Molto suggested that the vote on the matter be deferred until next year. It was proposed that the ballot be mailed (Saunders) with the next Newsletter (Lovell). The executive took it under advisement that the sense of the meeting indicated that no formal vote will be required for the election of the new president at the 1991 meeting.

The secretary/treasurer reported that the last financial year (meeting to meeting) represents a shortfall of $360. Membership is up from 48 full, 25 student and 1 institutional in 1989 to 46 full, 40 student and 3 institutional (there are 4 life members, up from 2) in 1990. Our paying membership has thus increased from 73 to 89, but the increase is mostly in student membership. Supplies cost more in 1990, partly because the Anthropology Department, University of Alberta had absorbed some costs in 1989. Postage costs are up, although Ossenberg had assisted by using the inter-university mail in Ontario during 1990.

The shortfall in 1990 was, however, mainly due to the costs of the 1989 meetings and to the student travel grants given out by Ossenberg and Jackes in 1989. Jackes asked for discussion on the proportion of the income to be devoted to student travel and invited Pfeiffer to outline criteria for student travel assistance followed by other associations or granting agencies.

Pfeiffer stated that several considerations are involved: 1) is CAPA to provide student travel assistance on a regular basis? 2) what are the criteria for distribution of funds? 3) how much money is CAPA willing or able to disburse? She stated that the criteria at SSHRC funded conferences encompasssed distance travelled, nature of participation in a conference and current status of the applicant. Herring noted that affiliation with

another association would mean that student funds would become available but that students have to pay extra to be eligible for travel grants. Katzenberg and Lovell pointed out that funds are available at some universites. However, it was stated that such assistance may be in the form of a small, one-time grant through the whole of a student's career as a graduate student (Gibbs, McMaster University). There was discussion of the fact that CAPA is not registered as a charitable organization because that requires an expensive annual audit (Herring, Lovell, Saunders). Saunders asked about criteria in 1989 and Jackes outlined the considerations (presentation of a paper, distance travelled, volunteer work in conference organization). Pfeiffer moved and Katzenberg seconded the motion that CAPA continue to give student grants, with a ceiling of $750, based on presentation of a paper and distance travelled to the maximum of $100 per student. This was carried unanimously after a short discussion of the fact that the AAPA does not assist students (Brooks), but that airfares are higher in Canada (Meiklejohn), Canada has "different valuesw (Pfeiffer), and that Jackes and Ossenberg set up the scheme to encourage students from the east to travel west and vice versa (Lovell). Katzenberg mentioned that, of the 95 registrants at the 1990 meetings, 45 were students. The tenor of the meeting was that the executive decide in an ad hoc manner on this question, consideration being given to the financial health of CAPA.

Discussion then focussed on a topic raised by Saunders further to the question of student assistance. She stated that membership fees have remained the same for too long. Jackes was not sure that a newsletter, rather than a journal, gave good enough value for high membership fees and noted that institutional membership especially may fall away. Only the University of Montreal Department of Anthropology responded to a letter sent to every Canadian university department of anthropology last year. The Tozzer Library, Harvard has become a member, but the Smithsonian Library has put us in the awkward situation of requesting an exchange which we will have to refuse. Our other institutional member is a Saskatchewan government department. Pfeiffer felt strongly that "a shoestring economytt would ultimately reduce the quality of the newsletter. Jackes pointed out that no constraints have been placed on Ossenberg as acting editor.

There was discussion on the use of increased CAPA income. Herring felt that an increase would be justified only if the extra funds went into student travel assistance. Cybulski, on the other hand, did not agree that student travel funds were of prime importance. Saunders supported Pfeiffer in her contention that increased quality of the CAPA Newletter is very desirable.

After discussion (Herring and Pfeiffer favoured an immediate increase), it was decided that notice of fee increases would be published in the 1991 Newsletter (Jackes, Lovell) and increases would take effect from the 1992 meetings.

Proposals were for $35 for full members and $25 for institutional members (Brooks) and that student membership be increased to $15 (Jimenez). There was some feeling that full

membership be set at $30 (Katzenberg, Cybulski). The motion on the floor was that fees be increased

(Saunders), and this was supported with an amendment by Brooks of a fee increase of $10 for full members, $2.50 for students and $0.00 for institutional members and a further amendment that disbursement of additional funds be at the discretion of the executive (Molto). The motion was seconded by Stuart-Macadam and carried with one "nayw on the grounds that the increase should be reduced to $5.

The secretary/treasurerts report was approved unanimously (m. Pfeiffer, s. Knusel).

Herring read the report of the standing committee on affiliation (to be published in the 1991 Newsletter).

Discussion began with the question of the timing of meetings, whether April/May meetings are too late in the year for those who do field work and whether the timing of meetings is negotiable (Katzenberg, Lovell, Herring).

It was then questioned whether we need to consider affiliation further since CAPA is now much healthier than it was two or three years ago (Knusel), although attendance at the meetings may simply reflect the popularity of places like Banff (Lovell) .

Herring brought forward a point made in conversation with Szathmary, that affiliation may give physical anthropologists a higher profile with their colleagues in other sub-disciplines and Saunders agreed that this could help in the long term, especially if students could make broader contacts when they are beginning to seek jobs.

Since the standing committee on affiliation did not have a reply to its letter to the CAA, the committee assumed that only CASCA was interested (Herring). Curtin stated that at the Whitehorse meetings of the CAA there was an vlenthusiasticw reponse to the question but that no one from CAPA was present to receive the expression of interest. Since CAA gives a grant to students of 3/4 of their travel costs, she felt strongly that the meeting was being hasty in deciding that affiliation with the CAA was undesirable. Katzenberg and Herring agreed that there had been no formal presentation and representation at the CAA meetings because there was no funding. Lovell and Jackes intended to go to the CASCA meetings in Calgary but received no clear reponse from the president of CASCA or the Chairman of Anthropology, University of Calgary.

Pfeiffer noted that the discussions were beginning to mirror those of previous years and that the matter was much too serious to be decided on at the meeting, Brooks having made the point that the AAPA is so strong because it had maintained its independence in 1946, with only 400 members and no travel funds (but it did have the AJPA). She wishes CAPA to be independent and to hold meetings in easy to reach places.

Pfeiffer proposed that a straw vote ballot be included with the 1991 Newsletter as to whether the membership felt that affiliation was desirable, and if so, whether CASCA or CAA was preferable. Since there is to be an August 1 deadline for abstracts and pre-registration, the completed ballots could be

forwarded to Pfeiffer with the abstracts. Herring again brought up the point that CAPA is now much

healthier than two years ago and that we no longer need money through the SSHRC to support student travel. Meiklejohn supported the idea that CAPA may well get swamped, especially if meetings are held concurrently and entered a strong plea against affiliation with CASCA. Discussion on student travel, student fees to CASCA, cheaper rates in hotels with large block bookings, the possibility of independent meetings despite affiliation with CASCA continued (Cybulski, Herring). Pfeiffer, however, felt strongly that the meeting should decide to shelve the whole issue. This was voted on, resulting in 13 for shelving, 1 for not shelving the issue and 2 abstentions. Katzenberg wished to make sure that the matter was fully reported in the 1991 Newsletter and moved to thank the committee for their work (seconded Knusel).

Pfeiffer reported for the standing committe on granting agencies on their discussions with NSERC and SSHRC. She noted that neither granting agency will undertake to be responsible for physical anthropology. They will take each application on a case by case basis and state that individuals need to find their own niches. There will be no home base for anthropology. Each agency will be programme oriented so that preparation of grant applications will now be less arduous. An anthropologist who is shunted between agencies will find one application appropriate for both. The situation is unsatisfactory, but at least there is now some awareness of the problem and a list of "senior people in secure positionsw available for consultation has been lodged with the SSHRC. Fedigan moved that the meeting accept with thanks the report of the standing committee (seconded by Meiklejohn). It was confirmed that this is a standing and not an ad hoc committee, since it is clear that there is a problem and that the problem will be a continuing one. Please see a summary of the report on the standing committee on granting agencies elsewhere in the 1991 Newletter.

Jackes wished to ensure that Nancy Ossenberg was thanked for her hard work in being acting editor for both the 1989 and 1990 Newsletters. This was voted on and passed unanimously (m. Herring, s. Saunders).

Herring offically invited the CAPA membership to McMaster for the 19th Annual CAPA Meetings, noting that the meetings will probably be held on campus and that transportation will be available from Pearson International Airport. Pfeiffer will be programme chairman and suggested October 24 to 26 as likely dates, with a workshop on palaeopathology and a symposium on physical anthropology and native populations of Canada (past, present and future). She hopes to be able to invite a high profile banquet speaker. Pfeiffer announced that Sigmon will be organizing a symposium on Eastern and Central European Physical Anthropology to run concurrently and to be coordinated to some extent with the CAPA meetings.

There was a short discussion on the desirability of meetings in a location where participants must use dispersed and varied lodgings (Molto), but Love11 noted that shifting between

resorts and cities satisfies everyone at least part of the time. It was announced that the president's term of office is two

years and that a committee of one easterner, one westerner and one student will be struck to approach potential presidents. To clarify the constitutional situation the meeting voted unanimously that appointment by acclamation will be acceptable in 1991 (m. Herring, s. Fedigan).

The 1992 meetings will be tentatively scheduled for Edmonton, following the normal practice of alternate east/west meetings (Lovell).

The President's report asked firstly for information on archival material. Melbye stated that he had appointed Cybulski permanent archivist.

Lovell requested volunteers to draw up a brief report on the 1990 CAPA meetings to be sent to PAN.

Lovell noted that the Saskatchewan Ministry of Culture has been trying to gather documentation on the reburial issue and had asked for information on CAPA8s position on the matter. The Alberta Archaeological Survey is also drawing up a working paper on this.

In the following discussion, Meiklejohn noted that the Historical Resources Committee of Manitoba has the issue under review. Saunders stated that the new Ontario cemeteries act has some general clauses relating to native burials, but that draft regulations pursuant to the act have not yet been drawn up. Molto told the meeting that, as a member of the Ontario Heritage Foundation Archaeological Committee, he had recommended that an osteologist have some say in government considerations on the matter and that this suggestion had met with approval.

Cybulski considers that the position paper published in 1979 (Canadian Review of Physical Anthropology 1 (1):32-36) is not out of date. He acceeded to the executive's suggestion that the report be republished in the 1991 Newsletter, asking that the members of the original committe (Cybulski, Ossenberg, Wade) be contacted if any changes were considered necessary.

A motion to thank the local arrangements committee was carried unanimously (m. Melby, s. Herring).

A motion for adjournment (m. Melby, s. Meiklejohn) was also passed unanimously it being 6:43 (the banquet started at 7:OO).

REPORT OF THE AD HOC SUB-COHHITTEE ON AFFILUTIOW

Background to the Issue

The ad hoc Sub-committee on Affiliation was formed at the 1988 annual meeting in response to a number of concerns raised by the membership at that time: a perceived continued reduction in CAPA attendance; questions about whether the organization could survive over time in the face of this apparent erosion of its constituency; the issue of student funding for attending CAPA meetings (we do not qualify for SSHRC conference funding); and, the potential for raising the profile of physical anthropology by affiliating with either the CAA or the CES (now called CASCA). The mandate of the sub-committee was to investigate the feasibility and desirability of holding annual joint meetings with either organization. The importance of raising our profile will become very apparent in the 1990's as retirements open up positions in Anthropology departments.

Action

Correspondence with both organizations was initiated to explore a number of issues:

1. Interest in joint meetings 2. Logistics (integrated vs. separate scientific

programmes, local arrangements, banquets, etc) 3. Funding for student travel 4. Fees

Herring was able to observe the proceedings at the 1990 CASCA annual general meeting.

Results

Both the CAA and CASCA evinced interest in affiliating with us and representatives from each (Leslie Nicholls and Elvi Whittaker, respectively) indicated in writing that the issue would be brought before the members at their 1990 annual meetings. We did not hear from the CAA after its anuual meeting. CASCA reported back to Ossenberg in June 1990 that it was developing a plan to re-structure itself as an umbrella organization, along the lines of the AAA, in response to approaches about affiliation from a number of organizations (Canadian Association for Medical Anthropology, Society for Applied Anthropology, CAPA). CASCA proposed a basic $20 annual membership fee to cover the cost of joint annual meetings (programs, rooms banquet arrangements), fares for student presenters, representation at the Social Science Federation of Canada, lobbying, etc. CAPA fees would be set

on top of this. Individuals could opt out of the $20 basic fee, but would thereby forego their elibility for SSHRC conference funding. The CAPA president would be an ex officio member of the CASCA executive, representing our interests at that level.

Sub-corrittee Recommendation

The CAPA sub-committee unanimously agreed that there were clear benefits to be gained from affiliating with CASCA (student funding, profile raising, economizing on the cost of annual meetings, and the opportunity to meet and discuss issues of mutual interest with Canadian anthropologists from other sub-disciplines and universities). The committee felt that such a move would strengthen our organization while still permitting us to retain a separate identity through an independent CAPA membership and scientific proqramme. The committee

Addendum:

recommended to the membership that: -

We affiliate with CASCA Draw up a set of formal proposals outlining conditions and a timetable for achieving affiliation Place the issue before the membership through a mail ballot in 1991.

Submitted bv: A. Herring, R. Lazenby, N. Ossenberg

Response of the Hembership

The sub-committee's proposal to affiliate with CASCA was extensively discussed at the 1990 business meeting in Banff, Alberta (see minutes), and the membership voted to set the issue aside for consideration at some future meeting.

Canadian Association for Physical Anthropology LtAssociation pour LtAnthropologie Physique au Canada

Financial Statement for 1 November 1989 to 23 November 1990

$CDN $US Davidson Black $CDN

opening balance

INCOME

Full members Institutional members Student members Interest Out of Asia sales

Total income

Balance before expenses

EXPENSES

Supplies Postage Xerox Student travel Student prizes 1989 Meeting Newsletter Bank charges

Total expenses

Balance after expenses

members hi^ statistics:

Full members: 4 6 Institutional members: 3 Student members: 40

THE CONSTITUTION: A s publ i shed i n t h e Newsle t te r , No. 1, 1976. R a t i f i e d a t Third Annual Meetinq, 1975, Trent Univers i ty .

GENERAL BY-LAWS

Sect ion I Bv-Laws

1.1 A l l p r ev ious By-Laws of t h e Assoc ia t ion a r e r epea l ed a s from the d a t e of t h e adoption of t h e p r e s e n t s e t o f By-Laws and t h e i r approval by t h e Department o f Consumer and Corporate Af f a i rs . Amendments t o t h e By-Laws may be proposed by t h e Executive Committee, o r by a member o f t h e Assoc ia t ion n o t i f y i n g the Executive Committee i n w r i t i n g a t l e a s t s i x ( 6 ) weeks before t h e annual meeting; t he Sec re t a ry -Treasu re r s h a l l n o t i f y t he membership o f t h e Assoc ia t ion of such amendments t o t he By-Laws a t l e a s t one (1) m n t h p r i o r t o t h e d a t e o f the meeting a t which they a r e t o be p re sen ted ; amendments t o t he By-Laws s h a l l be adopted by a two-thirds ( 2 / 3 ) majo r i ty o f t he v o t e s c a s t a t the General Meeting o f t h e Assoc ia t ion b u t s h a l l n o t be enforced upon u n t i l t h e approval o f Consumer and Corporate A f f a i r s has been obtained.

1.3 For a l l purposes p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e Canada Corporat ions Act t o t h e Assoc ia t ion ,

a ) Assoc ia t ion : means "The Canadian Assoc ia t ion f o r Phys ica l Anthropology - La S o c i e t e pour Anthropologie Physique du Canada" .

b ) Executive Committee: means t h e Board o f D i rec to r s .

c ) General Meeting: means according t o t h e con tex t t he Annual General Meeting o r a General S p e c i a l Meeting.

sec t ion I1 Object o f t h e Associat ion

2.1 The Canadian Association f o r physica l Anthropology i s a learned s o c i e t y devoted to the advancement and dissemination of phys ica l anthropology i n Canada.

Sect ion I11 Membership

Membership i n the Association is open t o a l l who a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n i t s ob jec t ive upon app l i ca t ion and payment o f the appropr ia te fees.

There s h a l l be three ( 3 ) ca tegor ies o f membership, the f e e s of which s h a l l be f ixed upon recommendation o f the Executive Committee by a simple major i ty o f t h e votes c a s t a t the Annual Meeting.

a ) Fu l l membership; b ) Associate membership, ava i l ab le t o persons who a r e i n t e r e s t e d

i n physica l anthropology; C ) I n s t i t u t e membership, ava i l ab le only t o organiza t ions .

Fu l l members only have the r i g h t t o vote i n the Association.

The Executive Committee may terminate t h e membership of any member f o r non-payment of fees.

Members may resign from the Association by sending a wr i t t en no t i ce of res ignat ion t o the Secretary-Treasurer .

Sect ion I V Of f i ce r s of t h e Association

4.1 (Amended October, 1983). There s h a l l be t h e following o f f i c e r s of the ~ s s o c i a t i o n :

a ) P res iden t : e l ec ted by the members, who s h a l l serve i n such capacity f o r a two ( 2 ) year term.

b) Secretary-Treasurer: e l e c t e d by the members f o r a four ( 4 ) year term, no t concurrent with t h e p r e s i d e n t ' s term.

c ) Ed i to r : e l ec ted by the members f o r a s i x (6) year term. d) Program Chairman: e l e c t e d by t h e members f o r each

sequent ia l meeting.

The P r e s i d e n t i s t h e c h i e f e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r o f t h e Assoc ia t ion ; p r e s i d e s ove r a l l meet ings o f t h e Assoc ia t ion and o f t h e Execut ive Committee; s i g n s all documento r e q u i r i n g h i e signature; f u l f i l l a a l l d u t i e s i nhe ren t i n h i s o f f i c e ; and d i s c h a r g e s such o t h e r r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s a s may b e a s s igned t o him by t h e General Meeting o r t h e Execut ive Committee.

The Program Chairman s h a l l t a k e t h e p l a c e of t h e P r e s i d e n t , and e x e r c i s e h i s powers i n case of abeence, i n c a p a c i t y , o r r e s i g n a t i o n o f the P reo iden t ; and e h a l l d i s c h a r g e such o t h e r r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s as may be asmigned t o him by t h e General Meeting or t h e Execut ive Committee.

The Sec re t a ry -Treasu re r s h a l l be keeper of t h e s e a l , minute books and r e c o r d s of t h e Assoc ia t ion , a h a l l have a u t h o r i t y t o c e r t i f y documents of t h e Assoc ia t ion , s h a l l r e c e i v e and have cus tody of t h e funds of t h e Assoc ia t ion i n accordance wi th t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s of t h e Execut ive Committee, s h a l l p r e s e n t t o t h e annual meeting t h e aud i t ed f i n a n c i a l s t a t emen t of revenue, expend i tu re , a s s e t s , l i a b i l i t i e s and s u r p l u s f o r each f i s c a l yea r and s h a l l d i s c h a r g e such o t h e r r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s a s may be ass igned t o him by t h e General Meeting or t h e Executive Committee. He shall t a k e t h e p l a c e of t h e P r e s i d e n t and exercise h i s powers i n c a s e of absence , i n c a p a c i t y o r r e s i q n a t i o n of t h e program Chairman.

The E d i t o r a h a l l i s s ~ e a Newsle t te r t o a l l members.

The Execut ive Conunittee

The Executive Cormi t tee 3 h z l l be cop.posed o f no t l e s s than t h r e e (3 ) and no t more than n ine (9) members. The O f f i c e r s of t h e Assoc ia t ion s h a l l be members of t h e Execut ive C o m i t t e e .

A l l members of t h e Execut ive C o m i t t e e s h a l l have f u l l v o t i n g r i g h t s . The Execut ive Committee s h a l l meet a t t h e c a l l of t h e P r e s i d e n t or by w r i t t e n p e t i t i o n of t h r e e ( 3 ) members of t h e Execut ive C o m i t t e e a t t h e head o f f i c e of t h e Assoc ia t ion o r a t a time and p l ace d e t e r - mined by t h e P res iden t upon recommendation and adv ice of t h e Ex- e c u t i v e Committee.

The Secre ta ry-Treasurer s h a l l send n o t i c e of meet ings of t h e Execut ive C o m i t t e e by prepa id poe t o r r h a l l g i v e such n o t i c e by t e l e p h o n e o r t e l eg raph t o each member e n t i t l e d to a t t e n d a t least s w a n (7) days i n advance.

The quorum f o r any meeting of t h e Execut ive Committee s h a l l be t h r e e ( 3 ) members.

The Executive Conunittee s h a l l have c h a r g e of t h e g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t s o f t h e Assoc ia t ion , s h a l l c a l l t h e annua l and any mpecial meet ings

of t h e Aasocia t ion , appropr ia t e money, appoint c o d t t e e s and t h e i r chairmen wi th appropr ia t e powers, have t h e genera l respon- s i b i l i t y f o r t h e p u b l i c a t i o n s of t h e Aasociat ion, and i n genera l poassss t h e governing power i n the Associat ion except such pcrwers as a r e reserved t o t h e General Meeting.

5.7 The Executive Committee s h a l l have p e r t o appoint r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e Associa t ion t o o t h e r o rgan iza t ions .

5.8 The Executive C o m i t t e e s h a l l have t h e power t o f i l l vacancies i n i t s membership occasioned by d e a t h , r e s i g n a t i o n , o r f a i l u r e t o e l e c t , auch a g p i n t e a s t o hold o f f i c e u n t i l t h e nex t annual e l e c t i o n of o f f i c e r s . The Executive Committee s h a l l have power to co-opt persons onto the Executive Committee; such persons s h a l l not have t h e r i g h t t o vo te a s members of t h e Executive Committee.

5.9 A l l members before t h e Executive Committee s h a l l be decided by a major i ty of t h e votes c a s t .

5.10 The Pres ident s h a l l vote on1.y i n case of t i e s .

Sect ion V I Elect ion and a p p i n t m e n t of o f f i c e r s and members of t h e Executive C o m i t t e s --.-

6.1 There s h a l l b- n nominating c o r n i t t e e composed of t h r e e ( 3 ) APPOINTED bv t he Executive C o m i t t e e .

6 . 2 The nominating cormi t t ee shall nominate before Januarv 15th of any vear a l i s t of candidates f o r a l l o f f i c e s f a l l i n g vacant i n t h a t year . This I4 s t s h a l l include z t l e a s t two ( 2 ) candidates f o r each pos t o r o f f k e t o b, f i i l e d . ii.c?ditio?al nominations may be made p r i o r t o March 15th of any year by any f i v e ( 5 ) members i n good s tanding of the Associat ion zubn i t t ing t o t h e Committee t h e cand ida te ' s name i n w r i t i n g together witn a s tatement of t h e cand ida te ' s wi l l ingness t o se rve i f e l e c t e d . The nominating committee s h a l l a l a o nominate candidates f o r s tanding committees of t h e Association by t h e same procedures.

6 . 3 The nominating committoo s h a l l on Yarch 15 th forward t o the Sec- re tary-Treasurer a complete and c e r t i f i e d l is t of candidates in - cludinq i t s own and those added by t h e members themselves.

6 .4 The Secretary-Treaaurcr e h a l l prapare t h e fonn of b a l l o t l i s t i n g a l l candidates and f o w a r d a copy t o each momber of the Associat ion with t h e n o t i c e of t h e Annual Meeting. The members s h a l l vote on t h e fonn of b a l l o t supplied and d e l i v e r such b a l l o t by mail a t l e a s t two ( 2 ) f u l l days before the annual meeting.

6.5 Any o f f i c e r o r momber of t h e executive committee t o be e l ec ted mst r ece ive a majori ty of t h e v a l i d vo tes c a s t f o r t h a t poet or o f f i c e , us ing t h e procedure of t r a n s f e r a b l e preference v o t i n g should f i r s t

p r e f e r e n c e v o t e s n o t e reeu l t i n one (1) c a n d i d a t e r e c e i v i n g a ma jo r i t y . The result o f the e l e c t i o n is t o be announced a t t h e Annual Meeting inmed ia t e ly fo l lowing which t h e e l e c t e d o f f i c e r s and members s h a l l assume o f f i c e .

6.6 I n t h e f i r s t e l e c t i o n one t h i r d (1/3) o f t h e C o u n c i l l o r s of t h e Execu t ive Committee s h a l l be e l e c t e d f o r a three ( 3 ) y e a r term, one t h i r d (113) f o r a two ( 2 ) yea r t e rm and one t h i r d (1/3) f o r a one (1) year term. I n subsequent e l e c t i o n s , ouch members s h a l l be e l e c t e d f o r a t h r e e ( 3 ) y e a r term.

6.7 O f f i c e r s and members o f t h e Execut ive Conunittee may be removed from o f f i c e b e f o r e t h e e x p i r a t i o n o f t h e i r term o f o f f i c e by a s p e c i a l r e s o l u t i o n o f t h e General Meeting of t h e members c a r r i e d by a two t h i r d s (2/3) ma jo r i t y v o t e o f t h o s e p r e s e n t and vo t ing .

6 .8 O f f i c e r s and Members of t h e Execut ive Committee s h a l l no t be en- t i t l e d t o r e c e i v e a s such any remunerat ion.

Sec t ion VII Meetinq of t h e Assoc ia t ion

7 . 1 The Assoc ia t ion s h a l l meet annua l ly a t such t ime and p l a c e a s m a y be determined by the Execut ive Committee.

7.2 Not ice o f Annual, General o r Spec ia l Meeting s h a l l be s e n t by t h e Sec re t a ry -Treasu re r t o each member a t l e a s t one (1) month p r i o r t o t h e d a t e a t which it is t o be h e l d .

7 . 3 Motions f o r i n c l u s i o n i n t he fo,mal agenda of t h e Annual Meeting must be r e c e i v e d by t h e S e c r e t a r y - m e a s u r e r , six ( 6 ) weeks p r i o r t o t h e d a t e of t h e Annual Meeting, and must be proposed by f i v e ( 5 ) members.

7.4 Mat i ons f o r d i s c u s s i o n a t t h e h m a l Meeting a s New Bueiness may be submi t ted a t any t ime , b u t t h e Chairman may r u l e t h a t d i s c u s s i o n on New Businese be l i m i t e d , t o permi t t h e comple t ion of Old Business .

7 . 5 The Agenda of t h e Annual Meeting s h a l l i n c l u d e :

1) A r e p o r t on t h e work of t he Execut ive Committee d u r i n g t h e year p r i o r t o t h e meeting.

2 ) The Secre ta ry-Treasurer ' 8 r e p o r t , i n c l u d i n g t h e annual f fnanc ia l s t a t e m e n t of t h e Aasociatfon.

3 ) Reports o f Assoc ia t ion S tanding C o m i t t e e s . 4 ) E l e c t i o n of O f f i c e r e . 5) Such o t h e r ma t t e r s ae r equ i r ed by l a w .

7 .6 Twenty-five (25) members of t h e Aesocia t ion shall c o n s t i t u t e a quorum and a ma jo r i t y vo te of t h o s e members i n a t t endance and v o t i n g s h a l l c o n t r o l i t s d e c i s i o n a u n l e s s t h e Canada Corpora t ions Act o r t h e p reeen t By-Laws r e q u i r e a mpecial r e s o l u t i o n or a g r e a t e r m a j o r i t y .

19

sec t ion V I I I Accounts and Audits

The s ign ing o f f i c e r s o f the Associa t ion s h a l l be determined by r e so lu t ion of the Execut ive Committee.

The f i s c a l year of t he Assoc ia t ion s h a l l end on March 3 1 s t o f each ca lendar year .

The books of account s h a l l b e aud i t ed annual ly , and the r e p o r t s o f t he a u d i t o r s h a l l be approved by t h e Execut ive Committee and submit ted by t h e Secre ta ry-Treasurer t o t h e Annual Meeting fol lowing the end of t he f i s c a l year .

The a u d i t o r s h a l l be appoin ted by a simple ma jo r i t y r e s o l u t i o n of t h e members a t t h e Annual General Meeting.

Sec t ion I X I n t e r p r e t a t i o n

9 . 1 Neither t h e English no r t h e French t e x t of t h e L e t t e r s P a t e n t o r By-Laws s h a l l take precedence one over the o t h e r f o r bo th s h a l l be of equal and o f f i c i a l s t a t u s and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s a s t o meaning s h a l l r e l y on t h e s c r u t i n y of both ve r s ions .

9.2 The use of t h e masculine gender i n nouns and pronouns s h a l l n o t imply any preference f o r members o f t h e male s e x wi th r ega rd t o holding o f f i c e o r i n any o t h e r r e spec t .

ARTICLE I Reqlements

1.1 Tous les reglements antbrieurs de la Soci&t& sont rbvogu&s a compter de la date de lfadoption des prksents reglements et de leur approbation par le ministere de la Consommation et des Corporations.

Les prbsents reglements peuvent etre modifiks a la demande du conseil ou a celle d f u n membre d c la Soci&t& qui prhvient le conseil six ( 6 ) semaines au moins avant lfassembl&e annuelle; le secrbtaire-tr&:;or i e r notif iera l.es membres de la Soci&t& de tout modification propos&e au moins un (1) mois avant la rbunion ou une telle moclif ication sera soumi.se a lfasr;c+mblbe; ou adoptera une motiif.ic:ation des reglements quand les deux -tiers ( 2 / 3 ) d c u membres qui seront presents et qui auront utilisk leur droit de vot,e i3 cette assemblbes pleniere annuelle de la Socibt& se prononceront en favoi~r dfune telle modification mais celle-ci ne sera p a s mise en vigueur ni appliquee avant dfavoir recu lfapprobation du ministre de la Consommation et des Corporations.

1.3 Pour tout ce qui a trait a Ifapplication de la Loi sur les corporations canadiennes a la Soci&t&,

a ) Socibtb dbsinge "La Soci&tb des Anthropologues Physiques du Canada - The Canadian Association of Physical Anthropolo- gists.

b ) ConseLq dbsigne 1.e Conseil dfadministratio;~.

C ) Assemblbe n i r e dgsigne selon le cas, 1 'assembl6e g6nerale annuelle ou spbciale des mernbres.

ARTICLE 11 Buts

2.1 La Socibtb des Anthropoloques Physiques du Canada est unv Socibtb savante qui a pour buts de favoriser le progres e t dfencourager la diffusion de lfanthropoiogie physique au Canada.

ARTICLEJII Membres

3.1 La Soci&tb admet comme membre toute personne qui sfint&resse a la poursuite de ses buts, en fait la demande et acquitte la cotisation appropribe.

3.2 La Sociktb aura trois ( 3 ) catt5gories de membres, dont les cotisations sur recommandation du Conseil seront ddterminkes de temps a autre a la majoritb simple des personnes pr4sentes utilisant leur droit de vote lors de l'assbmblke generale annuelle. 11 sfaqit des catbgories suivants:

a) Memhres rbguliers; b ) Membres associks, classe prbvue pour les personnes qui

s'intPressent a l'anthropologie physique; C ) Membres affilies, classe prbvue seulement pour les

institutions.

3.3 Seuls les membres rkgulieres jouiront du droit de vote au sein de la Sociktb.

3.4 Le Conseil peut suspendre 011 expulser tout membre qui a fait cl&k..iu: dl.ic.r_;l.titter sa cotisation.

3.5 Tout membre peut dkmissionner de la Socibtb en faisant parvenir au secrbtaire un avis Qcrit de son intention de le faire.

ARTICLE-IV Cadres de la Soci&t&

4.1 La Socit5tb aura les cadres suivants:

a) Prbsident, blu par les membres occupant cette fonction pour un mandat de deux ( 2 ) ans;

b ) Secr6taire--Tres~r-ic~, blu par les membres de la Socibtb pour un mandat de quatre ( 4 ) ans contemporain a celui du Prksident;

C ) M~-C&C:LII, k l u par les membres de la Sociktb pour un manddt de six ( 6 ) ans. Le rbddcteur transmettra a tous les membres un bulletin de nouvelles.

Jtc secretairc--t.r(:!;or.ic?r a l a cjardc c1u t ; C C i \ \ l r d(!:i I ivres c t rcq j s t.i:en d c lc., Soc:i6l:;!; i.L ;! corlr)i. tc!nt:c? e t c l u t o r i t 6 pou r a u t h c r l t i q ~ ~ c r : 1.cs c l o c u r n ~ n t s clc Sn Socibt6 ; i l rc:qo.i.t c t n l a gcrdc! dcr, f o l l d s c . ? t a v o i r s dc l a Socii5tG s c l o n l c s d i rcc : t . j . vcs dl1 C o n - s c i l ; il p r r 5 s c n t c l c s fika k:; f i n : . l . n c j . c r s VGL-j . f i e s cle c h n q u e a n n e e E i n a n c i 5 r e lors c l c l ' z s r , : ; e ~ d ~ l . E t ? a n n u e 1 . 1 ~ ; i l s ' acqui L t c clc! toutc!; c71.1t.r~~ rc:~lmn:;c711 i l i t.Cs q u i pcuvent S t ~ i Ctrc assicjnCcs pil l : I.(: C o n s e i . 1 ou 1 ' a s s ~ ! r n b l ~ e p'lr'.ni.Sre; i l x c ~ n p l c?cc I.,? prCs i d c n t c! (:

cxerce tous Ics p o u v o i r : ; d c c c L t c c!isrcjc a n c a s (1' absence, j.ncap;?ci LF 011 c1i:mir;sion t lu prrFr , idt!nr c t d u p r f i s i d e n t de 1 2 s t t s n . i o n j ) r o f c s r ; j onllc1.1.€?.

ARTICLE v C o n s e i l

Tous l cs rnenlhrcs d u C o n s e i l on t . p l c i n c1ro.i.t de vote .

I,c secr6ta i rc?- t rcsor icr nvise lcs menbrcs d u C o n - reil cie l a t c n u e d ' u n e a s s e ~ ~ b l e e a u moins n e p t ( 7 ) jours 3 l ' a v a n c c en c o n m ~ r n i q u n n t avcc c h n c u n par c o u r r i e r a € f r t ~ n c l i i , tf l 6phone ou t c l f i g r n p h c .

5 . 9 L e Conseil clficic?c 2 l a ria;jor.it:fi r;.i.wj?.lc tlc! touter; 1.c:; ques t ions s u r lc?squelLcs .il d0.i l: :;c prolionccr.

5.10 L e p r e s i d e n t n c v o t e q u ' c ~ r cas c l ' C ( ~ a l i L C ilcs m i x .

6 . 1 1,c comitb cles n o m i n a t i o n s sa conlpo.r;r! clc t r 0 i . s ( 3 ) nlembres df sicjn6.c; p a r l c C o n s e . i l . .

Seront d6cSau6s E l u s lcs c n n c l i d a t s a y o n t o h t c n u l a majorit6 cles voix vnl ic lc rnr .n t c;.:l>r.ir;~Ges pour Ic poste convoiLG . C i a u c u n cand.i .cln t. 11 ' obt icnk. c!c major i t6 'lors d u clClcornptc clu prcm.i.c?r v o t e , l a pro- c6dure d i tc d \ ~ vol:c prfi E;!rcnt i.c!l. t ~ . ; ! ~ i n r o i : ; : ; . i . ) ~ l . c :;c- ra utilis6e pour c n arriver 3 I a rw\,jor.i. kc'! rccl l l i.!;c. Ile r 6 s u l t a . t c l u sc ru t in sc ra anrloncc 3 1 ' assc~bl .Cc! gGn6rale a n n u e l l c , c t 1c.s f i l u s assurr:r?rorit ].cur cha rge 9 l a f i n clc c e t t a a s s c r n h l 6 e .

Lors dc la premisre e l e c t i o n u i ~ tiers ( 1 / 3 ) clcs conseillers sera 6 1 u pour u n mandak de trois ( 3 ) ans, un tiers ( 1 / 3 ) p o u r iln mandat: cle clcux ( 2 ) ar.s et l ' n u t r c ! t i e r s (1/3) pour un rnnn~?~?.t cl'iin (1) a n . Lorr, d ' 6le.c t i o n sl .~bsfiquent:c l c s cc)n:;r!i. .ll.c:rs seront 6 l u s pour un mandn t dc t r o i r ; ( 3 ) anc.

Les cadres et lcr; niembres du ~ o n s e j 1 p c u v e r l t G t x c d6mis de lcur fonction a v a n t l1cxp;~rstion dc l c u r rnandat p a r une rCsolution spGcialc da l ' a s s e m b l h plt5niZre adop tee par u n e inn j o r i Lf i 6 ~ s clctlx kicr:; ( % / 3 ) des membrcs p x C s c n t s e t vo tan t .

7.1 1,a Societf sc r f u n i t en asnembl.6e p l C n i 2 r c nu nioins u n e f o i s imr ; \ n n & ~ ? A 1 ' c n d r o j . t ct 3 la dntc clue f i x e lc C : o n s c i l .

Lcs rf s o l u t i o n s p o u r l a c!i.r;cus:;.i.cn cl a € f a i r c s n o u v e l l c s 3 1' ar , scrnl ) l6e i ~ n n u c l l ( ! nc~uvcr i t E k r c s o u m i c c s c n t o u t t.ernps, m n i s Ic pri;r;i .dcnk pct~l: d e c i d e r de l i m i t e r l a d i s c u s s i o n stir l c s a F T a i r c s n o u v e l l e s a £ i n (1' accElCrcr l c s t r a v n u x s u r Scs n f f a i r c s a n c i c r ~ n c s .

(1) Un r a p p o r k dcs n c t . i v i t . A s d u C o n s e i l a u courn de 1 ' a n n E c f coulee n v a n t I n rf u n i o n .

( 2 ) L e r a p p o r t du socri:l:n i r e - t r C s c ' ~ r i . c r , di.)nt l c h i l a n a n n u e l cles r e s s o u r c c r ; f i n a n c t h ~ - c s c f c la S o c i g t g .

( 3 ) 1,es r a p p o r t s de:; "comit6s en c o u . r s U dc l a SociG t6.

( 5 ) L e s n b t r c s s u j c t s tiuc l a l o i c x i q e p d c s o u n e t - t r e 3, 1 ' a s s e i n l ~ l i ; ~ p l t ' , n i i l r c .

La pr6sence dc! v.i ngt-tint. ( 2 5 ) nlcwb.t-c?a ilr! 13 Soc:.iete en asse~. t~. l .Ee plClni2rc d0rnetlt r 6 u n i c y conn- t i t u e l e quorum. L e v o t e p r i s 3 l a rnajoritf simple

8.1 I lc Conseil df is ig l lc p a r r 6 s o l u t j . o n l c n cadres q u i scron t a u tor.i.r;i;s 3 s igner Lous doci~rrlen ts p o u r c t nu norn clc l a Soc i6 tfi.

ABSTRACTS FROM

THE 18TH ANNUAL MEETING, NOV. 29 - D e c . 1, 1990 - BANFF, ALBERTA

Chisholm, Brian Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of British Columbia

HOW RELIABLE AND USEFUL ARE STABLE ISOTOPIC STUDIES OF PALAEODIET?

Stable isotope studies carried out in various regions around the Pacific Rim have demonstrated the utility of such analysis in determining the reliance of prehistoric people on marine species as a source of dietary protein. At the same time it has become clear that there are a number of areas in which problems arise in the use of such analyses. This paper will discuss some of the problems and limitations of stable isotope data for reconstructing paleodiet, based on case studies.

*Coll inge, Nancy Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL COGNITION IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES

The present research investigates the development of social cognition by integrating the model established by Piaget and a contextual approach that recognizes the important contribution of the environment and rearing conditions to infant development. My research first focuses upon a case study, charting the behavioral development of an infant cebus monkey raised by its mother in a captive social group. The Piagetian model of human infant development in the sensorimotor period is modified to accommodate nonhuman primate behaviors and to provide a systematic method of investigating the development of naturally-occurring behaviors and skills in social and non-social domains. This method would be applicable to any behavioral research in infant development thus making it possible to determine interspecific variability in infant development, and to demonstrate the effects of environmental and contextual factors on the developing infants of a particular species. In the second phase of my research the scheme established in the demonstration project was tested on other primate species by conducting additional short-term studies and by using pertinent information from the developmental studies of other researchers.

"Curtin, Joanne , -; a

Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

SUPRA-INION DEPRESSIONS AND ARTIFICIAL CRANIAL DEFORMATION: THE EVIDENCE FROM TSAWWASSEN, B.C. (DgRs 2).

Supra-inion depressions are concavities on the exterior of the bony occiput, of variable size and circumscription, located in mid-line just above the superior nuchal lines. A positive correlation between these types of lesions and certain forms of artificial cranial deformation was noted by Stewart (1976); however, supra-inion depressions in artificially deformed crania from the Northwest Coast are still frequently diagnosed as depressed cranial fractures or trephinations. Using data derived from a large skeletal sample excavated at the Tsawwassen site (DgRs 2) between 1988-1990, including both deformed and undeformed crania, this paper examines the proposed correlation between supra- inion depressions and cranial deformation, and discusses the possible etiology of these lesions.

Dales, George F. Department of South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND THE HARAPPA PROJECT

Harappa, in Pakistani Punjab, was one of the first urban centers in South Asia. The Indus Civilization, to which Harappa belonged, flourished between approximately 2500 - 1900 B.C. The peoples responsible for this remarkable culture are little known to us. There are no deciphered written documents to identify them and of the more than 400 known sites, cemeteries have been discovered at less than ten. None of these cemeteries have been systematically investigated and some have not been published at all.

A major component of the multi-disciplinary project started at Harappa in 1986 by the University of California at Berkeley was a program of new investigations in the cemetery. A team of four physical anthropologists, with different specialties, was invited to participate. The 1987 and 1988 excavations represent the first time that such a professional team has been actively involved in the excavation and study of a cemetery of this culture. The result of some of their research is the subject of this symposium. The findings to date fully justify this team approach. Morphometrics, dental anthropology, studies of pathology and diet, and discrete traits analysis are among the varied approaches used by the team. Although the excavated samples are relatively small, the methodologies employed and testsd have produced important new information

on the inhabitants of Harappa and have set new standards for the investigation of any cemetery.

de Vries, Andrew Department of Anthropology, University of Calgary

RESPONSES OF MANTLED HOWLING MONKEYS TO TRANSLOCATION

Translocation is one of many management tools which may help conserve threatened populations of primates, however the dynamics involved with the use of this tool remain poorly understood. In an effort to understand the dynamics of this tool we moved three troops of mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata), from a forest threatened with destruction to protected at La Pacifica in Guanacaste province Costa Rica. Using full day focal animal and scan sample techniques we followed the animals for a period of four months following the translocation. The animals dispersed shortly after being moved and assumed a behaviour pattern which seems to resemble that of solitary howling monkeys. This behaviour pattern may allow the monkeys to easily locate food sources while limiting harassment by resident howlers. Some monkeys were able to form new groups within the study period while others remained solitary after being unable to join resident groups. The divergent results found in this study indicate that translocation is a valuable conservation tool but also that it is not without limitations.

Supported by NSF grant BNS 8819733, a Thesis research grant, an International Information Center grant, a graduate research assistantship from the University of Calgary; and a grant from the Calgary Zoological Society Conservation Fund

*Duffy, Jacqueline Simon Fraser University

EVOLUTIONARY CONNOTATIONS ARISING FROM ANDROCENTRIC DEFINITIONS OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR IN HOMINOIDS

Consideration will be given to the sexual behaviour of two female primates, human and bonobo, in relation to the traditional perspective on the oestrus cycle. Discussion of receptivity, proceptivity and attractiveness will include the accepted definitions and alternative interpretations. Broadening this conventional frame of reference can lead to greater perspicacity in building evolutionary theories .concerning selection for, and timing of, hormonal adaptations augmenting reproductive success.

Ericson, Jonathon E. Departments of Environmental Health Sciences and Anthropology University of California, Irvine

ADVANCES IN TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF BURIED BONE TISSUES: SELECTION, EVALUATION, AND DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES

Trace element analyses of buried bone tissues have a number of useful and beneficial applications for environmental health sciences, archaeology and paleoanthropology. Researchers for years have been plagued with the difficulties induced by diagenesis of buried bone tissues by either avoiding/denying the presence of contamination, attempting to filter it out with large data sets or rejecting analytical results. As a consequence trace element analysis of buried bone tissue has been looked askance by many professionals.

This paper summarizes over 14 years of original research, by the authors and his colleagues, focused on the problems of diagenesis and other forms of contamination. It is now possible to determine accurate biogenic concentrations of specific trace elements in bone tissues of modern and prehistoric individuals by combining ultraclean analysis procedures with proper selection, decontamination and evaluation of degree of diagenesis of sample tissues. Trace elemental analysis and particularly strontium isotope ratio analysis will contribute to our understanding of behaviors of modern and paleopopulations.

Fedigan, L.M. and Asquith, P.J. Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta Department of Anthropology, University of Calgary

RESEARCH AT ARASHIYAMA AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMATOLOGY, 1954-90

Over the past 36 years, the Arashiyama project has been a unique example of collaborative research. It has involved long-term cooperation between scientists and between nations, in spite of the contrasts between Eastern and Western approaches to the science of primatology. Furthermore, the study of the Arashiyama macaques in Texas and Japan over the past 3 decades has reflected and influenced pivotal ideas in the development of the larger, international science of primate behavior.

The objective of the present paper is to draw attention to the historical significance of the findings from the Arashiyama research in the larger context of the discipline. Thus, along with an overview of the history of research on these monkeys, soma examples will be provided of how studies

of the Arashiyama monkeys have influenced and supported our increasing understanding of primate social systems. Specifically, it is suggested that pivotal ideas about male emigration, female kinship, inbreeding avoidance, the structure of group fission, friendship, dominance and reproductive success, were all foreshadowed and/or influenced by results from Arashiyama research.

Galdikas, B.M.F. and Vasey, P. Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University

ADOLESCENT FEMALE ORANGUTANS: SOCIAL AND SEXUAL ADAPTATIONS AT TANJUNG PUTING, INDONESIAN BORNEO

Adolescent female orangutans were studied over a four year period at Tanjung Puting National Park, Indonesian Borneo. Our results stand in direct opposition to those of other researchers, which have described all orangutan age/sex classes as overwhelmingly solitary. Quite the contrary, adolescent female orangutans are best described as social, not solitary or even semi-solitary. Quantitative descriptions of adolescent female sociality and sexual behaviour are presented, highlighting patterns of differential contact with orangutan age/sex classes. Qualitative descriptions emphasize their capacity for overt affiliative behaviour, not observed among the other age/sex classes. Adolescent female sexual behaviour is addressed in terms of the interplay between male orangutan ranging behaviour, female,sterility and subadult male Itforced copulationff tactics. The high level of social behaviour witnessed among adolescent female orangutans is discussed in terms of the benefits grouping offers this age/sex class, which are translated into costs upon attaining adulthood.

*Gibbs, Linda M. Department of Anthropology, McMaster University

WHAT'S SEX IN THE EAST IS NOT NECESSARILY SEX IN THE WEST: CITRATE CONTENT AND HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS

This paper examines the potential for determining the sex of human skeletal remains utilizing citrate content of bone. Citrate levels in bone samples taken from both modern cadavers and several historic cemeteries were measured utilizing U-V-enzymatic spectroscopy. The results do not appear to confirm previous researchersf observations on both modern and archaeological samples that there are significantly different levels of bone citrate in males and females. Several factors affecting bone citrate content including age-dependent relationships, health-related statuses, sample size and post-mortem diagenetic variation

are discussed in detail as the possible cause for the results obtained in this study.

Grey, Dr. Penelope E. Department of Anthropology, University of Calgary

APPLICATION OF A COMPUTER ASSISTED MODEL TO HOMINID JAW MECHANICS

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether or not the morphological differences between the masticatory systems of various hominids reflect differences in the way they broke up food. The complexity of the masticatory system demands a mathematical solution to the problem of its analysis and a computer assisted model of the jaw, based on linear programming, was applied to a number of extinct and extant hominids. The computer input consisted of a) the position in three dimensions of the average attachment points of the masticatory muscles and the maximum tensions of each muscle, b) the point of application, direction and magnitude of the bite reaction force, and c) the point of application and direction of the joint reacti-on force. The output consisted of the magnitude of the muscles selected to produce the bite force most efficiently and the magnitude of the joint reaction force.

The results indicated that, although there were some differences, the patterns of muscle recruitment for an increasing bite force were broadly similar in all the hominids. Thus, it is concluded that they broke up food in similar ways. Since foods having different properties are broken up in different ways, the implication is that the food being broken up had similar properties.

Hemphill, Brian E. and Lukacs, John R. Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon

NEOLITHIC ARYAS AND MOUNTED NOMADS OF THE STEPPES: A MULTIVARIATE EXAMINATION OF HARAPPAN BIOLOGICAL AFFINITIES BASED ON DISCRETE TRAITS OF THE CRANIUM AND PERMANENT DENTITION

Influences contributing to the rise and fall of the Harappan Civilization remain unclear, with scholars evenly divided between externalists and internalists. Renfrew has recently proposed two opposing hypotheses which articulate both perspectives, but which are based on non-biological data. This study employs two lines of biological data, dental morphology and cranial non-metric traits, to evaluate the feasibility of these two perspectives for explaining the biological affinities of bronze age Harappans.

To place the bronze age Harappans in regional perspective, twenty-seven cranial non-metric traits were contrasted with ten other cranial series from the Near East and South Asia. Reduced to the eleven best discriminators through contingency chi-square analysis, three multivariate techniques agree that bronze age Harappans bear closer affinity to samples from Palestine than to other South Asian samples.

In order to examine this separation from other South Asian populations more closely, ten dental morphology traits, scored as sixteen tooth-trait combinations, were contrasted against six other South Asian prehistoric samples. Reduced to the seven best discriminators through contingency chi- square analysis, three different multivariate analyses consistently indicate that bronze age Harappans share close affinities to chalcolithic (4500 B.C.) Indus Valley groups, but not with neolithic (6000 B.C.) or post-Harappan groups. These results indicate two salient points. First, while possibly an indigenous cultural development, the Harappan Civilization received considerable biological input from the Near East. Second, differences between Harappa and post- Harappan sites suggest that this civilization left little if any biological legacy in the Indus Valley.

Herring, Ann Department of Anthropology, McMaster University

DEMES AND DATA: THE IMPLICATIONS OF MARRIAGE PATTERNS AT FISHER RIVER, MANITOBA

United Church of Canada marriage records for Fisher River, Manitoba document changes in relationship between it and other Manitoba Cree and Saulteaux communities from 1890 to 1984. The data demonstrate a reorientation away from a small number of founder groups in the north toward a large number of widely-dispersed locations, mostly from the southern portion of the province, within three generations. This realignment was influenced by changes in education, subsistence, government policy, and the large number of individuals living off-reserve. The results raise questions about anthropological and medical studies that focus on a lllocationu, rather than on the wider network of social relations that more accurately represents the llcommunityll and hence, the deme.

Jackes, Mary Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta

DIAGENIC CHANGE IN PREHISTORIC PORTUGUESE HUMAN BONE (4000 TO 8000 BP)

Bone microstructure is variably destroyed by microbial activity, most likely by anaerobic bacteria in clusters of cocci (staphylococci?). Tests are underway to demonstrate effects on bone by controlled inoculation with common fungi and bacteria. In the interim, it is suggested that bacteria remove bone collagen.

While point analysis may be required for demonstration of unaltered prehistoric bone chemistry, our work so far has demonstrated:

1. no increase in strontium in diagenically altered bone ;

2. no discernable alteration in calcium/phosphorus ratios;

3. stable isotope analyses which make sense in terms of (a) dental anthropology, (b) archaeozoology, (c) analyses of the 613C and 6I5N content of modern samples of known prehistoric food sources.

*Jimenez, Susan B. Department of Anthropology, McMaster University

TRAUMA AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE IN AN HISTORIC SKELETAL SAMPLE FROM BELLEVILLE, ONTARIO

Specific and non-specific infections in human skeletal materials, as well as indicators of stress represented by trauma are valuable pieces of information that can be utilized to reconstruct the health status of a community. A sample of 250 adult individuals, recently removed from an archaeological excavation of cemetery interments (1820-1874) associated with St. Thomas Anglican Church in Belleville, Ontario were examined for indicators of trauma and infectious disease.

Traumatic injuries are frequently observed within the sample. Non-specific infections are also represented. Some cases exhibit specific infections, including tuberculosis and tertiary syphilis.

This preliminary data will subsequently be compared to historical documentation from the period. Inzerences about mortality rates and causes of death among groups of individuals or populations are frequently made on the basis of observations of pathological changes in human skeletal remains. The degree to which this is a reliable source of information will then be determined.

Kennedy, Kenneth A. R. Section of Ecology and Systematics, Cornell University

HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM CEMETERY R-37 AT HARAPPA, PAKISTAN: 1928-1988

Morphometric variables observed in human cranial remains from Cemetery R-37 at Harappa are included with comparable data from Harappa Area AB, Mohenjodaro, and Lothal in a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of 15 prehistoric South Asian skeletal series in order to test the argument that significant phenotypic homogeneity is a characteristic of populations of the Harappan Civilization. The employment of univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses to resolve the question of Harappan population homogeneity and to support the concept of an 'Harappan racew has a venerable history in the anthropological literature. These earlier studies and hypotheses are summarized and discussed. Results of the PCA reveal that (1) no single phenotypic pattern defines all Harappans as members of a single Mendelian population: (2) the clusters formed by the distribution of cranial variables included in the analysis represent features of cranial architecture shared by prehistoric food-producing populations of the Indian subcontinent which are distinct from cranial features shared by hunting-gathering populations, and these variables fall along temporal and spatial axes. Therefore, cranial variables once used as criteria for racial identification must be reinterpreted with respect to socioeconomic and technological transitions which began in certain regions of South Asia in the millennia preceding the rise of the Harappan Civilization and with respect to phenotypic heterogeneity of the ancient populations of Harappa, Mohenjodaro, and Lothal in their distinctive ecological settings.

*Knusel, Christopher Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University

HOMINID CRANIAL BIOMECHANICS: THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND SOME RESULTS

A photoelastic study of four hominid casts, the Weidenreich Sinanthropus composite (Asian Homo erectus), Skhul V, the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neanderthal, and Cro-Magnon 1 crania, was performed under the theoretical aegis of structural biology in order to test each in the performance of anterior dental loading. The experimental design allowed the recording of both the magnitude and distribution of tensile strains within the cranial vault of each test specimen. The results indicate that the cranial vault in each specimen does experience deformation in anterior dental loading; and, furthermore, that each cranium responds in a different

manner to loads of similar magnitude. These differences imply that more than a single shell model is needed to accurately represent the mechanical response of the hominine cranium. Additionally, the results indicate that the occipital torus, the torus occipitalis transversus (as defined by Hublin 1978) is not only a muscle attachment area, but also influences the distribution of strains within the cranial vault of Homo erectus. Although Homo erectus cranial morphology is demonstrated to be uniquely and efficiently designed to perform anterior dental loading, it is not the most efficient of the crania studied in the performance of such a task.

Kulak, Heather and Taylor, Linda Department of Anthropology, University of Calgary Department of Anthropology, University of Miami

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF PAIR BOND FORMATION IN CAPTIVE SADDLEBACKED TAMARINS (Saguinus fuscicollis)

The formation of a male-female pair bond may be a critical element in the reproductive success of Callitrichids. The behaviours which may be diagnostic of pair bond formation and their consistency across time are of considerable interest in these primates. It was hypothesized that the affiliative behaviours of allogrooming, distance between individuals and copulation might reflect pair bond formation. To test this hypothesis, 40 hours of scan sampling data were collected on the frequency of these behaviours in each of two captive pairs of saddlebacked tamarins housed at Monkey Jungle (Goulds, FL). One pair (EP) had been established 8 months prior to the study and the second pair (NP) was formed during the study. Five hundred and ten scan samples were analyzed from each pair. The data show that the frequency of allogrooming differed significantly between the two pairs: 5.5% of all samples (N=510) for EP and only 1 instance in NP (0.2% and N=510). Copulation occurred rarely: twice in NP and not at all in EP. Intra-individual distance had three levels: contact, <15cm (close), >15 cm. Both pairs were scored as >15cm most often (60.8% NP and 71% EP samples). The newly established pair were close to each other less often than the established pair (11.2% NP and 16.1% EP samples). However, the new pair was in contact (28%) more often than the established pair (12.9%). Physical contact and copulation appear to be indicative of an introduction situation for new pair members. Because copulation was the first interaction observed in the new pair and because it was not observed in the established pair, this behaviour may serve reproductive fitness at two levels, namely the confirmation of pair bond between strangers and procreation in established pairs. The results from this study will be most informative when compared to the frequency of the same behaviours in wild

pairs. Ultimately, the data may be used to help foster reproductive success in captive breeding programs.

This study was supported in part by a grant from the International Information Centre of the University of Calgary.

Lovell, Nancy C. Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta

OSTEOATHROSIS AND PHYSICAL STRESS AT HARAPPA

The etiology of degenerative joint disease, or osteoarthrosis, is best explained by a multifactorial model that includes hereditary factors, endocrine agents, age, sex, and functional stress. Research has shown, however, that while all of these may contribute to the development of osteoarthrosis, stress is the most significant factor. Furthermore, the most frequently observed palaeoarthrosis usually involves the vertebral column. In this study, the location, frequency and nature of "arthritisw lesions in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine were predicted from theoretical and empirical data, and tested on a sample of 590 vertebrae from a nonhomogenous historical population of indigents and labourers in India. The patterns of arthritis lesions were then compared to those observed in the skeletal remains from the prehistoric site of Harappa, Pakistan, with the aim of ascertaining the probable cause(s) of the lesions in the Harappa sample. The available evidence suggests that the high frequency and severity of osteoarthrosis in the cervical spine that is seen in the Harappa specimens results from the stress of habitually carrying heavy loads on the head.

Lucas, John R. Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon

DENTAL PATHOLOGY AND TOOTH SIZE AT PREHISTORIC HARAPPA, PAKISTAN

This paper documents pathological conditions and metric variations in the dentition of prehistoric inhabitants of Harappa. The dental sample consists of 751 teeth, half of which come from primary burial contexts excavated by the author and his associates of the University of California Expedition to Harappa in the winter of 1987 and 1988.

The Harappa dentition exhibits a dental pathology profile typical of a population whose subsistence base is agriculture. Of the dental disorders documented in this study gross linear enamel hypoplasia was the most frequent, affecting 72.2% of 36 individual for which observations were

possible. The least frequent condition was hypercementosis (4.9%). Dental afflictions of low prevalence include abscesses (18.4% and exposure of the pulp chamber (17.1%). AMTL (31.7%), calculus ( 4 2 . 5 % ) , dental caries (43.6%), and alveolar resorption (52.6%) exhibit intermediate frequencies at Harappa. Carious lesions are present in 6.8% of the total sample of teeth (n=751).

Odontometric variables include mesiodistal (MD) and buccolingual (BL) crown diameters, and crown area (MDxBL). Tooth crown size is moderate, with a summed tooth crown area of 1194 sq. mm. Size of the Harappa dentition can be characterized as microdont by van Reenan1s tooth material index.

This research was supported by grants from the National Geographic Society and the Smithsonian Institution.

Mayer, Francine M., Lalou, Richard, and Boisvert, Mireil le

HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY AND THE USE OF PARISH REGISTERS FOR THE STUDY OF INFANT MORTALITY: NEW QUESTIONS - NEW METHODS Until recently, the evaluation and study of infant mortality during historical periods have been based mainly on the use of Bourgeois-Pichat1s biometrical method and on Henry's examination of the intervals between births. These two approaches were applied to data extracted from parish or civil records of birth, marriage and death. They were developed to describe levels of infant mortality during periods when environmental factors were thought to be taking great tolls on every population age group, including the 0 - 1 year old group. In recent years, medical and technological progress have, through the virtual iradication of environmental causes of death, created a sharp decline in infant mortality in the 0 - 1 year olds. The questions that are now being raised by epidemiologists have to do with understanding the diverse causes of infant mortality in the few cases that now remain. In the same vein, specialists in social and biological history want to know more about the role of environmental, behavioral and biological factors in infant mortality during given historical periods. Consequently, new tools combining different methodological approaches, but applied to the same kind of data (population registers) that were used in traditional infant mortality studies, have to be developed. These recent trends will be illustrated by two examples. The one is a study of Nouvelle-France in the XVIIth century. The other is a comparative study of infant mortality in the 0 - 1 year old group in relation to consanguinity in two isolated populations, one in Quebec and the other in the West Indies.

Meiklejohn, Christopherz, Wyman, Jeffrey M.2, and Schentag, Catherine T. zDepartment of Anthropology, University of Winnipeg zDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, University of Toronto

CARIES AND ATTRITION: DEPENDENT OR INDEPENDENT VARIABLES?

Recently, Maat and van der Velde (1987: International Journal of Anthropology), using 17th and 18th century data from Svalbard (Spitzbergen), argued that a state of competition exists between occlusal surface attrition and the development of caries. In other words, they argue for a negative correlation between the variables, caries being dependent upon the attrition level. The majority of recent European data support the hypothesis. Such a position has been previously used to explain why hunting and gathering populations, with high levels of attrition, have such low caries levels. This paper reports data from two classic Portuguese Mesolithic sites, Moita do Sebastiao and Cabe~o da Arruda, which show a positive correlation between caries and attrition, the opposite of the pattern predicted by Maat and van der Velde, We therefore argue that there is no necessary relationship between the two, that they behave as independent variables. We believe that both are independently correlated with diet, which will govern the overall levels of both variables. To interpret caries levels, high or low, through recourse to attrition levels is not a logical mode of argument.

Various aspects of this paper have been supported by SSHRCC 410-84-0030, 410-87-1045 and 410-89-0376. We thank Dr. David Lube11 and Dr. Mary Jackes, co-investigators on the Portuguese research, for comments and assistance.

Me1 bye, Jerry Department of Anthropology, Erindale College, University of Toronto

THE SKELETAL BIOLOGY OF THE DORSET PALAEO-ESKIMO: A CONTRIBUTION FROM NORTHERN NEWFOUNDLAND

Recent excavations at Crow Head Cave and Gargamelle Cave by Dr. Stuart Brown of Memorial University have discovered new skeletal remains. These remains are supplemented with looted remains salvaged by Dr. James Tuck also of Memorial University. A summary of the biological status is presented. Age, sex, pathology and nutritional status are also reviewed.

Minagawa, Masao Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences

CARBON AND NITROGEN STABLE ISOTOPE COMPOSITIONS OF MODERN HUMAN HAIR: SURVEY AND A METHOD OF DIETARY ANALYSIS

Contemporary human scalp hairs and diets collected from several countries have been studied for analyses of carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (13C/1zC and 15N/14N). Hair samples from most ethnic groups (Japan, USA, China, India etc.) showed different isotope compositions from carbon and nitrogen. The isotopic data of major diet groups, coupled with the statistic data of food consumption rate, support the idea that carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of human tissues reflect dietary consumption pattern of ethnic groups. Populations from south America (Argentina and Brazil), however, showed exceptionally high l5N content compared with each food consumption statistic, if isotopic characters of diet from Japan and USA are assumed. These results suggest that dietary models using 13C and 13N natural isotopes are useful for human groups if diets are well investigated with regard to local isotopic distribution.

A stochastic method using 613C and 615N of human tissues has been proposed for estimating the dietary pattern including many diet groups. This data analysis allows one to specify possible contribution ranges of each diet group in a particular human food web, if isotopic data of all major diet groups are characterized. A practical analysis was shown for the contemporary Japanese food web. The carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of contemporary Japanese have been found in the range of -18.2 f 0.4 and 10.3 f 0.4 %0. The estimated mean dietary pattern was presented in protein contribution as 35, 9, 16, 14, and 27 % for C3 plant, legume, C4 plant, animal products, and fish products, respectively, representing a good fit with the observed food consumption proportion reported in the national statistic research. Thus, it was emphasized that this stochastic method is useful in dietary analysis to reconstruct multiple food sources from carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of human remains and diets.

*Moffat, Tina, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University

FORT ALEXANDER, MANITOBA 1901-1930: A MORTALITY PROFILE

Omran's (1971) theory of epidemiologic transition characterizes the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Western global populations as the Age of Receding Pandemics. A mortality profile generated from Anglican mission burial records for Fort Alexander, Manitoba

(1901-1930) serves as a means of evaluating the early twentieth century Northern Ojibwa-Cree health experience and comparing it to the contemporaneous experiences of the Euro- Canadian population. Analysis of proportional mortality rates from infectious diseases, crude death and infant mortality rates, viewed in a socioeconomic context, supports Young's (1988) modification of Omran's scheme for subarctic Indians of this period as one of "a struggle for survivaln. This research underlines that the transition of subarctic Indians has been and continues to be distinct from that of the dominant Canadian culture.

Molto, J.E. and Kennedy, B.V. Department of Anthropology, Lakehead University Departments of Archaeology and Physics, University of Calgary

THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE DIETARY HABITS OF THE "LAS PALMAS CULTURE " . This paper examines the 'fit1 of four sources of dietary information, namely, archaeological, ethnohistoric, dental pathology and carbon isotopes, in the Las Palmas Culture, of the Cape region of Baja, California, Mexico. This area has been known to anthropologists since Herman ten Kate (1884) first described the unique hyperdolichocranic skulls that he exhumed from burial caves. Massey (1955) later called the elaborate mortuary complex associated with these distinctive human remains 'Las Palmas culture1. It is characterized by a funerary custom of burials wrapped in palm bark, some being primary, but mostly red-ochred secondary bundle burials, non- randomly associated with artifacts. The bioarchaeological data show historical continuity between Las Palmas culture and the historic tribes of the region (e.g. Pericue and Cora on the east coast). Radiocarbon dates of burials from two of Massey's cave sites on Las Palmas Bay, place these samples just prior to Spanish contact (A.D. 1200-1450), when environmental condition (i.e. desert) were similar to those when the ethnohistoric accounts of the early explorers and the Jesuits (1697-1768) were written. The latter data indicate that the tribes of the Cape were highly dependent on both marine and land resources, including, the extensive gathering of plants and small animals on a seasonal basis and hunting larger game in the mountains. The archaeological assemblage also shows a mixture of subsistence strategies, along with the possibility of status differentiation that may have affected dietary access. Analysis of the dental pathology (56 burials) and carbon isotopes (8 samples), suggest that marine products predominated. The isotopic data, which are very provisional at this time (only the carbon isotope data are available), do not support the hypothesis of a status system in terms of diet. A more precisely delineated

dietary profile is not possible until more studies, including the extant museum collections, a detailed food webb analysis of the region and the excavation of more sites, are conducted.

Morse, Kristen and Taylor, Linda L. Department of Anthropology, University of Calgary Department of Anthropology, University of Miami

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT FOR A CAPTIVE NEW WORLD PRIMATE (CEBUS CAPUCINUS) BASED ON A SEMI- FREE-RANGING MODEDL (CEBUS APELLA).

The aim of this study was to enrich the captive enclosure of a group of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) based on a semi-free-ranging model (Cebus apella). Both capuchin groups are housed at Monkey Jungle in Miami, Florida and were observed in the months of May, June, and July, 1990 for a total of 85 hours. Through observation of the semi-free- ranging group, the researcher was able to record substrate use and the behavioral activities seen on the natural substrates. With this information, two processes of enrichment for the captive enclosure were undertaken. The purpose of the first was to encourage the captive group to increase substrate use and to exhibit higher degrees of species-specific behaviors. Artificial substrates such as plastic chains, jungle-gym rings, and a galvanized swimming pool were introduced. The second was aimed at reducing inactivity and primate boredom by introducing varlous manipulative objects. some of the objects introduced were balls, baby toys, and plastic containers. The results indicate an increase in activity: foraging, object manipulation, and play. The combination of added substrates and objects increased the capuchins display of species- specific behaviors. such behaviors included dramatic threat displays, prehensile tail use, foraging, and object rubbing and banging (the "nut-cracking" process). There was little indication that the added artificial substrates were used in locomotive processes.

Nicks, Trudy Department of Ethnology, Royal Ontario Museum

IDENTIFYING "M$T1SW POPULATIONS IN THE PAST: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY

Demographic data for "MBtisfl populations are readily available in historical records left by explorers, traders, missionaries, and government agents. Sources vary in completeness but their reliability can be enhanced by combining information through record linkage; nevertheless, more subtle problems are inherent in their use. Historical

fl~6tis*q itself is fluid, having been used as an expedient identity by those who kept records, by the people themselves, and by researchers. Historical demographers must be aware of these aspects of "M6tisU history when they attempt to analyse not only IqM6tis comrnunitie~~~, but also "Indian communities" over time and space.

Pastor, Robert F. Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon

A DENTAL MICROWEAR ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION IN THE INDUS VALLEY

Criticism has been raised concerning the ability to determine the causes of microwear on the teeth of individuals from prehistoric skeletal populations. However, recent studies indicate that these disparaging statements are premature, and that analysis of dental microwear among occupants of prehistoric cemetery populations are useful for examining dietary patterns.

This paper presents preliminary results that identify a distinct pattern of dental microwear associated with dietary specializations characteristic of the Harappan civilization. Replicas were collected of mandibular molars from individuals belonging to the mature phase at Harappa, a Bronze Age urban site located in the Indus Valley of Pakistan.

Lower first and second molars generally exhibit some pitting, accompanied by long, wide scratches with rough troughs and smooth, but slightly irregular margins. Such a microwear pattern is associated with a diet consisting predominantly of processed grains, legumes, and various fruits, supplemented by the meat of cattle and other domestic livestock. While a large amount of variation is present in the pattern of tooth microwear at Harappa, a clear separation exists between the Harappan microwear pattern and that exhibited by the South Asian Mesolithic hunting-gathering population of Mahadaha. An obvious but less distinct separation of microwear patterns is apparent between the South Asian Chalcolithic incipient agricultural site of Mehrgahr and that of Harappa.

Paterson, James D. Department of Anthropology, University of Calgary

ADAPTIVE LANDSCAPES AND A MODEL FOR CENTRIPETAL SPECIATION

The traditional adaptive landscapes based upon Fisher's original have some difficulties with populational genetics, especially models of gene flow, population growth and

decline, niche structure, and are very difficult to relate to a model of centripetal speciation. A novel version of the adaptive landscape which integrates gene flow, population number fluctuation, interactive niche dimensions, and centripetal speciation is the central focus of this paper. The model presents a more appropriate picture of evolutionary punctuation than is possible for the slow populational drift model of Fisher's original landscape.

Pavelka, Mary S. McDonald and Griffin, Lou Department of Anthropology, The University of Calgary South Texas Primate observatory, Arashiyama West Snow Monkey Sanctuary

TROOP FISSION: THE ARASHIYAMA WEST JAPANESE MACAQUES

After 16 years in Texas, the semi-free ranging Arashiyama West troop of Japanese macaques underwent the first troop fission. This paper describes the events surrounding this fission, and attempts to explore various questions about fissions in nonhuman primate societies in light of this report and others that have been made in the literature. Provisioning leads directly to population growth, which in wild groups may be a sufficient stimulus for a fission, however provisioning also suppresses the formation of foraging subgroups, and therefore suppresses fissioning in provisioned troops. Additional social stimuli, such as the isolation of a group of animals due to the deaths of key animals, and/or an alteration in the food supply may be necessary to trigger a fission in provisioned troops. Provisioning does not necessarily affect the process by which fissioning occurs. The social fragmentation of an interactional subgroup within the main troop followed by aggression from the main troop toward the subgroup, which occurred in the fission at Arashiyama West group is very similar to that which has been described for feral primates as well. Like most other fissions for which kinship was known, the dividing line of this fission can be at least partially explained by maternal relationships, although some curious exceptions do occur. Male membership in the splinter group-is relatively straightforward, with peripheral members of the main troop leaving to join the group of unrelated females, as is the norm for males in female-bonded societies. Some of the possible consequences and benefits of the fission, including inbreeding avoidance and new social opportunities, are briefly discussed.

Perizonius, W.R.K., Brooks, S.T. and Brooks, R.H. Department of Anthropology-Osteology Dept., Ri jksuniversiteit Utrecht , Utrecht, Holland Anthropology Dept., University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada

OCCLUSAL AND LINEAR DENTAL ENAMEL HYPOPLASIAS

Dentitions of seven juveniles, ranging in age from 4 or 5 to about 13 years, and one young adult from about 20 to 23 years, from a late medieval (13th to 17th centuries) cemetery, Breda, The Netherlands, show marked linear as well as occlusal or incisal enamel hypoplasia. These eight young individuals with both occlusal and linear hypoplasia are 2% of the 390 individuals with dentitions in the Breda skeletal series, although linear hypoplasia alone is quite frequent.

The occlusal or incisal hypoplasia mainly occurs in first molars, incisors and canines, while linear hypoplasia was recorded for all the teeth. One juvenile also had affected deciduous first molars. The occlusal surfaces of the affected adult first molars are irregularly shaped, many are pitted, and some have flattened, others pointed cusps. The incisal edges of the incisors and canines are more often pointed.

It is suggested these occlusal or incisal enamel defects, as well as the linear hypoplasia, are the result of the same disturbances or stresses. Proposed causes range from congenital syphilis, through tuberculosis and rickets, to measles.

Pfeiffer, S. School of Human Biology, University of Guelph

AN EXPLORATION OF POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BONE STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

Various studies of bone diagenesis have documented the possibility of both postmortem chemical changes and histological changes. My previous research using bone of known length of interment has demonstrated that there is no clear relationship between histological preservation and such gross chemical measures as Ca:P ratio and soil pH. Since it appeared that "greasyw bone showed better histological preservation, I hypothesized that lipid preservation might be a relevant variable. Six samples of cortical bone from young adult males buried in 1814 were processed for lipid extraction, using a modified Bligh and Dyer technique. The one well-preserved specimen shows significantly less lipid (1.75 mg/g. t=4.32, ~(0.01) as compared to the other five samples (x=5.44mg/g). This is contrary to my expectations. Given the nature of the structural decomposition, I suggest that the lipid extracted

is primarily microbiological in origin, representing remains of organisms that contributed to postmortem decomposition, rather than lipid retained from life.

Radosevf ch, Stefan C. Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon

HARAPPAN DIETARY DIFFERENCES SORTED BY GENDER

It has been argued that the Harappan Civilization was egalitarian, based on the uniformity of architectural and artifactual features (Miller 1985). Using instrumental neutron analysis (INAA) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) to find trace element levels, I detected a statistically significant difference in bone strontium levels between adult males and females, with adult females revealing a much great Sr content than males. Though all femora are seriously contaminated by accumulative diagenesis, the strength of the correlation leads me to postulate an explanation which is in part dietary: that Harappan females had a calcium-poor diet, exacerbated by pregnancy and lactation, that predisposed their poorly mineralized skeletal remains towards post-depositional Sr absorption. Such a diet can be interpreted as an indication of differential access to calcium-rich foods in a non- egalitarian society. These findings corroborate the study of Lukacs (n.d.) which documents the poor dental health of Harappan females that have twice the frequency of enamel hypoplasia as do males.

Rogers, Tracy Department of Anthropology, McMaster University

A TEST OF THE AURICULAR SURFACE METHOD OF ESTIMATING AGE-AT- DEATH AND A DISCUSSION OF ITS USEFULNESS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF PALEODEMOGRAPHIC LIFETABLES

Excavation of a nineteenth century cemetery on the grounds of St. Thomas Church, Belleville, Ontario provided a sample of fifty-five individuals who could be positively identified and whose ages-at-death were documented in the parish registers located at the Diocesan Archives of the Anglican Church of Canada in Kingston, Ontario. The samples was employed to (1) test the accuracy of the auricular surface method of age estimation; (2) to compare lifetable results generated from the skeletal analysis and hence, usefulness of the auricular surface method in the construction of paleodemographic life tables.

Russon, A. and Galdikas, B. Department of Psychology, Glendon College, York University, Toronto Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver

IMITATION IN EX-CAPTIVE ORANGUTANS

Apes1 capacities for symbolically mediated or Iftrue" imitation are considered important, because true imitation is considered an important link between human and nonhuman primate intelligence. Existing findings are problematic, because they derive primarily from captive chimpanzees and are based either on anecdotal observations or on suboptimal performances elicited under inhibiting experimental conditions. Goals of this study were to tap optimal performance by observing orangutans living freely under enriched conditions, the ex-captive living at Galdikasl research/rehabilitation station in Indonesian Borneo, and to use improved criteria for identifying true imitation observationally. Results derive from 100 hours of direct observation plus reliable reports from other witnesses, gathered between June and Aug., 1989. Ninety-six incidents of imitation were identified; several satisfied criteria for true imitation. The presentation describes the range, ecology (social and physical), and developmental patterns of this imitation, as well as the qualities of the true imitation identified.

Schmill, N.', Fritzler, M.J.z, Hoar, D.I.=, Salas, C., and Field, L.L.I 'Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Calgary ZDepartment of Physical Anthropology, National Institute of Anthropology, Mexico City

DNA EXTRACTED FROM PRECOLUMBIAN SKELETONS

Man has always had a natural curiosity about the origins of population and their dissemination around the globe. In the pursuit of this knowledge, many methodologies have been developed to add to the knowledge base. Some of these methods are capable of extracting traces of biological materials from mummified or otherwise preserved remains and in some instances from skeletal remains. The only data presently available from Molecular Biological investigations of DNA are those limited to the study of mummified remains. With the Mesoamerican civilizations, such remains are rare and skeletal remains must be the source of the necessary information. We have approached the problem by developing DNA extraction techniques from the marrow spaces of ancient bones from the Mesoamerican peoples. For these studie~, portions of skeletal remains

were provided by the Department of Physical Anthropology of the National Institute of Anthropology and History in Mexico City. The age of the bones ranges from 1400 BC - 1780 AD. The DNA was extracted, purified and probed with radiolabelled HMF-1 probe, a human repeat that is present only in the higher primates, and also probed with human Y preferential probe pS4 to identify the sex of the bone samples.

Schulting, Rick and Ostapkowicz, Joanna Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University

CULTURAL MODIFICATION AND DEPRESSED FRACTURES: A C!~IU?4 FROM THE BELLA COOLA VALLEY

This paper deals with a human cranium found in a cave in the Bella Coola Valley during fieldwork in the summer of 1990. The cranium is basically treated as an isolated find, though possible associations with three human long bones and various faunal material are briefly discussed. The cranium itself, that of a young adult male native, is a very interesting specimen, exhibiting cultural modification as well as two unhealed depressed fractures and a complete perforation on the vault. The cranium was found in what seemed a crude stone box. Possible associations with sorcery are discussed.

Skinner, Mark Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University

BEE BROOD CONSUMPTION: AN ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATPQN FOR HYPERVITAMINOSIS A IN KNM-ER 1808 (HOMO ERECTUS) FROM KOOBI FORA, KENYA

A Homo erectus individual (KNM-ER 1808) from Koobi Fora, Kenya dating from 1.6f 0.1 m.y. exhibits pathological apposition of bone on long bone shafts which was interpreted by Walker et al. (1982) as possibly caused by hypervitaminosis A due to the consumption of carnivore livers. Bee brood has a sufficiently high concentration of Vitamin A that protracted ingestion could theoretically produce hypervitaminosis A. The ecology of the East African bee, Apis mellifera scutelatta, is investigated to show that the density of nests with their brood contents within a reasonable foraging area of early Homo erectus would yield an ample and reliable energy source with deleteriously high Vit A content. The potential role sf Bee hunting in hominine behavioral and physical evolution is discussed.

Sperber, G.H., Department of Oral Biology, University of Alberta

DENTAL MUTILATION - AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Intentional mutilation of teeth is both a cultural and therapeutic practice that provides anthropologists with insights into tribal beliefs and clinical dental skills of past and present populations. Various fashions dictate mutilation that includes chipping, drilling, filing and extraction or ablation of specific teeth for puberty rites, status distinction, llbeauty" acquisition and sexual acceptability in various societies. Primitive and sophisticated dental operations created sharpened fangs, shortened teeth or diastemata. Blackening of incisors by women declaring their married status, precluding remarriage, was practised in the 16th - 18th centuries in Japan. Projecting canines and conical incisors to portray predation and sanguivory, supposedly atavistic features, are created in fictional characters. Ornamental inlay dentistry characterized certain pre-Columbian South American Indian tribes. Specific patterns of incisor modification identify some African tribes. Modern societyls demands for cosmetic dentistry indicate an ongoing significance of tooth appearance in cultural and physical anthropology.

Strahan, Donna K . The Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, Maryland

THE CONSERVATION OF FRESHLY-EXCAVATED SKELETAL MATERIAL AT HARAPPA, PAKISTAN

A conservation field laboratory was established during the 1986 survey season for the treatment of excavated material at the archaeological site of Harappa, Pakistan. During the 1987-88 field season procedures were developed and practiced for the preservation of freshly-excavated skeletal remains. Because of extreme salt and alkaline conditions the majority of the excavated material was extremely fragile. Desalination and adhesive tests were conducted on fragments to determine the most appropriate conservation methods. Physical anthropologists were instructed in the selected methods, given supplies of adhesives, and assistance as needed. In addition, display and storage methods were devised for both newly unearthed material and previously excavated skeletal remains on exhibit in the museum. These methods should insure the future preservation of the skeletal material which is stored at the site.

Ti llekeratne, Sashie, Paterson, Jim Department of Anthropology, University of Calgary

THE SOCIAL DYNAMICS OF AN ATYPICALLY ORGANIZED GROUP OF CAPTIVE JAPANESE MACAQUES (Macaca fuscata)

The colony of Japanese macaques at the Calgary Zoo does not represent a natural intact social group, but was established by zoo officials. The age, sex, and kinship composition of this group is not typical of feral troops. Naturally occurring social groups are multimale-multifemale, related females forming the stable core, males emigrating at maturity, and represented by different age classes. The captive group studied is unimale-multifemale, the females not being maternal kin, the male remaining in its natal group, and not having different age classes represented. Deviations from the 'normal' structure of a Japanese macaque troop and the possible social and reproductive manifestations of them were explored. This group has experienced a moderately high rate of death among apparently healthy newborn infants. Behavioural patterns observed in this captive group were compared to those of wild populations. A total of 125 hours of focal animal data was gathered in May through August 1990 on this group of five Japanese macaques housed in a 375 m2 enclosure. The data suggested infanticide on the part of the adult male. In spite of its atypical formation, this colony does display some stable pattens of behaviour consistent with feral ones. However it also exhibits some apparently abnormal behaviour that lowers overall fecundity and reproductive success.

Thompson, M.A. *, Bloomsmith, M.A. and Taylor, L. L =Department of Anthropology, University of Calgary 'M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas sDepartment of Veterinary Resources, Department of Anthropology, University of Miami

A CANINE COMPANION FOR AN INFANT CHIMPANZEE

Many infant chimpanzees must be reared in nurseries due to infant or maternal ill health and/or maternal incompetence. These chimpanzees are sometimes socially deprived and they lack the constant, natural stimulation that would be provided by their mothers. Nonprimate companions may provide social enrichment and stimulation for infants reared without conspecifics. This study investigated how the effect of having a dog present changed various behaviors in an infant chimpanzee. The subject was a 13-week-old, male infant chimpanzee housed at The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Science Park. The results support the hypothesis that the presence of the dog would reduce stress related and abnormal behaviors. However, the company of the dog also reduced grasping and bipedal standing, and climbing although

there was no significant effect on play, orality and quadrupedal walking with palms, fists, and knuckles. These data suggest that the dog was a stress reducing companion for the infant and that raising nursery reared chimpanzees with dogs is a beneficial management strategy.

van der Merwe, Nikolaas J. Department of Anthropology, Harvard University

CARBON ISOTOPES AND THE DIETS OF EARLY HOMINIDS

Recent advances in the extraction of biogenic carbon from fossil tooth enamel make it possible to study the diets of early hominids. In the hominid cave sites of South Africa the fossiliferous breccias are cemented together by calcium carbonate, which puts these extraction methods to a severe test. Contaminating carbons from the deposits do contribute some diagenetic carbon to the measurements, but their importance can be minimized by comparing the isotopic ratios of hominids with that of the whole faunal assemblage of the site. Preliminary results indicate that both the gracile and robust australopithecines may have had meat in their diets to approximately the same degree, while Homo sp. had more.

White, Christine Department of Anthropology, University of Western Ontario

STABLE NITROGEN ISOTOPE DATA: MORE VARIABLES TO CONTROL

Analyses of Nubian bone indicate that 615N values are affected by diagenetic environmental and physiological factors. Collagen yield and 615N are significantly correlated, which strongly suggests that a diagenesis problem can occur even in well-preserved material. Significant differences also exist between age groups and the sexes. The data support the findings of Fogel and colleagues (1989) that 615N can be used as a marker of weaning age. Nubian infants are enriched in 615N up to the age of 2 to 4 yrs., the period which corresponds to dental data as weaning age. Males of all ages are consistently more enriched in 615N than females. This sex effect appears to be physiological rather than dietary. Lastly, it is hypothesized from temporal data that 615N values have been affected by the addition of nitrogen to the soil. In this case, both artificial fertilization and flood deposition of nitrogen-rich soils are suspected.

White, Christine Department of Anthropology, University of Western Ontario

TEMPORAL TRENDS IN ANCIENT NUBIAN DIET

During its initial period of Intensive Agriculture (i.e. Meroitic to Christian times - 250 B.C. to 1400 A.D.), Nubian culture experienced many dramatic political, economic and environmental changes. In spite of these perturbances, previous research has assumed that neither food procurement, nor diet were affected. Because a number of non-specific pathologies suggest that diet might have varied over time and because there are almost no subsistence data available or collectable (the area is now inundated), stable carbon isotope analysis of bone, skin and muscle were used to test these assumptions. A significant trend to the addition of C4 plants (millet and sorghum) is apparent for all tissues during the X-Group period, a time when villages were more politically autonomous and the Nile was low. In addition, hair data indicate that the modern practice of seasonal shifting from C3 to C4 crops has roots in ancient times.

MUSEE CANADIEN CANADIAN MUSEUM $- dE DES CIVILISATIONS OF CIVILIZATION

8 March 1991

CAPA Members:

As many of you know, the Minister of Communications, Government of Canada, recently introduced a "Proposed Act respecting the protection of the anhaeological heritagc of Canada." The bill was distributed in draft form "to permit detailed comment by individuals and groups interested in archaeology, notably from orgadzations representing the aboriginal peoples."

The department's newly formed Office for Archaeological Resource Management held consultative workshops on the Proposed Act, February 17-19, 1991. They were attended by invited representatives of the d logical co~nmunity (including yours truly), legal experts, and "grass-roots" representatives of the aboriginal community.

The aborighd peoples met on the fmt day of the consultatione, the second day saw a series of joint workshops, and the third day was largely the domain of the archaeologists. As part of their symposium, the aboriginal peoples formulated a set of princip1es respecting jurisdiction in the area of aboriginal mhaeological resources and then asked for support from the archaeological community. One of three workshops held on the second day of the consultations moved to support the aboriginal statement "without reservation." As a group, the archaeologists on the thitd day decided to &fa any such decision to the general archaeological community as represented by the Canadian Archaeological Association. It is my understanding that the statement will be introduced to the membership at its annual meeting in St. John's, May 8-1 1, 1991.

CAPA does not meet until the Fall of this year. I believe it is essential that we also consider the statement. The aboriginal statement, in its entirety, accompanies this letter. I would suggest that each of us seriously consider the statement for possible support at our next annual business meeting. In the interim, I will be pleased to act as a reservoir for individual membership responses to the statemmt and collate them for the meeting. You may write to me at the Canadian Museum of Civilization, 100 Laurier Street, P.O. Box 3100, Station "B," Hull, Quebec, Canada, J8X 4H2, or FAX 8 19-953-9382.

Sincerely,

J.S. Cyb'ulski

Curator of Physical Anthropology Archaeological Survey of Canada

ABORIGINAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SYMPOSIUM STATEMENT

OTTAWA, ONTARIO -PASSED UNANIMOUSLY- FEBRUARY 18, 199 1

The Symposium of Aboriginal peoples on archaeologlcal her1 tage Issues held In Ottawa February 17- 18, 1991 wishes t o aff irm the following declaration of principle in reflection of their inherent responsibility for a l l aspects of their heritage:

That descendants of the First Peoples who now reslde on thls continent are i t s original and indigenous populations , and have a holistic vision of the world which i s unlque to them and have a self-evf dent jur i sdlctlon in the area of Abort gl nal archaeological resources.

This jur isdict ion includes:

- the inherent r igh t t o ownership and def in i t ion of Aboriginal archaeol ogical resources, and rel igious and spir i tual objects

- an exclusive r igh t t o determine the extent and nature of the protection, treatment and management of Aboriginal bur ia l s i tes and Aboriginal human remains,

- a pre-eminent role i n the protection, treatment and management of sacred sites,

- a pre-emptive role i n the area of impact assessment, and the applictltlon of licenses and perm1 t s In relat lon t o Aborlglnal archaeologlcal resources to insure due respect to spec1 f i c cultural bellef s.

In accordance wl th thls Drlncl~le, and in resDonse to a government re~uest for react ion to a proposed b l l l on Canada's archaeological her1 tage, this sumposturn asserts the followtng principles to gulde Improvement of the bf l l so as to empower and enable Aborlglnal lurlsdlctlon In the Held of

Aborlglnal archaeological resources wherever they may be round In tne Imds and waters of Canada.

The t ex t o f the 6111 should be revised so that:

1. The jurisdiction over and ownership of Aboriginal archaeological resources i s explicit ly recognized.

2. A mechanism be established to enable anu Aborlglnal comrnunltl es andlor author1 t les t o exerclse jurlsdlctlon and negottata agreements (Including resourcing) relatlng to Aboriginal archaeological resources,their public interpretation, and their reclamation to communl t i es of origin..

3. A declamtlon which requires thls act to be Interpreted so as t o foster the sp i r i t and intent o f Aboriginal and Treaty rights.

4. Formally recognizes the role of our Aboriginal splrltual elders and leaders.

In concrusron t h ~ s sgmposrum IS encouraged ty the code of EWCS or the Second World Archaeological Congress in Venezuela, September, 1990, as a minimum basis for the recognltlon by archaeologfsts of Indtgenous archaeological concerns.

Char les (Charlie) Eyman died a t his home in Arm~dale, Austra l ia , on Dec. 22, 1990, a f t e r a long i l lness. He tias been on permanent sick leave f r o m t h e Department o f Archaeology since 1983 and moved t o Aus t ra l i a upon t h e re t i remen t o f h is wife, Evelyn Moore-Eyman, f o r m e r l y o f t h e Department o f Educat ion a t The Un ive rs i t y o f Calgary.

Ba rn in Kansas on June 1, 1933, he t o o k his bachelor 's degree f r o m t h e Universi ty o f Kansas and immediately went t o t h e United S t a t e s National Museurn where he worked f o r a year as a museum aide. He then a c t e d as a teaching fellow and r e s e a r c h a s s i s t a n t a t t h e Un ive rs i t y o f Michigan un t i l he came t o t h e Department o f Archaeology a t what was then t h e Universi ty o f A lbe r ta a t Calgary in 1965, where he ea rned b o t h an MA and a PhD. P r io r t'o receiving his PhD he ac ted as a sessional i n s t r u c t o r and was appo in ted t h e physical an thropo log is t o f t h e archaeology d e p a r t m e n t when he rece ived his PhD in 1971. He t o o k an act ive r o l e in t h e foundat ion o f t h e Canadian Associat ion f o r Physical Anthropo logy , and s p e n t a considerable amount o f r e s e a r c h time on a reas in which a rchaeo log ica l o v e r l a p s w i th p h y s i c a l a n t h r o p o l o g y , p a r t i c u l a r l y in t h e s t u d y o f bur ia ls . A t meetings, col leagues had t o beware o f poor ly s t a t e d arguments o r t o o much ja rgon o r t h e i r e f f o r t s might be g r e e t e d wi th Charl ie 's r inging "balderdash." Most of t h e ear ly g radua te s t u d e n t s o f t h e department t o o k courses f r o m Charlie and he supervised MA theses f o r a number o f them, During much o f his l i f e Charlie was plagued b y a cont inuous s e r i e s o f i l lnesses which p reven ted him f rom reaching some o f t h e goals which his sharp i n t e l l e c t would o the rw ise have made possible. He f e l t a s t r o n g bond t o g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s , which was usually r e c i p r o c a t e d , and many scho la rs in Canada w i l l miss him.

-David Kelley ( f r o m t h e Un ivers i ty o f Ca lgary campus n e w s l e t t e r ) .

Dr . Char les E. Eyman, famil iar t o t h e sen ior membership o f CAPA as 'Charlie' died a t his home in Armidale, New South Wales, Aust ra l ia , on December 22, 1990. Char-lie had been in poor, hea l th f o r many years, having been on permanent sick leave f r o m t h e Universi ty o f Calgary since 1983. He and h is wife, Evelyn Moore-Eyman, had moved t o Armidale upon Evelyn's r e t i r e m e n t f r o m t h e Facu l ty o f Educat ion in 1986.

Charlie was b o r n on June 1 1933 in Kansas, grew up

thet-e, and t o o k his baahelot-.'l; degt-,ee f r o m t h e Un ive rs i t y o f Kansas. He worked a t t h e United S ta tes National Museum and a t t h e Universi ty o f Michigan b e f o r e coming t o t h e newly founded Department o f Archaeology a t t h e Univers i ty o f A l b e r t a a t Calgary (now t h e Universi ty o f Ca lgary) in 1965. He t o o k b o t h MA and PhD degrees t h e r e under t h e tute lage o f P r o f e s s o r David Kelley, and upon complet ion o f t h e l a t t e r in 1971 was appointed as A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r in t h e depar tmen t .

Charlie was one o f t h e i ns t i ga to rs f o r , and a founding member o f t h e Canadian Assoc ia t ion f o r Physical Anthropo logy . He also served as co-chait-.man f o r t h e founding meet ing in F e b r u a r y o f 1373. His i n t e r e s t s in t h e discipline r a n g e d over t h e c lassical areas o f os teomet r i cs , t h r o u g h g r o w t h and development, and t h e physio logy o f bone g rowth , t o archaeology and f o r e n s i c s . Char l ie was also one of t h e ear l ies t use rs o f computers in t h e Canadian branch o f t h e discipline, and was b o t h an e x p e r t s t a t i s t i c i a n and programmer . While h is p r e s e n t a t i o n s and publ ished p a p e r s have been few, he has had a signif icant impact on t h e development o f Physical Anthropo logy in Canada.

Charl ie had a long s tand ing i n t e r e s t in and a f f e c t i o n f o r graduate students, though t h e i n t e r e s t s were n o t o f t e n appreciated. He was a notor ious gadfly, and many o f us upon t h e commission o f a poor l y phrased statement, o r e r r o r o f f a c t , have been t h e r e c i p i e n t o f a r inging "Balderdash" f r o m t h e back o f t h e room, Perhaps l i t t l e known, and unapprec ia ted is t h e f a c t t h a t Charlie i n s t i t u t e d and funded f r o m h is own p o c k e t f o r over a decade, t h e McKern - Oschinsky Award f o r the b e s t s tudent paper a t t h e annual conference, This was ent i re ly in keeping with h is c h a r a c t e r , he was b y t u r n s agress ive and pugnacious, sent imenta l and moved t o generos i t y , b u t he was c o n s i s t e n t l y i n t o l e r a n t o f s loppy r e s e a r c h and i n a t t e n t i o n t o t h e h i s t o r i c a l a n t e c e d e n t s o f t h e d i s c i p l i n e ,

Charlie i s surv ived b y his w i fe Evelyn, and a d a u g h t e r b y a prev ious marr iage.

James D, P a t e r s o n Dept , o f Anthropology, Un ive rs i t y o f Calgary

Here is a b r i e f r e p o r t on research:

"Stone age p r e h i s t o r y o f t h e Lake Rukwa Basin, Sou thwes te rn Tanzania". SSHRC Research G r a n t 410-90-0408.

The Middle Stone Age (MSA) i s t h e per iod leas t known in Eas t Afr ica. Ranging f r o m 200,000 t o 30,000 years ago, i t sees one o f t h e f i r s t t t -ans format ions in s t o n e technology, n o t a b l y t h e beginnings o f reg iona l d i f f e r e n c e s in t o o l k i t s , Recent models f r o m pa laeoanthropo logy and human gene t i cs p r o p o s e t h a t t h e MSA also saw t h e emergence o f anatomically modern humans. Our f ie ld p r o j e c t has been a survey o f a reas sou th and west o f Lake Rukwa, in t h e A lber t ine R i f t , S o u t h w e s t e r n Tanzania in o r d e r t o l o c a t e o r r e l o c a t e archaeological s i t es , A 1990 f ie ld season funded by SSHRC r e s u l t e d in t h e d iscovery o f 23 new si tes, and t h e re locat ion o f 10 more, a t h i r d o f which belong t o t h e MSA. We a r e c u r r e n t l y analyzing t h e a r t i f a c t s collected, which come f r o m t h e MSA, L a t e r S tone Age and I ron Age, and plan t o r e t u r n in 1992 t o reexamine t h e e a r l i e s t s i t es . I was accompanied by a Master 's candidate a t t h e Un ivers i ty o f A lbe r ta , G r e g o r y Miller, who w i l l p r e p a r e a thes is on t h i s mater ia l , and ( f o r two months) b y Julie Cormack, now a doc to ra l s tuden t a t t h e Un ivers i ty o f Liverpool, as well as by t h r e e members o f t h e Tanzania D e p a r t m e n t o f An t iqu i t i es .

R e c e n t p u b l i c a t i o n s

nHuman or ig ins and t h e sexual division o f labour: an archaeological perspect ive" . In m e Archaeology - o f Gender, Proceedings o f t h e Chacmool Conference, Calgary, 1989, in press.

nStone age archaeology in Mbeya and Rukwa Regions, Southwestern Tanzania". N a m e Akuma 34, December 1990, In p r e s s , 18 ms. pp.

"Earlier Stone Age archaeo logy and A f r i c a n Studies: a move t o w a r d s reconc i l i a t i on " . Canadian Jou rna l of A f r i c a n Studies, in p r e s s , 1991, 36 ms. pp.

R e c e n t c o n f e r e n c e s ,

"The Acheulean-Middle Stone Age t r a n s i t i o n in E a s t A f r ~ c a and t h e question of modern human origins". Paper p r e s e n t e d a t t h e S o c i e t y o f A f r i c a n i s t A r c h a e o l o g i s t s , Gainesvil le, F lo r i da , M a r c h 1990.

" S t o n e age beginnings: a rchaeo log ica l p e r s p e c t i v e s t t . Paper P r e s e n t e d a t t h e Canadian Anthropo logy Society meetings,

Calgate.y, May 1090,

S t u d e n t s u p e r v i s i o n

G r e g o r y Miller, M.A. candidate, i s p r e p a r i n g a thes i s on t h e Tanzanian mate r ia l we co l l ec ted in t h e f a l l o f 1990. I t w i l l r e l a t e t o technology in t h e Middle Stone Age.

Yin Lam has e n t e r e d the Master 's programme a t t h e Universi ty of A lber ta t o work on East A f r i can faunal material and taphonomic q u e s t i o n s .

NEWS - - - - - FROM THE DEPT OF ANTHHOPOLOG'.c'Department af Anthropology -E thn ic S tud ies - Un ivers i ty of Nevada

Drs . Sheilagh and Richard H. b r o o k s r e p o r t :

Overv iew o f 1990 Act iv i t ies

Richard and I a t tended t h e American Academy o f Forens ic Sciences and t h e American Associat ion o f Physical An th ropo log is t s meet ings in t h e spr ing. We also h o s t e d and ce lebra ted t h e 10th ann iversary o f t h e Mountain, D e s e r t and Coastal Forensic Anthropology Workshop a t L a k e Mead in e a r l y June. Attending t h e sessions t o l ea rn more about o u r techniques was Dr , ( l i ider~n Fel l (alias Aarcrn Elkins),

Summer 1990 we f l e w t a H ~ l l a n J whet-.e we continued t h e analyses o f t h e Breda l a t e medieval s k e l e t a l ser ies, housed a t t h e Anthropo-Osteology Depar tmen t o f t h e Un ive rs i t y o f Utecht . While t h e r e we p repared a p o s t e r on occlusal and l inear hypoplasia (obse rved in 9 individuals f r o m t h e Breda ser ies) and a paper on a scaphocephalic sku l l also f r o m t h a t s e r i e s w i th Dr. W.R.K. Perizonius. We p r e s e n t e d t h e p o s t e r a t t h e European and t h e paper Pa laeopa tho logy

In Oc tober we Conference and based on data CAPA mee t ings r e s u l t s o f our

Anthropological Associat ion meet ings in Wroclaw a t t h e post-session Symposium on

in Warsaw.

a t tended t h e G r e a t Basin Ant t i ropological gave a paper on secondary o r t o k e n burials

recovered f r o m two cave s i tes in Nevada. A t t h e we gave a paper (with Perizonius) on t h e

hypoplasia s tudy - mainly t o query o u r colleagues on t h e i r opinion o f causes - which var ied f r o m t h a t o f t h e European responses .

Two o f our graduate s tuden ts f inished t h e i r M.A. t h e s e s and degrees while we were in Holland - sending t h e manuscr ip ts t o us. A t h i r d s t u d e n t whose thes i s c o n c e r n s p r e h i s t o r i c ske le ta l remains f r o m western Utah and s o u t h e a s t e r n Nevada is making p r o g r e s s and hopes t o be f in ished t h i s spr ing.

Four o f ou r publications came out th is p a s t year and two more have been accepted. Also our only book is published (so t o

speak): t h e p r i n t e r t h a t U.S. F ish & Wildlife s e l e c t e d messed up t h e photographs, s o t h e r e a r e 200 copies available, all w i t h b l u r r e d photos. The man in charge can't decide what t o do, we suggested burning them as a huge yule log over t h e holidays!

Our ongoing r e s e a r c h i s involved wi th analysis o f G r e a t Basin s k e l e t a l remains in con junc t ion wi th s e v e r a l o f ou r s t u d e n t s who have w r i t t e n M.A. t heses on c e r t a i n o f t h e s k e l e t a l co l lect ions. In addi t ion we a r e s t i l l involved t o some e x t e n t wi th ar~chaeological r e s e a r c h in n o r t t i e r r l Ba j a Cal i f orr l ia and have been asked t o submit an overview c ~ f our surveys Liiere between 1375 and 1985, conducted f o r several weeks e v e r y January.

I am continuing t o wr i t e up t h e r e s u l t s o f researches on f o s s i l mammals in A f r i ca , especial ly Suidae, and a p a p e r on t h e f o s s i l s f r o m Taung in t h e Un ive rs i t y o f Ca l i fo rn ia col lect ions appeared r e c e n t l y as a c h a p t e r in "apes t o Anglesu edi ted by G e o f f r e y Sperber. I am now busy with one on Dinofe l is f r o m Bo l t ' s Farm, hope fu l l y t o be publ ished l a t e r this year . O t h e r l e s s e r publ icat ions a r e in d r a f t .

--CLR-!?E!%EB Dr. m S . Cooke

... I apologise f o r n o t having w r i t t e n t h e n b u t t h e pos i t i on i s t h a t I am only an Honorary member and am now r e t i r e d so have l i t t l e involvement wi th s t u d e n t s and no d i r e c t w o r k in Physical Anthropology. I am conyinuing t o w r i t e up t h e r e s u l t s o f r e s e a r c h e s on f o s s i l mammals irl A f r i ca , especial ly Suidae, and a paper on t h e foss i l s f r o m Taung in t h e Un ive rs i t y o f Cal i forn ia co l lec t ions appeared r e c e n t l y as a c h a p t e r in " Apes t o Angels" edi ted by G e o f f r e y Sperber. I am now busy with one on Dinofelis f r o m Bo l t ' s f a r m , hopefu l ly t o b e publ ished l a t e r t h i s yea r , O t h e r l e s s e r publ icat ions a r e in d r a f t If you want specif ic de ta i ls f o r t h e n e x t N e w s l e t t e r , please l e t me know...,

(Thank you v e r y much f o r your i n t e r e s t in our Newslet ter , D r . CooKe. The Edi tor . )

In addition t o publishing a paper ent i t led: "Spondy lo ly sis: i t s n a t u r e and an th r~opo log ica l s ign i f icanceft in t he Internat ional Journa l o f Anthropology Vol. 4, no. 3 p, 163-169, 1989, D r , Merbs comments about . the m i s t a k e made in the book b y Kennedy and Iscan: Reconstruct ion o f Life f r o m t h e Skeleton:

I f any CAFA members bother t o read t h e "Cont r ibu tors" sec t ion of Reconstruction of Life from the Skeleton by iscan and F.ennedy (1989), they w i l l be t o l d t h a t I am a "Fel low of the Canadian Associat ion f o r Physical Anthropology" (paye x i ) . Le t me hasten t o assure them t h a t I have n o t awarded myself a s t a tus t h a t does not exist. The "Fellow" somehow s l i pped down from the organizat ion mentioned just above CAFA, the A r c t i c I n s t i t u t e o f North America. Sorry about tha t .

Charles F. Merbs Professor (and ~~JUIAE Member of CAPA)

FACULTY

Paterson, J. D. (BA, MA, PhD [U. Tor.]) Publ icat ions:

Patersor~, J. D., "Comment--8ergmann.s Rule Inval id: A Reply t-CI V . Gsist." CPY..BL?,IL~L~OIO~..., 68:1610-1M2. , "Book Review: A Theory o f H u r f m and Pr ima te Evolut ion--

Col in P. Groves." Amer J .F54y,s: .LfnthrccpfiI,. 8 145 1-45?. , "Book Review: Worncjn I n the Mist - -Far ley Mowat." ..Corest

and Cons@.~ation Hjstflr- 3 4( 2 ) : 9 7 - 98. , " Book Review: P r ima te Origins: A Theory of H iman and

Pr imate Evolution--Col i n P. Groves." ARW: Scimlisl, 78(4):372-373. , t-?-rjmte BPABW~W L.~'I'PY.-cI~.sP.~ ( V e r s i o t i 2.3 ), Depart rile n t o f

Anthropology, Universi , y of Calgary. , , ~ r ~ m 8 t e f i i 1 ~ c l i ~ ~ n ~ l A r / s l ' ~ ~ ~ y !Version 3.0). A dissect ion

guide f o r Ant-hropology 355. Department o f Ant.hropology, I_lnivet-sity of Calgar!_l.

pub1 ica t ions- ln Press: Paterson, J. [I., "The Budongo Forest, Bunyorcr, Uganda: An Emlog ica l

and H is to r i ca l Perspect ive." For~st 8/3LjC~fnserv&l.i~r1,Yisio!-& '-.

, "An A1 te rns t i ve V iew: Rehaviour as a Mu1 t i -Causal Stratequ -. f o r Survival." In Thefi<q~nc~ilfL"~gni?j~?c F. P. Bur-ton hi), Edwiri Me1 1 en Press.

Groves, C. P. and J. D. Pat-erson, "Test ing Haminoid Phylclgeny Wi th the PHYL lP Programs." L1 ,%firn ~ Y D J

Paterson, J. D., "The Human Career: A Puzzlement," Review o f TAP hbmiWl C@.et?~:. Hf~mur/ ~ i ~ l ~ ~ . i ~ x . l & n d [idtt,m.i C;~rg.im - - R i c h (3 rd G _ K l e i n. Am61 J P!.mdd

Contr ibut ions a t Prof essicmal Meetings: Paterson, J. D., "Adaptive Landscapes and s Model f o r C:entripetal

Speciat~on," presented a t 18 th Annual Meeting o f CAPA, Banff, AB (net. 1).

T i l lekeratne, S. and J. D. Paterson, "The Sclcial Dynamics of an A typ ica l l y Organized Group o f .Japanese Mscaques (.P/&cm8 lim~ls),," presented a t 18 th Annual Meeting o f CAPA, Hanf f, AH (Nov. 30).

Research: Summer 1990 STEP pro jec t : S. T i l lekera t t ie co l lec ted 125 hours c~ f

observat ion on the behaviout-, t i m e budgets, and posture use pa t te rn of 8 capt ive group of /"/&c&:.8 fiis~?m'8 s t the Calgary Zua. An81 ysis w i l l cont inue over the w i n t e r of i 9W- 19E! 1 .

C.A.P.A. Newsletter Uept . o f Anth., U. of Calgary I ~ a g ~ 3

NSERC app l ica t ion submi t ted f o r a 3 year study o f c i rcad ian rhy thms and behavioural therrnoregulat i on among the I'"Bc&c~ Rtsc&fd pclpulation o f t he South Texas P r i m a t e Observatory.

Research and w r i t i n g cont inues f o r senior textbook ~ t s t m ~ t i c s , 6volfdio., &fldiheC;'rd~zt-Primc~tt?s, as w e l l as work on: "The Order F r i m ~ t ~ s : An Introduction," M. E. Stevens and J. D. Paterson (eds.).

Pavelks, M. S. McDonald !PhD [U. Alberta] ) Publicat-ions:

Pavelka, M. 5. McDonald, 1990, "Do Old Female Morrkeys Have a Spec i f i c Social Role?" F.hwie.c, 3 1 (31363-373.

Pub1 i ca t i ons i n Press: Pavelka, M. S. McDonald, 199 1, "The In terac t ing E f f e c t s o f Age and

Rank on the Soc iab i l i t y o f Adu l t Female Japanese Monkeys." In L. M Fedigan and P. J. Asquit-h (eds.), TnPWmkp n/ilr~s.[~~/jr~p.. -35 Yem-s ~RFSPNCA ii7.i6pmmd t,3~ k4?si: Ithaca: SUNY Press.

, "Sociabi l i t-y i n Old .Japanese Monkeys, Human versus Nontsurtian P r ima te Aging." (accepted w i t h minor rev1 sions, September 25, 1 990, by Amtzricm Anihrc7pc7~~gist 1.

Contr ibut ions a t Pro f essiorial Meetings: Pavelka, M. S. McDonald, "Old Female Japanese Monkeys: Questions

Old and New," presented a t Wenner-Gren sponsered conference: "Women Sc ien t i s t s Look a t Evolution, Female Biology, and L i f e H is to ry ," Santa Cruz, Ca l i f o rn ia (August, 1990).

Reseat-c:h: Pavelka, M. 5. M. and L. t l . Fedigan, Inv i ted Paper (Menopause:

Primatcl logical and Evcl11.1tionary Perspect ives) t o TiScz Ytru.boc~A-m' .PAysicd Aflt.C1ro+miq& due 0 1 Jan u a r g , 1 9 9 1 .

GRADUATE STLIDENTS

Cunneqworth, F. (BA [S.F.U I ) ~ e s e a r c h Completed:

"Reconci 1 i a t ion among semi -f ree rarigi ng Japanese macaques (P/~L:BcB Jf~scdl~)." June-Dec., 1990; research towards M.A.

de Vries, A. (6% [U. Calg.1) Contr ibut ions a t Professional Meetings:

de Vries, A. and K. E. Glandel-, "Responses o f mant led how l ing monkeys t o translocation," presented a t 18 th Annual Meeting o f CAPA, Banff , A 6 (Nov. 30).

C.A.P.A. Newsletter Iiept. of Anth., U. of Calgary /Page4

Research Completed: An observation study of the behaviour and ecology of mantled

howling monkeys (&iI~f#'&pd!iL9t8) fol lowing translocation i n Costa Rica. April-August, 1990; research towards M.A.

Research Proposed: de Vries, A. and K. E. Glandet-, "Translocat-ion of I-nantled howling

monkeys irr Costa Him," paper planned fur presentation at AAPA Meetings, Milwaukee, Wisc., April, 199 1 .

Continuing research and study of transloc:ated howling monkeys

Giancarlo, C . (RA [U. C:elg.]) Research Proposed:

"The Effects of Sibl ing B i r th on Mother- Infant Relationships i n Semi-Free Ranging Japanese Macaques ( P ~ B C B C ~ fcmm'~j.'' Scheduled fa r Jan.-May, 199 1 ; research towards M.A.

Reid, S. M. (BA [U. Vic.1) Research Proposed:

An observstional study of the posture and behslviour of semi-f ree ranging Japanese macaques (P/BCPI:B !itsc~I~?, w i t h reference t c l postursl c:ongruence. Scheduled fo r summer. 199 1 ; research towards M.A.

Wyman, T. (BSc IU. Calg.1) Research Proposed:

An observational study of the behaviour of captive bonobo chimpanzees (P&rj,p~nixm?. Scheduled f o r summer, 1'39 1 ; research towards M.A.

NEWS FROM:

Queen's University. Kingston

Sorry to have missed seeing you in Banff. The past fall was very eventful, and this will surely happen only once in a lifetime: two invitations to Conferences in Japan! The first , in Kyoto, September 24- 29 had delegates mainly from Japan, but also I and Christy Turner from North America, four or five researchers from Guam, Hawaii (Mike Pietrusewski) and China, talking on "a Javanese as a Member of the Asian and Pacific Po~ulations". The range of topics included archaeology, skeletal anthropology and genetics.

One of the most delightful papers was on the genetics of indigenous dogs. Apparently the biological distances based on blood groups of dogs parallel very closely those of humans, tracing the same migrations, hybridizations, etc., because of course the domestic dogs follow their people! To me, all the dogs in the photos, from Hokkaido to the highlands of New Guinea, looked just like little nondescript curly-tailed mutts. (But then, that's probably similar to their impressions of us).

The second conference, held in Tokyo in November, was a much bigger international affair. Its title: "The Evolution and Dispersal of Modern Humans in Asia". I'm including the program to give you an idea of the subject matter covered. As far as physical anthropology is concerned, you can see that interest in taxonomy and ethnohistory of modern Homo saviens is alive and well, even though represented only very sporadically in AJPA over the past several years.

After the Tokyo conference there was an organized tour to Hokkaido where about twenty of us stayed in Nibudani village in the homes of our Ainu hosts. This was a real highlight! The Ainu, are the equivalent in Japan of our own Native people. They have many of the same concerns and grievances. However they are very rapidly becoming assimilated in modern Wajin life and gene pool as young people with no future in the village and rural areas move into the big cities of Japan. On the whole, the people of Nibudani village seemed to be better off materially and in visible signs of morale, than most of our North American Natives. Still, their elders are proud, and determined to remind them of their own language and culture; of the fact that 50,000 place names in Hokkaido are Ainu; that a mere 60 years ago it was an offence punishable by imprisonment to catch even one salmon in the river that had belonged to Ainu people for thousands of years; and that a mere 100 years ago men, and boys as young as twelve, were abducted from their homes to work virtually as slaves in the Japanese-owned fisheries. There is pressure now on the Japanese parliament to have all of Hokkaido recognized as belonging legally to the Ainu.

Back to physical anthropology: it is bones and teeth that have shown undisputably what the prevailing dogma in Japan had long denied: of all living people in Japan it is the Ainu who have the strongest genetic heritage from the Neolithic population, Jomon, 10,000 B. C. - A. D. 300. Wzj in Japanese do have some genetic contribution from Jomon but are descended in the main from immigrants who came from Continental Asia 300 A.D. and after, bringing rice agriculture, metalworking and a different language.

THE UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO SYMPOSIUM:

THE EVOLUTION AND DISPERSAL OF MODERN HUMANS IN ASIA NOVEMBER 14-17, 1990

In recent years we have seen increasing debate over both the evolution and prehistoric dispersal of Homo sajiens, and a number of international conferences have been held on these subjects. The resolution of various conflicting theories regarding human lineages and migration patterns are all fundamental to such discussions. However, largely because of language, the evidence from the huge geographical area comprised by Asia has yet to be fully incorporated into international anthropological exchange. In holding this symposium at the University of Tokyo, we hope to present a truly Asian perspective on the problems of human evolution, and so encourage the integration of Asian scholarship with that of colleagues from the rest of the world. The presence and participation of outstanding scholars and researchers from many countries throughout the world, who will be presenting current and innovative research, promises that our efforts here will be highly and mutually beneficial.

Clearly, the building and testing of models is best undertaken with a multi- disciplinary approach, and our discussions here will of course be informed by a number of academic disciplines, including physical anthropology, archaeology, human genetics, and palaeontology.

To facilitate our discussions in the short time we are able to come together, the issues pertaining to "The Evolution and Dispersal of Modem Humans in Asia," have been organized within three major areas. The first of these addresses the origins of modem humans with particular reference to the Levant. Detailed considerations of the palaeontological and archaeological evidence for the relationship between Neandertal and Homo sapiens sapiens populations are central to our discussions in this area.

The second area focuses on the debate between the "Out of Africa" versus mu1 ti-regional evolution theories, and incorporates a number of subtle and complex perspectives on this issue. This portion of the symposium will devote substantial attention to the views of scholars from Vietnam, India, Indonesia, China and Siberia.

The third area emphasizes the evolution and dispersal of humans within the East Asian region, and the continuation of these processes in the New World. The origins of early Japanese peoples, including the Ainu, are accorded special atten tion here. This area is of particular interest to many Japanese scholars currently involved in a multi- disciplinary project here in Japan on Prehistoric Mongoloid Dispersals, which is sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Culture. The present svm~osium is, in fact, an outgrowth of this project.

Drs . Sheilagh and Rrchard t i . E r o o K s 1-epilr-t:

Richard and I a t t e n d e d the Amer;c.at~ Ai:ademy i f F o r e r i s ~ c Sc~ences and the Arne!- !can A : ~ S C ) C I ~ ~ I C X I o f Physrcai A n t t i r ~ o p i ~ l ~ ~ ~ q r ~ t . : ; rnre t ~ r i g s 11.1 I i -~e r ~ r - We a lso hos- ted drid

ce lebra ted the 10 th ariniver s a r y of 1.t1e Mourit a~ r l , D e s e r t arid Coastal Fot.ensic Anthropology Workshop d t L a k e Mead I ~ I e a r l y June. Attending t h e sessizlris t o learn rrior-e about out- techniques was U r , G!deon f -e l l (al las Adr-on Eil irns). Summer 1990 we f lew t o t-lollarlc! whet-;. we c o r ~ t ~ n u e d t h e analyses o f t h e B r e d a i a t e medieval s t i e l e t a l ser- les, 1.1oused a t t h e Anthropo-Osteoloyy Dep;rr!n~e~-1t i - ~ f t h e U n r v e r s ~ t y ui'

U techt . While t h e r e we p r e p a r e d a p ~ s t e r . or1 occlusal and l inear hyp i i p ias~a ji.,bservecf ! r ? 9 i n d ~ v ~ i j u a l s f r o m t h e E r e d a ser ies) and a paper on a scaphocephali i u i i I f r -om t h a t s e r i e s wi th Dr. W.H.K. Perrzonrus. We p r e s e n t e a t h e p o s t e r a t t h e European A n t h r o p o l o g ~ c a i Assocra trori rrite t1r1g-c; rr; W r oclaw and t h e paper a t t h e post--sessron Syn~posiurn l-)n P a i d u b p b t t i : ~ - logy in War-saw. In Oc tobe r we a t t e n d e d t h e G r e a t Basin A r i t h r o p o l o g ~ c a l Conference and gave a paper on secondary o r t o k e n burrals based on da ta r e c o v e r e d f r o m two cave s ~ t e s 11-1 Nevada. A t t he CAPA meetings we gave a paper ( w ~ t h F 'e r izw~~us) on t h e r e s u l t s o f our hypoplasra s tudy - mamly t o que ry o u r colleagues on t h e i r opinion o f causes - wti~ci-i v a r ~ e d f r o m t h a t o f t h e European r e s p o n s e s .

Two o f our g raduate s t u d e n t s finrshed the i r M.A. I h t ~ s e s dri'i

degrees wh~le we were In tiullancl - stlnd~ncj t h e mdnuscr ~ p t s t u us. A t h r r d s t u d e n t whose t h e s ~ s c o n c e r n s p r e h ~ s t o r IC

ske le ta l rerna~ns f r o m wes te rn Utah arid s o u t n e d s t r r n Nevddd 15

making p r o g r e s s and hopes t o L e f r n ~ s h e d thrc, spr 1:1q.

Four o f our pubiicatrons i-.ame ~ u t th is r - . - - - - - ,-.d2t yedl and twn r n u r e have been accepted. Also uut, orily b o o t ! s p u t ~ l ~ s h e d (so t o speak): t h e p r i n t e r x t h a t U . S . F ~ s h & Wiidl i fe s e l e c t e d messed up t h e pho tog raphs , so t h e r e a r e 200 coples avarlable, all with b l u r r e d photos. The man In charae i:dntt decrile what t o do, we suggested burnirig them as a huge yule log over- t he hol~da y s!

Our ongolng r e s e a r c h 15 i :~vuived wrth ar!alysis o f G r e a t B a s ~ n s k e l e t a l remains In c o n j u n c t ~ o r i w ~ t h s e v e r a l o f our s t u d e n t s who have w r ~ t ' t e n M.A. theses on c e r t a i n o f t h e s k e l e t a l collections. In a d d ~ t ~ o n we a r e st111 ~ n v o l v e d t o some e x t e n t w ~ t h archaeological r e s e a r c h in r l o r t l - )e rn B a j d Calr fornra and have been asked l o subrn~t d n overvlew of our- su rveys t h e r e between 1975 and 1985, conducted f o r severd l weeKs e v e r y January.

..,'fiiu a-;,i;..ed f ~ 1 . s o n : ~ rria t f r . ia l t o use ..,fur. t f i e r ~ e w s l e t t e r , SCI i t h ~ u g h t t h a t i would ment ion p a p e r s t h a t a r e somewt1er.t. 1 1 1 t he plpellrie and rndy someday a p p e a r in p r l n t (see a t t a c f i e d ) .

I am iooking f i_;r w a r d t i ? r e tur . l i r r~g t o Dubrovnllc, Yugoslavra t h i s surnrnet- t o ~ ~ a t - . t l c l p a t e in t h e A n t h r o p o l o g y a n d i-leal!t-i ;;eminat-., t h a t r at.-;. d i i annua! u i cu r - r cnce . Marly o f ou r rne:rr;i-,evs i :dve gi-irlr and o w what a g r e a t piace fot- a meet ing t h i s c i t y is i t r - u e ever1 if t h e r e i s r meet ing! t i l e e d l t s r ) . T h s year.'; ti->erne i s "Who IS Nor-mal'?: Perspectives or1 Hea l th and tiuman Var ia t ion" whlch should b e interesting. i?ob Meier- f r o m Indlarla i s csrganizirig t i l e c o u r s e .

A g r e d t ?clad i dme o f f my back Lh l i September wher~ I s t e p p e d cluwn d s ~ h d l r r ~ l d n o f t i l e Fdcu l ty o f U e r l t i s t r ~ y ' s a;lrnissi~.lr~ t .vrnmit tcc. Tt : i . i dSj iyr lT( ier\ t had l a s t e d f u r t e n yea1.s and a l thuugi i I s l i icer \e ly er-i.joyed t h e c o n t a c t w i th the s t u d e n t s , t h e bureaucr-ai;y w 3 5 tc20 r r w ~ h t u allow rne spend anoti iet- t e n I a t t t ie gr ind. Now 1 can b e a rescar-.cher- arid teacher.. again and maybe have some tlrne f o r a l i t t l e t h i n k i n g on t h e side.

P I r ! 'Ebj1-! [1 I i j ~ w c I ~ I - I ] ~ ~ : 1::i I 1 i of the news ic t te r i t s e:i istcn!rc and tv ask.. f ICII a.;slstanr:e f r o m y o u r r e a d e r s in I I t o un iover e t h e r r e f er-ences t h a t i have ncl? ~ i i u If diiyvrle d e s i r e s a copy , f r e e of ci-large, y l e a w wr i t e t o rne. The only t t ca tch" 15 t h d t t h o s e who r-ccelve d copy a r e asl(,ed t o exatnine t t ~ e ducumerit and ~f lihey a r t aware o f arly rnissirig w d r k ~ t o rr?for'm rne SO t h a t an

..- up i ld tec! i i ~ b l i o g r a ~ ; ~ t ) y c~3ri b e a5.;eniblc~d. 1111s w1l1 b e s e n t t o t nose wilt:> : - I ~ E I J O ~ I ~ w1l-'i i . 0 r . r .e~ t ior is, e t c . i f any o t h e r t-eader.3 have q t i w WOI-1. ..s i i r i Canadlai-1 N a t l l ~ e o r a l pa tho logy t h a t have been puulistled 1 would app rec ia te hav ing a copy o f t h e p a p e r o r arl a b s t r a c t s e n t t o me f o r ~ n u l u s ~ o n rn tti1.5 b i i - . , l i o y r a p h y .

Mayhall JT and Kanazawa E (1989): A three-dimensional analysis of the maxillary first molar crowns of Canadian Inuit. J P h y s A ~ U Q ~ L 7 8 (1) : 7 3 - 7 8 .

Varrela J , Alvesalo L and Mayhall JT (1990): Taurodontism in 45,X females. J DP& Re&, 69(2) :494-495.

Mayhall JT and Alvesalo L: Sexual dimorphism in the three- dimensional determinations of the maxillary first molar: cusp height, area, volume and position. b o c S i x t h Int S y m ~ D e d i k k g h , (in press).

Mayhall JT: Provision of dental care to the arctic and subarctic regions of Canada: The University of Toronto's role. B m L

w C i r m a r Hlth, (in press).

McDermott PT, Mayhall JT, and Leake JL: Dental therapists and the delivery of dental care in Canada's Northwest Territories. P ?

r H l u , (in press).

Mayhall JT and Jones DB (1990): Oral health and dental delivery in the circumpolar areas. Arctic M P ~ b, 49(4) :198-199.

Mayhall JT, Alvesalo L and Townsend G: Tooth crown size in Human 46,X.i (Xq) females. B r c h prnl R i o l . , (in press).

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ORAL HEALTH OF CANADIAN NATIVES*

John T. Mayhall**

*Does not include dental delivery, dental morphology, or references that do not include Canadians.

**Incomplete - please send any references that have been overlooked or corrections to:

Dr. John T. Mayhall Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto 124 Edward Street Toronto, Ontario MSG 1G6 Canada March. 1991

Albert RJ, Cantin RY, Cross HG, Castaldi CR (1988). Nursing caries in the Inuit children. J Canad Dent Assoc 54(10) : 751-758.

Birkbeck JA, Lee M, Myers GS, Alfred BM (1971). Nutritional status of British Columbia Indians. 11. Anthropometric measurements, physical and dental examinations at Ahousat and Anaham. Can J Pub Health 62: 403-414.

Brunet P (1975) . Dental health in Churchill. University of Manitoba Med J 45(3): 133-135.

Cageorge SM, Ryding WH, Leake JL (1978). Dental health survey of Manitoba children, 1976. Department of Health and Community Services, Province of Manitoba.

Cameron J , Ritchie SG, Bagnall JS (1923). Osteology of the Western and Central Eskimos, including a special report upon the dentition. Rpt Can Arctic Exp 1913-1918, 12C: 1-80.

Curson I (1986). The dental health of adults in the Grenfell ' region. Grenfell Quarterly 2(2) : 118-120.

Curzon MEJ (1966). Dentistry among Canadian Indians. Dental Mag and Oral Topics 83: 132-133.

Curzon MEJ, Curzon JA (1970). Dental caries in Eskimo children of the Keewatin district in the Northwest Territories. J Canad Dent Assoc 36 (9) : 342-345,

Curzon MEJ, Curzon JA (1979) . Dental caries prevalence in the Baffin Island Eskimo. Pediat Dent 1: 169-174.

Cybulski JS (1982). Human skeletal remains from Plum Point and bio-temporal identification in Ontario prehistory. Ont Archaeology 37: 17-28,

Dahlberg AA (1980) . Craniofacial studies. In : The Human Biology of Circumpolar Populations. Milan FA (ed) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 169-182.

Davey KW (1971). Dental care in the Sioux Lookout project. J Canad Dent Assoc 37 (12) : 452-457.

Davey KW (1976). A method of delivery of dental care in remote areas of the Canadian north. In: Circumpolar Health. Shephard RJ, Itoh S (eds) . Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 433.

~ehstermaker GB (1936) . Unusual enamel formation on the teeth of Indians. Pennsylvania Archaeology 6: 75.

Fernald A (1930). Missionary dentistry among the Eskimos. Harvard Dental Rec 4 : 1-3.

Gaqnon PF, Cleroux L, Brodeur JM, DemblayW (1990). Dental caries indices and treatment levels in a young Canadian Inuit population. Unpublished paper presented at Circumpolar Health meeting. Whitehorse.

Gavriloff J (1976). Dental Survey 1975: Registered Indian school population of Alberta Region. Medical Services Alberta Region, Health & Welfare Canada.

Gelskey SC, Hando-Lowes PG (1981). Assessing the oral health status of Rankin Inlet's schoolchildren. Can Dent Hygienist 15: 54-57.

Gershman DM (1984) . Inuit dental health and dental services in the Northwest Territories. Unpublished. D.D.P.H. Essay, University of Toronto.

Goldstein MS (1932) . Caries and attrition in the molar teeth of Eskimo mandibles. Amer J Phys Anthrop 16 (4) : 421-430.

Goldstein MS (1932). Congenital absence and impaction of the third molar in the Eskimo mandible. Amer J Phys Anthrop 16 (3) : 381-388.

Graham-Cumming G (1969). Health of the original Canadians 1867- 1967. Can Med Assoc J 100: 526-531.

Grant JCB (1922) . Some notes on an Eskimo skeleton. Amer J Phys Anthrop 5 (3) : 267-271.

Grant JCB (1929). Anthropometry of the Cree and Saulteaux Indians in northeastern Manitoba. Nat Mus Can, Anthrop Ser. #13, Bulletin 59: 1-74.

Grant JCB (1930). Anthropometry of the Chipewyan and Cree Indians of the neighbourhood of Lake Athabaska. Nat Mus Can, Anthrop Ser #l4. Bulletin 64.

Hall RL (1976) . Functional relationships between dental attrition and the helicoidal plane. Amer J Phys Anthrop 45 (1) : 69-75,

Hargreaves JA and Titley KC (1973). The dental health of Indian children in the Sioux Lookout zone of Northwestern Ontario. J Canad Dent Assoc 39 (10) : 709-714.

Hartney PC (1981). Paleo-odontologic research on an Iroquoian population from Ontario (Canada) . Bull Mem Soc of Anthrop Paris 8(13) : 43-61.

Hartweg R (1966) . La dentition des Esquimaux de lYUngava et des Indiens Wabemakustewatsh de la Cote Orientale de la Baie d'Hudson. Centre d'etudes nodiques. Travaux Divers No. 13. Univ. Lava1 , Quebec.

Houde G, Gagnon PF, St. Germain M (1990). A descriptive study of early caries and oral health habits of Inuit pre-schoolers: preliminary results. Unpublished paper presented at Circumpolar Health meeting. Whitehorse.

Jones AW (1968). Dental trends in Labrador. Dental Delineator 19: 12-15,

Jones AW (1969). Dental health in Labrador. Dental Health ondo don) 8: 7-9.

Kidd GE, Darby GE (1933). The teeth of the Pacific Coast Indian. Museum and Art Notes 7(Suppl 3) : 1-3.

Klatsky M (1956) . The incidence of six anomalies of the teeth and jaws. Hum Biol 28(4): 420-428.

Klooz D (1988) . Dental health status of Native children on selected Saskatchewan reserves. Can J Comm Dent 3 (1) : 32- 39.

Knutson I (1975). Dental Pathology of Human Remains from an Archaic Site in Southwestern Saskatchewan. M.A. Thesis, University of Manitoba.

Knutson I (1981). Multidimensional contingency table analysis of dental pathologies in osteological populations. Amer J Phys Anthrop 54 (2) : 241 (abstract) .

Lee MM (1975). Nutrition of the Canadian Indian child: the British Columbia study. In: Nutrition of the Indian and Eskimo Children. Haworth JC (ed). Montreal : Ross Laboratories. 56-61,

Leechman D (1934). Dental caries in prehistoric skulls from Canada. Dom Dent J 46 (1) : 35-38.

Leigh RW (1925) . Dental pathology of the Eskimo. Dent Cosmos 67 (9) : 884-898.

MacDonald L (1985). Keewatin regional school-age children dental health survey (1983/84) . Unpublished report. Northern Dental Program, University of Manitoba.

MacDonald L, MacMillan R (1988). Dental caries experience of Inuit children in the Keewatin region, Northwest Territories, 1983/84, Arctic Med Res 47 (Suppl 1) : 557-561,

Mayhall JT (1968) . Torus mandibularis in a Thule culture Eskimo population : a preliminary report. Amer J Phys Anthrop 29(1) : 126 (abstract) .

Mayhall JT (1969) . Thule culture Eskimo mandibles : a radiographic study. Amer J PhysAnthro? 31 (1) : 264 (abstract) .

Mayhall JT (19701 . The effect dentition. Arctic Anthrop

of culture change upon the Eskimo 7 (1) : 117-121.

Mayhall JT, Mayhall MF (1971) . Torus mandibularis in two Northwest Territories' Eskimo villages. Amer J Phys Anthrop 38(4) : 143-148.

Mayhall JT (1972). Tooth loss in prehistoric and recent Eskimos. Amer J Phys Anthrop 37(3) : 445 (abstract).

Mayhall JT (1972). Dental morphology of Indians and Eskimos: its relationship to the prevention and treatment of caries. J Canad Dent Assoc 38 (4) : 152-154.

Mayhall JT (1974). Eskimo oral health and culture change. Arner J Phys Anthrop 41 (3) : 492 (abstract) .

Mayhall JT (1974). Sucrose taste sensitivity in Canadian Inuit and its relationship to dental caries. J Dent Res 53 (4) : 940.

Mayhall JT (1975). Canadian Inuit caries experience 1969-1973. J Dent Res 54 (6) : 1245.

Mayhall JT (1975). Dental caries and nutrition. In: Nutrition of Indian and Eskimo Children. ~aworth JC (ed). Montreal: Ross Laboratories, pp . 155-162.

Mayhall JT (1976) . Inuit culture change and oral health: a four-year study. In: Circumpolar Health. Shephard R and Itoh S (eds) . Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 414-420,

Mayhall JT (1977). The oral health of a Canadian Inuit community: an anthropological approach. J Dent Res 56: C55-C61.

Mayhall JT (1977). Cultural and environmental influences on the Eskimo dentition: In: Orofacial Growth and Development. Dahlberg AA, Graber TM (eds). The Hague: Mouton, pp 215- 222.

Mayhall JT (1977). The incidence and importance of buccal pits in the mandibular molars of northwestern Ontario Indians. Ont Dent 54: 12-13.

Mayhall JT (1981). Three-rooted deciduous mandibular second molars: clinical, forensic and theoretical implications. J Canad Dent Assoc 5 :. 319-321.

Mayhall JT (1985). The oral health of the first residents. Who's in charge? In: Circumpolar Health ' 84. Fortuine R (ed) . Seattle: University of Washington Press, pp 431-435.

Mayhall JT, Stamm J (1985). A survey of the oral health of the natives of Canada. In: Circumpolar Health '84. Fortuine R (ed). Seattle: University of Washington Press, pp 294-297.

Mayhall JT (1986). Oral disease in arctic and subarctic residents: past, present and future. Coll Anthropol 10: 159-169.

Mayhall JT, Alvesalo LJ (1988). The role of heredity in the oral health of arctic and subarctic residents. Arctic Med Res 47(Suppl 1) : 411-414.

Mayhall JT, Jones DB (1990) . Oral health and dental delivery in the circumpolar areas. Arctic Med Res 49(4): 198-199.

Mayhall JT (1990) . Provision of dental care to the arctic and subarctic regions of Canada: The University of Toronto's role. Unpublished paper presented at Circumpolar Health meeting, Whitehorse.

McEuen CS (1938). An examination of the mouths of Eskimos in the Canadian eastern arctic . Can Med Assoc J 38 (4) : 374-377.

McIntosh WG (1949) . Dental studies and nutritional findings in the James Bay Indian. J Canad Dent Assoc 15 (2) : 69-85.

McPhail CWB, Curry TM, Hazelton RD, Payner KJ, Williamson RG (1972). The geographic pathology of dental disease in Canadian central arctic populations. J Canad Dent Assoc 38(8) : 288-296.

Merbs CF (1968). Anterior teeth loss in arctic populations. Southwestern J Anthrop 2 4 ( 1 ) : 20-32.

Messer JG (1985). Dental caries prevalence in school children from two ethnic groups in Labrador: 1969 and 1984 surveys. In: Circumpolar Health '84. Fortuine R (ed) . Seattle: University of Washington Press, pp 298-300.

Messer JG (1988). Changing patterns in dental caries and treatment needs in Labrador school children. Arctic Med Res 47 (Suppl 1) : 554-556.

Messer JG (1988). An overview of dental care delivery and dental health in northern Newfoundland and Labrador. Can J Cornrn Dent 3(1) : 45-53.

Molnar S (1972) . Tooth wear and culture: a survey of tooth functions among some prehistoric populations. Cur Anthrop 13(5): 511-525.

Molto JE (1979). Saugeen osteology: the evidence of the secondary cemetery at the Donaldson site. Mus Ind Arch, University uf Western Ontario Bulletin 14.

Myers GS, Lee M (1974) . Comparison of , oral health in four Canadian Indian communities. J Dent Res 53: 385-392.

Nikiforuk G (1988) . The changing pattern of oral dental diseases: a global perspective. Arctic Med Res 47(Suppl 1) : 545-553.

Oschinsky L (1961). A short note on upper lateral incisor tooth crowding among the Eskimos. Anthropologica 3: 90-94.

Patterson DK (1982) . A Diachronic Study of Dental Palaeopathology and Attritional Status of Prehistoric Ontario Pre-Iroquois and Iroquois Populations. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Toronto.

Patterson DK (1984). A diachronic study of dental palaeopathology and attritional status of prehistoric Ontario Pre-Iroquois and Iroquois populations. Arch Survey Canada, Paper 122, Nat Mus Canada, Ottawa.

Pearson M (1981). Dental services to Churchill and the Keewatin zone. Univ Man Med J 5l(l) : 7-9.

Postl BD, Carson JB, Spady D, Schaefer 0 (1985). Northwest Territories perinatal and infant morbidity and mortality study : Follow-up 1982. I. Utilization, morbidity and mortality. In: Circumpolar Health ' 84. Fortuine R (ed) . Seattle: University of Washington Press, pp 125-128.

Postl BD, Carson JB, Spady D, Schaefer 0 (1985). Northwest Territories perinatal and infant morbidity and mortality study: Follow-up 1982. 11. Physical examination. In: Circumpolar Health ' 84. Fortuine R (ed). Seattle: University of Washington Press, pp 129-133.

Price WA (1934). Why dental caries with modern civilization? 7. Field studies in modernized Indians in Ontario, Manitoba and New York. Dental Digest 40(2) : 52-58.

Price WA (1934). Why dental caries with modern civilization? 8. Field studies of modernized Indians in twenty communities of the Canadian and Alaskan Pacific coast. Dental Digest 40 (3) : 81-84,

Price WA (1934). Why dental caries with modern civilization? 9. Field studies among primitive Indians in northern Canada. Dental Digest 40(4): 130-134.

Price WA (1934). Why dental caries with modern civilization? 11. New light on loss of immunity to some degenerative processes including dental caries. Dental Digest 40(7): 240-245.

Price WA (1934). Relation of nutrition to dental caries among Eskimos and Indians in Alaska and northern Canada. J Dent Res 14(3): 227-229 (abstract).

Price WA (1934) . New light on the etiology of facial deformity and dental irregularities from field studies among Eskimos and Indians in various stages of modernization. 3 Dent Res 14 (3 ) : 229-230 (abstract) .

Price WA (1934) . Some causes for change in susceptibility of Eskimos and Indians to acute and chronic infections upon contact with modern civilization. J Dent Res 14 ( 3 ) : 230-231 (abstract).

Price WA (1936). Eskimo and Indian field studies in Alaska and Canada. J Amer Dent Assoc 23 (3 ) : 417-437.

Pugh CR (1969). The Yukon school dental care experience. J Canad Dent Assoc 35: 336-341.

Roberts Dl?, Bear JC (1972) . Studies of modern man. Ann Rev Anthrop 1: 55-112.

Roedde G (1979). Health care for Indians. Can Med Assoc J 121 (10) : 1343, 1346.

Roydhouse RH, Simonsen BO (1975). Attrition of teeth. Syesis 8: 263-273.

Salter EM (1984) . Skeletal Biology of Cumberland Sound, Baffin Island, N.W.T. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Toronto.

Schaefer 0 (1977). Changing dietary patterns in the Canadian north: health, social and economic consequences. J Can Dietetic Assoc 38 (1) : 17-25,

Scott DC (1981). Frontier dentistry: part 2: acquired dental abnormalities. Ont Dent 58(12) : 10-12.

Shaw L, Clark DC, Edger NP (1987). The oral health status of Cree children living in Chisasibi, Quebec. J Canad Dent Assoc 53(3) : 201-205.

Shedden AS, Curzon JA, Curzon MEJ (1974). Arctic dentistry Brit Dent J 136: 29-31.

Sirianni JE (1967). The Orchid Site Dentition. M.A. Thesis. Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Buffalo.

Smith WF, McKeown M (1980) . A technique for assessing the dental status of a skeletal population. Na' Pao 10(1/2) : 33-40.

St.. Hoyme LE (1979) . Caries incidence in prehistoric North American peoples. Amer J Phys Anthrop 50(3): 478 (abstract) .

Sumner R (1965). Dental abnormalities and caries prevalence in British Colwnbian Indians. J Canad Dent Assoc 31(6) : 379- 385.

Titley KC (1973) . The Sioux Lookout dental care project : a progress report. J Canad Dent Assoc 39(4): 793-796.

Titley KC, Mayhall JT (1975). Pathologic findings in radiographs taken as part of an epidemiological survey in the Sioux Lookout zone. Ont Dent 52: 5-11,

Titley KC, Mayhall JT (1976). The dental disease status of Indians resident in .the Sioux Lookout zone of northern Ontario. In: Circumpolar Health. Shephard R, Itoh S (eds). Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp 421-425.

Titley KC (1977). Dentistry and the Indians of Ontario. Ont Dent 54 (7) : 14-17.

Titley KC, Bedard DH (1986) . An evaluation of a dental care program for Indian children in the cornunity of Sandy Lake, Sioux Lookout zone, 1973-1983. J Canad Dent Assoc 52 (11) : 923-928.

Tomenchuk J, Mayhall JT (1979). A correlation of tooth wear and age among modern Igloolik Eskimos. Amer J Phys Anthrop 51(1) : 67-77.

Trodden BJ (1990). Swampy Cree Tribal Council dental survey: final report. Unpublished report, Winnipeg.

Waugh LM ( 1 9 2 8 ) . Nutrition and health of the Labrador Eskimo with special reference to the mouth and teeth. J Dent Res 8(3) : 428-429 (abstract) .

Waugh LM (1929) . Discussion: The relation of nutrition to general immunity. J Dent Res 9 (1) : 23-25,

Waugh LM (1931) . Discussion: Relationship between diet and dental caries. J Dent Res 11 (4) : 570-571.

Welcker H (1902). Die Zugehorigkeit eines Unterkiefers zu einem bestirnmten Schadel. Archiv fur Anthropologie 27: 37-106.

' t

News from the ~niversity of Toronto:

I submit the following for the CAPA Newsletter:

T Un.rv_ersatp of Toronto (1990-911

I . Graduate Degrees Completed (Physical Anthropology)

Chris tine White (PhD.) (Supervisor: J. Melbye) Thesis; "Lifespan R~constn;lction of Diet in Three Ancient Nubian PopuIritious."

Christine is currently 51 a k n m sneamposi~on ar h e University of Westefn Ontario (London).

Grant Mullen (MA.) (Advisor: J. Melbye) Thesis: ''Hlrmsn Osmlogy of the Wahains~r Site) BdGv-1) Ossuary.'"

Grant is on Ifis way to the University of Illinois to study under Linda aepinm.

Karen Streit (MA.) (Advisor: J. Melbye) (no thesis)

&rent is on her way to the 'University of Washington (Seattle).

cathahe Ripley MA.) (Advisor: J. Melbye) (no Thesis)

Cathi is an her way to Arizona State University and a job in a crania-facia1 Ieconstruction clinic in Tempe. She hopes to finish her 1Ph.D. with Chrky Tmer.

Bethel Nagy (MA) (Advisor: J. Melbye) (no he&) Bethel i s already at Arizona State University working on her Pm. with Chuck Mabs.

IX Graduate Degrees in Progress (Physical Anthropology)

1. Mark Bostock (PhB.) (Aduisor? A.K Ray) Thesis: Population Structure and Endemic Disease Smss, Historic Calcutta Hindus 1876-1976."

2. Michelle Proderick (PhD.) (Advisor: LA. Sawchuk) Thesis: ''Mimiage Pmms in Historic Fishing Cammunities in Newfomdiandn

3. Wendy Cameron (PhJ;).) (Advisor: LA. Sawchuk) Thesis: 'Deafaess in Tluee Newfoundladn Outports."

4, Antonietta Cerroni (Ph.D.) (Advisor: MJ). Grynpas) Thesis: ''Pathology, Epidemiology and Evolution of Diseases Affecting the Pdmate Skeleton: An Zn-&c Analysis."

5 . Leslie Chain (Ph.D.) (Advisor ED. Bunon) Thesis: 'The Evolution of Asian Macaques."

6 . Scott Fairgrieve (PW.) (Advisa: J. Melbye) Tatholo@cal Almtions of Amino Add Residues in Human Bone."

7+ Katherine @uspier (F'h-D,) (Advisor: J. Melbye) Thesis: 'Weaning Age in Southern Ontario Iroquois Skeletal Populations: QuanScation of Dental Attrition Using Moie Fringe Contaumgriiphy."

8. Deborah Gustavsen (PbD.) (Advisar: A.K. Ray) Thesis: "Liver Cirrhosis Mortality in Ontario."

9. Andrew Inbe (Ph.D.) (Advisor: L A Sawchuk) Thesis: Demography in Catalan Bay."

18. Alexander Kmabouris (PhS.) (Advisor: J. Mavalwala) Thesis: "Measures of Population Dmce Within a Caste f iemhy."

1 1. Janice Morgan ph.D.) (Advisor. L A Sawchlik) Thesis: '?)iabetes Self-Management Among Native Indian Groups-"

12. Shane Psrkhilr C]Ph.D.) (Advisor: FD. Burton) Thesis: "Sm-ioecology of Golden Guernons in the V h g a Mountains, Rwanb"

3. Gary Tait (Ph-D.) (Advisor: 3. lhvalwala) 'J3es.i~: Morbidity and Momllity in Migwt Popdations."

14. Katlnyn McFadden (M-k) (Advisor J. Melbye) Tbesis: "Skeletal Analysis of Serpent MOunds Site."

JIL Revision of Masters Programme

The facalty antkipate$ the adoption of a new two year XSc . Programme in Physical Anthropo10g-y. The new progsamme will include a series of hal-yeat courses covering the brr=adth of physical anthropology in the first year and the rese;arch and writing of a thesis in the second year. On the g d side, the old comprehensive graduate exam wiU be p,liminated.

IV. Major Actlvitfes in Planning Stage

A. The American AsSOd3fion of Physical Anthropologists will be holding their meetitkg in Toronto in 1992. The University of Toronto will be the offim host,

J. Mavdwala and J. Melbye will be ~Chaixmen of the Local Anangemenr Cornmi-.

B . A special symposium is being organized by B. Sigmon (see below) in 1991. The symposium wiU mn on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday in Toronto, The CAPA mhgs will begirl m Thrusday evening in Hamilton. I f you can awnge to come two days early to CAPA, you will be able to attend both!

Symposium Background

In September 1989, at Liblice, Czechoslovakia, we participated in a symposium entitled "Foundations for Different Approaches to the Study of Human Evolution." At the 1989 Symposium, it was our intention to provide an opportunity for scholars from Eastern and Westm countries to meet and exchange views, approaches, infomation on innovative research, and area reviews of research being cariied out in Ph s i d AnthropoIogy/Huraa~1 Evolution. Since that time, there have been major c K anges in the countries of Easm and Central Europe. It seems even more relevant today, that scientists from these countries and from the West, meet, exchange scientific infomation md discuss their approaches to the study of human evolution, in the contexts that each knows best, ie. mearch being canied out in their own counay of origin

This ftrst symposium, we feel, was highly successfut The resalts are being published in H m Evalution. Nearly 30 people mended and participated in the symposim It was a g d that a second one in North America wonld be highly desirable.

The aiginal organizers have applied for funds to support a second symg0siu.m in Toronto, Canada. In order to obtain funds for a second symposium, we we= reqnirea by our granting agencies to meet cemdn specifications they set up, and also to define tbis second symposium in more definite terms than was the first one. It was decided that the theme of the symposium would be 'TRESENT AND FUTUrZE DIREmONS PHYSICAL ANTHROPOL06Y IN EASTERN AND (33WFXL EUROPE". Any money that coutd be obtained was to be direct& toward travelling expenses of major scholars in Physid Anthropology in Eastern and Central Europe, The result 3 that we have received partial funding (about half of what we asked for), and can therefore go ahead with ae organization of the smosium. The following is a tentative list of the speakers at the symposium

SYMPOSIUM IN TORONTO, CANADA OCTOBER 29 NOVEMBER 2,1991

PRESENT GND FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN PRYSXCAL ANTHROPOLOGY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE

T E N T A W SYMPOSTUM PROGRAM

Labaratmi i Paleontolojise Humane Prehistde

'ZII~Q ~ ~ $ " Shkoder, Albania

and k Dhima Cenm of Arclqalogical

Research Labarary of Anthropology T i Albania

k Kotintsev Institute of Ethnogaphy 19903Y Leningrad, USSR

J. Slipka

L. Kordos

Institute of Cytology and Genetics Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences 630090 Novosibirsk, USSR

Zen#alinstinzt fur Alte Geschichte und Archhlogie

Leipziger Strasse 314 Berlin, Germany

PHYSICAL ANTRROPOLOGY IN TEE SOVIETUNION: PAST, PRESENT ANDFUTURE

SOWET RESEARCH ON BIOLOGICAL HUMAN ADAPTABILm THROUGH STUDIES OF LIVING PEOPLE3

REPORT ON THE m- DISCPrnARY STUDIES IN "PROBLJWE DER MENSCRWERDUNG" (OHGINS AND EVOLUTION OF EflTMANS)

Dept. Histology and Embryology CZ;ECHOSLOVm: HUMAN Faculty of Medicine EVOLWON IN A MICROCOSM Charles University PIzen, Czechoslovakia

Hungarian Geological Institute PALEOANTHROPOLrOGY IN HUNGARY Neostadiorl u. 14 H- 1 143 Budapest, Hungary ,.

82. Tentative Symposium Program - continued

J. Piontak

J. Radovcic

and B.A. Sigmon

Department of An-oIogy Adam Mickiewicz Umv~ty UL F~dry 10, PL61-701 Pornan, Polmd

Ckologski Paleontoloski Musej 41000Zigreb Demelmvaulica 1 Yugoslavia

Laboratory of EvoIutionary Biology

Na Folimance 1 1, .

120 00 Prague 2, Czechos1ovakia

Rept of Anthropology University of Tomnto Canada

PHYSICAL ANTHROPQLXXTY IN POLAND; PRESENT ANDFUTURE DIRErnONS

HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY RESEARCH IN YUGOSLAVIA

PARTS 1 AND II - SURVEY OF (33TRAL AND EAST EUl30PEA.N APPROACHES TO RUMAN EVOLUTIONARY RESEARCR SHIFTS IN APPROACHES WTIZ sIUFTsmTHETIMEs

Joseph So ( T r e n t ) gave a paper on T rad i t i ona l Chinese Medicine (TCM) in t r e a t m e n t o f p s y c h i a t r i c d i s o r d e r s a t t h e F i f t h Conference of Health Problems r e l a t e d t o t h e Chinese in N o r t h America, held in T o r o n t o l a s t June. He also . e d i t e d t h e Symposiurn, sponsored by Health and Welfare Canada and t h e M i n i s t r y o f H e a l t h (On ta r io ) . Upcoming ac t i v i t i es include a paper on Epidemiologic analysis o f TCM in t r e a t m e n t o f schizophrenia and depression, t o b e p r e s e n t e d a t t h e Canadian Associat ion o f Medical Anthropo logy , Londpn, Ontar io, May 9 t h t o 12th. Sabbatical plans f o r second t e r m o f 1391-92 academic y e a r include a r e t u r n t o c r o s s - c u l t u r a l p s y c h i a t r y r e s e a r c h a t t h e Suzhou Medical College, Peoples' Republic o f China a s well as a s h o r t res idence as v is i t ing scho la r a t t h e Anthropo logy Depar tment , Chinese Un ive rs i t y o f Hong Kong.

Herrnann Helmuth conducted r e s e a r c h a t t h e Un ive rs i t y o f Munchen's I n s t i t u t e f u r Anthropo log ie und Humangenetik dur ing h is ha l f -sabbat ica l . The i n s t i t u t e houses some 20,000 skeletons, f r o m many areas o f t h e world, such as Peru and Egypt , b u t mos t impor tan t l y f r o m Bavaria i t s e l f . He was co l lec t ing den ta l (me t r i c and non-met r ic ) d a t a on t h e Row- g r a v e bur ia l s i t e o f A l tenerd ing (approx , 400-650 A.D.) in addition t o non-metr ic d a t a on t h e sltul l, During a ' t r i p to , Cechoslovakia, he gave a public speech a t t h e National Museum o f N a t u r a l H i s t o r y in Prague on "Science and Chr is t ian i ty : Evolut ion and Creationism", and a seminar on odonto logy a t t h e K a t e d r a Ar i t ropologi i in Prague. O t h e r l e c t u r e s were given a t t h e Ins t i t u tes o f An th ropo logy in Munchen and in Mainz. A paper on llLucyJsll height and on Creat ionism a r e in t h e making. His g r a d u a t e s tuden t , Marion Maar, has j u s t f in ished h e r f i r s t year course requirements and wi l l s t a r t t o work on h e r Master 's thesis. Her top ic i s something l ike, "A t r a c e element analysis o f den ta l Calculus and t h e n u t r i t i o n a l s t a t u s o f t h e ancient Maya f r o m Lamanai." In a f o u r t h y e a r p r o j e c t j o i n t l y wi th t h e Biology Dept. Ms. T. Varney works on a microscopic analysis o f human versus domes t i c animal bone.

P r o f . Anne Zel ler sends u s t h e fo l lowing u s e f u l l e t t e r and news:

Enclosed is a s h o r t piece on produc ing videos f o r teaching purposes which I had s e n t t o t h e AAA news le t te r under t h e Society f o r Visual An th ropo logy column. I did show t h e videos on Hominid Evolut ion, cal led Human Evolut ion I and I1 a t t h e New Orleans A A A meeting and g o t ve ry good responses , f r o m people l i ke Char les Bishop and Donald Leiberman. . I would a lso b e g r a t e f u l if you could make a n o t e under News o r Events t h a t " The Society f o r Visual Anthropology r u n s a f i lm and video screening in May o f each year f o r visual mater ia l p r o d u c e d dur ing t h e pt-oceeding t w o years" . I would p a r t i c u l a r l y l i ke t o draw t h i s t o t h e a t t e n t i o n o f CAPA members because t h e soc ie ty i s r e a l l y looking f o r mater ia l f r o m Physical An th ropo log is t s . They assume a basic level of p roduc t ion ski l l , b u t t h e Awards f o r Excel lence a r e d i r e c t e d t o f i lms which show innovation, a t t e n t i o n t o anthropo log ica l ideals, and use fu lness b o t h in c lass room and public education. Severa l s t u d e n t f i lms won an award th i s year, and as a j u r y member I can say t h a t pr imary a t t e n t i o n was paid t o t h e fi lms' goals r a t h e r t h a n t h e p roduc t ion qual i ty. In o t h e r words, budge t i s n o t a n e c e s s a r y earmark o f success. Films made during t h e previous two y e a r s a r e eligible and e n t r y f o r m s can be obtained f r o m Dr. Joan S. Williams Anthropo logy Film C e n t r e , P.O. Box 493, Santa Fe, NM. 87504, USA. These fo rms should be r e t u r n e d t o h e r b y t h e end o f January, so anyone who is i n t e r e s t e d f o r th is yea r shou ld a c t qu ick ly .

THE REAL THING or ARTISTIC VERISIMILITUDE ( f r o m A. Z e l l e r )

In teaching many occasions a r i s e when you wish you could show s tuden ts an example of what you a r e talking about. In some cases sl ides o r f i lms a r e available t o i l l u s t r a t e y o u r po in t , b u t o f t e n noth ing i s r e a l l y suitable. This i s even more pronounced in cases where you a r e teaching s t u d e n t s you never see as in correspondance courses p resen ted on audio- t a p e and w r i t t e n mater ia l . A t t h e Un ive rs i t y o f Water loo, Ontario, Canada, we have an ex tens ive co r respondance p r o g r a m in which I t e a c h c o u r s e s in Human Evolut ion and Pr imate Behaviour. The Human Evolut ion cou rse , in p a r t i c u l a r , d i f f e r s f r o m t h e on campus version o f t h e course in absence o f labs, in which s tuden ts have t h e oppor tun i ty t o see and handle c a s t s o f p r ima te sku l ls and f o s s i l hominid mater ia l . A f t e r teaching th is course b o t h on campus and by correspondance by severa l years, I decided t o make a teaching video, in which I p r e s e n t a condensed version o f t h e l a b o r a t o r y sess ions in o r d e r f o r s tudents t o see exact ly what t h e d i f f e r e n c e s in shape and size iir' developing f o s s i l hominids t h a t t h e t e x t and I r e f e r actual ly look l ike. These videos a r e i n tended t o

se rve as a basic explanation and v ~ s u a l guide t o t h e development o f f o s s i l f o r m s leading t o modern humans, beginning with Aegyptop i thecus f r o m 28 million y e a r s ago. Close ups, comparisons, and an i n t r o d u c t o r y explanat ion o f morphological f e a t u r e a r e cornbined t o make t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n as c lear as possible f o r those who have no o t h e r visual access t o t h e material. The s tudent responses t o t h e s e videos has been ve ry posit ive and I now use them f o r review in my on campus courses, as well as in cor respondance. I would l i ke t o encourage o t h e r s t o cons ider using t h i s teaching f o r m a t , since wi th competent audio-visual help, it i s n o t t o o d i f f i c u l t t o p roduce a u s e f u l teaching aid.

Anne Keenleyside spent t h e summer o f 1990 a t t h e Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n conduct ing r e s e a r c h f o r h e r d isser tat ion. The f o c u s o f h e r s tudy was a col lect ion o f p r e - c o n t a c t and l a t e p r e - c o n t a c t / c o n t a c t p e r i o d human s k e l e t a l remains f r o m Point Hope and Point Bar row, Alaska. These samples were examined f o r a s e r i e s o f pa tho log ica l conditions, t h e goals o f t h e p r o j e c t being t o assess t h e p r e - con tac t health o f t h e Alaskan Eskimos a s ind ica ted by t h e i r s k e l e t a l remains, t o exarnine tempora l changes in t h e hea l th o f these populations, and t o assess t h e e f f e c t s o f European con tac t on t h e heal th o f t he Alaskan Eskimos. Anne plans t o r e t u r n t o the Smithsonian th is coming summer t o conduct a similar analys is o f s k e l e t a l co l lec t ions f r o m t h e Aleutian Islands. A paper c o - w r i t t e n with R o b e r t Mann (Dept. o f An th ropo logy , National Museum o f N a t u r a l H is to ry ) , r e p o r t i n g on a congenital abnormal i ty obse rved in a s k e l e t o n f r o m Point Hope is scheduled t o appear in the January 1991 issue o f t h e J o u r n a l of w e American Pod ia t r ic Medical Associat ion.

OJfke of the Dean W F c u l t y of Social Science

~ + t - C m - t l ~ C r - ~ ~ ~ - I C N T ~ ~

b y P r o f . E,J.E.Szathmary and C. White.

I t was p a r t i c u l a r l y r e w a r d i n g t o g e t a l ong l e t t e r f r o m t h e Dean o f Social Sciences, P r o f . ~ m g k e J.E.Szathrnary who rnust s t i l l b e e x t r e m e l y busy loolcing a f t e r bus iness such a s , t h a t prov id ing b y a merrlber o f t h e Psychology Dept. ... n o t t o g ive any names).

She w r i t e s :

I don't have much news to send you about my own activities this year. I've been "in the job" two years, so I am no longer a novice. The one truly wonderful aspect of the job is mccting a lot of very interesting people, none of whom mind telling me about their research. I have learncd a lot this way, and I hope to learn more in the years left to me. Otherwise, dean's jobs are about problem professors, problem students and massive budget cuts, none of which are worth writing about.

The fourth issue of the Yearbook of Phvsical Anthropologv under my editorship is in press now, with the issue expected to be mailed out before the end of the year. I have one more issue to go, and then will rejoice that my term as editor is over. While it is an honour to be named editor, and one does learn a lot by doing it, the Yearbook is exactly the same amount of work as if I were to edit one book a year. Actually, it is more work, because all manuscripts are reviewed by at least two reviewers, and I read their comments plus I comment separately on each paper, and I also read editor's proof. The exercise has kept me on my toes, but I won't mind taking a back seat in another year's time.

I am about 314 of the way through my first year as President of the Human Biology Council. To date the job has been easy -- mainly because Susan Pfeiffer agreed to organize next year's (1991) scientific program. Susan always does a super job, whatever she undertakes, and I was lucky that she agreed to take on this task.

Social Science Centre London, Ontario *Canada - NGA 5C2 -'klephone: (519) 661-2053 Fax: (519) 661-3868

Regarding my own work, I have published two papers this year -- titles and places listed below:

Szathmary, EJE and R E Ferrell (1990) Glucose level, acculturation, and glycosylated haemoglobin: An example of biocultural interaction. Medical Anthrouoloey Quarterlv 4:315-341.

Young, TK, Szathmary, H E , Evers, S, and B. Wheatley (1990) Geographical distribution of diabetes among the native population of Canada: A national survey. Social Science and Medicine 31: 129-139.

There are two book chapters now in Dress, and I have two more papers nearing completion. It would be nice to be able to finish them before Christmas, but I am not too optimistic.

I took part in four meetings in 1990. In late May, I gave one of the plenary lectures at the 8th International Congress on Circumpolar Health, held in Whitehorse, Yukon. In early May, I gave an invited lecture to the Canadian Association of Medical Anthropologists which met in conjunction with the Canadian Anthropology Association in Calgary. I enjoyed both of these "western" events, but not as much as the lecture I was invited to give to the Association of Genetic Counsellors of Ontario in June. That group met at Manitowaning on Manitoulin Island, about 6 miles from my first fieldwork location (for my PhD). I had not been back to the community since 1975 -- and so it was great fun to see people again after a hiatus of some 15 years. I had more white hair than did they, but not even my Ottawa friends escaped the effects of time. My last lecture for this year was in Minneapolis in early November, for a conference on Diabetes & Native Peoples. Although the timing was really rotten for me, the Assembly of First Nations invited me to take part. Such requests come rarely, and I juggled things as best I could to participate.

Hermann, I haven't spoken about students because here I have none. I miss this, but the situation is not likely to change in the near future. On the other hand, there is one good thing to report: Mike Spence and I are lucky to have had Christine White join us in Anthropology. Whenever I go down to my office in the department, Christine is in -- and so I do get to hear about her concerns and interests -- and as always -- I have a chance to learn.

Members of the CAPA may be interested in receiving the Northern Health Research Bulletin, published by the Northern Health Research Unit, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W3. Kue Young now directs the unit, and it also includes medical anthropologists Joe Kaufert and John O'Neill. I've found the Bulletin packed with useful information, especially about recent publications that pertain to biomedical issues. Human Biology oriented CAPA members may also find the Bulletin helpful.

This is all the "news" for now. I assume you are well. I assume your work is going well. And isn't reunification the most miraculous event of this century? I didn't think it would occur in my lifetime. Whatever the political and economic problems -- I think the Germans are lucky. I wish the fates held a similar thing in store for the land of my birth (my father was a Szkkely from Transylvania), but I think the fates' attention is always focused away from that little comer of the world. And Canada looks, only to sell CANDU reactors!

All the best,

Em6ke J.E. Szathmary Professor and Dean Faculty of Social Science

Chrrstrne Whrte r e p o r t s t h a t the r e s o u r c e s f c i r Physlcai Anthropology have been markedly rncreased over t h e p a s t yea r . They now havew two new labs devoted t o t h e f leld; '3

functronal teachrng lab, and a l a r g e b e t ldb contduning equipment f u r chemlcal preparatrcrn o f t i ssues . They have been able t o b u ~ l d t h e r f o s s l i c a s t and s k e l e t a l c o l l e ~ t ~ o n s wl th t h e help o f a l a r g e u n l v e r s l t y g r a n t , and wr l l con t lnue t o w o r k t o w a r d s increasing t h e l r teachrng r e s o u r c e s . The cu r r r cu lum h a s a l s o b e e n s ign i f i cdn t i y dlter-ed. In addt t i vn t o t h e es tab l ished c o r e c o u r s e In B ~ o l o g ~ c a l An th ropo logy , t h e department IS now o f f e r i n g f o u r new c w se:;; Human Popu la t i on G e n e t ~ c s , S k e i e t a l B io logy, A n t h r opology rif F o o d a n d N u t r i t i o n , and Meilrc a1 Anthropci logy. C h r i s t m e Whrte s u c c e s s f u l l y d e f e n d e d her Ph. D. s l isser t a tron ( f r o m t h e Un ivers r ty o f T o r o n t o ) e n t i t l e d " l s o t o p ~ c Analysis o f Mul t~p le tiurnan i t s s u e s f r om T h r e e A n c ~ t . i l ! I.luLian F'r~pulation.;". I plan: t c . c i i r l t inue r t - zk f i t i - h uri N ~ ; t ~ a r i ~ + r l [ _ l

Mesoamerican material wlth t h e k~e lp o f a lar-ye SSHRC operatrng g r a n t glven t o h e r and D r . Henry Schwarcz, McMaster U n r v e r s r t y .

Mrchael Spence cont inues hrs r e s e a r c h on t h e Oaxacan b a r r r o , la l lo t lacan, a t Teot ihuacan which IS a lso ' s u p p o r t e d b y an ongorng SSHRC yr.arit, He has n o t , t lowever, been excius lve ly d e v o t e d t o his Mesoamerican r e s e a r c h . MlKe has been ac t rve ly engaged in s k e l e t a l ana lyses o f On ta r i o s l t e s , m o s t n o t a b l y K e f f e r , Wrse and S t l r r u p C o u r t .

. . I .,.. .I -... .,.,.... 0. m..pb.l.,d..l #.lr.... INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON

i X MORPHOLOGICAL SCIENCES Toronto I Ontario I Canada

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The X, International Symposium on Morphological S c i e n c e s

T o r o n t o / 0 2 . Juiy 1 1991

S c r e n t ~ f i c P r o g r a m

Monday, Ju ly 1: r e g 1 5 t r a t r o r i

Tuesday, July 2: Sympos~a: Human Anthr.opoioy y d n d Anatomy: O r g a n ~ r e t : D r . i 'h l l l~p Tobras;:

D r . W. Jungers: Des~gn arid Funct ior l o f t h e Locomotor Sys tem 1r1 Fossrl Homrnids.

D r . G. Conroy : Paleobrology o f E a r l y Homrnrds The C o r l t r ~ b u t ~ o n o f Medrcal lmayrng ( C T )

Dr. P. Tobias: B r a ~ n s , Verris, arid A r t e r i e s : Lessons f r o m the Pas t .

O t h e r symposla o f p o s s ~ b l e r n t e r e s t s t o t h e Physrral A n t h r o p o l o g ~ s t / H u m a n B ~ o l o g ~ s t i nc lude :

T e r a t o l o g y : F rom Animal S t u d ~ e s t o Human App l ica t~on.

T h e B lood-Bra in B a r r i e r .

The Development o f Compar tmen ts In t he Mammalian Brain.

The Development o f Embryonrc Morphology.

C u r r e n t Cuncepts In CI-an~ofacral Embryology,

U t e r o - P l a c e n t a l H o m e o s t a s ~ s .

Vesicular- T r a n s p o r t .

Cont inuous Renewal o f G a s t r ~ c Eprthel~um.

The Cel lular i3asis o f Ageing

F r o n t i e r s i n Imaging.

Compara t i ve P lacenta t ion and G e s t a t i o n in V e r t e b r a t e s .

F o r add i t i ona l i n fo rma t ion , r e g i s t r a t i o n f o r m s , and a b s t r a c t f o r m s , c o n t a c t :

D r . K . L. Moore, Pres ident , X t h Sympos~um on Morpho log~ca l Sciences, Depar tmen t o f Anatomy, U n ~ v e r s ~ t y o f T o r o n t o , T o r o n t o , on tar!^, M5S 1A8, Canada.