Published by the

SURVEYORS HISTORICAL SOCIETYA VOICE OF THE PAST SPRING 2003 VOLUME 22 - NUMBER 1

BILBY STEEL TOWER

triangle head and lightplatel ightkeeper's platformupper spaghettiupper wishboneswindowsecond wishboneslower spaghettiobserver 's platform

andlower wishbones

-rods

ladder leg

diagonals

top t ies

hal f -sect ion ties

ver t ica l s tays

— legs

Outer ( b l u e ) Tower I n n e r ( r ed ) Tower

FIGURE Al.—Tower nomenclature.

BACKSIGHTS SPRING 2003

VIGNETTES

The Surveyor Who Wrote Bestsellers

Long, long before Cajundetective Dave Robi-cheaux reached for hisfirst New Orleans po'boy, James Lee Burke

was a critically acclaimed novelist. At20 years old, he started work on hisfirst novel, Half of Paradise, whileworking as a land surveyor on an oilpipeline. "I wrote it at night on a littleSmith Corona portable and inlonghand," says Burke. 65. He wenton to publish two more well-receivednovels, To the Bright and Shining Sunand Lay Down My Sword and Shield,before hard times fell. For 14 years,Burke suffered rejection 103 times

from New York Publishers. "I wasunder under submission for nineyears," says Burke. "I never publishedeasy.7' (LSU Press eventuallypublished The Lost Get-Back Boogie,about a recently paroled countrymusician who tries to find a new lifein Montana. The book was nominatedfor a Pulitzer Prize).

The success of the Robicheaux series,however, has turned Burke into aformidable name on bestseller lists. In1995, Hyperion returned to print all ofBurke's earlier books: five novels(the four mentioned above plus thehistorical novel Two for Texas) as well

as a collection of short stories, TheConvict.

'The work becomes vindicated," saysa delighted Burke, who made nochanges in the books except to deletea few lines from Half of Paradise,finding them "too nihilistic."During the 14 years Burke wentunpublished, he insists that he neverconsidered giving up. "It's anobsession. I'm compelled to write."

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

Vignettes: The Surveyor Who Wrote Bestsellers 2

Chips From The Board 3

Editor's Pen: "Kindred Spirits", by Mary M. Root 3

The Bilby Tower for Triangulation, by Roger Woodfill 4

A Short History of Roads, by Jim Collins 6

Finding Clues in Mountains of Paper, by Rosalind S. Helderman 1

Eye to Eye: Events, Notes & News 8

Bulletin Board: Buy, Sell, Trade, etc 9

Book Reviews: New Hampshire, The Meter, and Walkin' the Line 10

A Hearty Welcome to New Members 11

Serial Feature: Lewis & Clark's Corps of Discovery, by Patrick Gass 12

Folkways: "Phoenixiana" 13

SHS Rendezvous 2003, by Dave Ingram 14

Board of Directors, Committees & Affiliates 15

Membership Application 16

BACKSIGHTS SPRING 2003

CHIPS FROM THE BOARDThe SHS Board of Directors met on Thursday, October 17,2002, at the Eisenhower Inn in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.Chairman Duane Weiss presided, joined by directors RayRoot, David Ingram, Richard Leu, Don Teter and DanPusey. Director Richard Lowndes was unable to attenddue to illness.

News Items from Board Members:

Chairman Duane Weiss told the group about some of hisrecent activities in Illinois, including participation in ahistorical documentary, a 1823 re-enactment in Ill inoisState Park, and a surveying demonstration - with SHSmember Lyle Kruger - at the dedication of the LincolnPresidential Library.

Vice Chair Ray Root described his personal collection ofantique instruments and tools lent to the Fairfax CountySurveyor's Office for an exhibit that coincided with theApril FIG Conference in Washington, D.C.

Director Dave Ingram gave an update on the MichiganMuseum of Surveying in Lansing and announced that theyare currently raising funds to construct a second floor in theexisting building. He also described the events and plansfor the SHS Rendezvous 2003 (ed.note: see page 14 thisissue).

Director Richard Leu spoke of the importance of theSurveyors Historic Site Registry, for which he is nowresponsible, and urged everyone to contribute new listingsto this important work.

Director Don Teter reported that he was busy with his statesurveying association, and was recently honored to be a

speaker for a 100-Year Rededication of a prominent WestVirginia courthouse.

And last but not least, Director Dan Pusey regaled us withthe story of how he broke his arm, which ended with thephrase "don't try this at home."

Member News/Reports:Illinois SHS member and IPSLA director Bob Churchbrought us up to date on the "Lincoln Surveyor" StatueProject. They are geared for an October 2003 completiondate, but contributions are still needed for this importantwork of sculpture. Bob brought a beautiful 12-inch bronzemaquette to show, with a note that it was available forpurchase, with all proceeds to go toward the life-sizebronze tribute to be placed in Lincoln's New SalemHistoric Site near Petersburg, Illinois.

As an unexpected bonus, Texas SHS member GeorgeWoodworth donated 72 "low-dome" baseball caps withthe SHS logo embroidered on them, and the Board decidedto sell them at $15 each, to benefit the SHS general fund.Thanks so much, George - they sold, well . . . at the drop ofa hat!

Another bonus! New Jersey member Russ Knudsondonated a lovingly handcrafted wooden reproductioncompass, which was raffled at the Rendezvous, and broughtin a handsome sum. Thank you, Russ - your work is trulymagnificent!

The next meeting of the SHS Board will be combined withthe General Membership meeting on March 31st, 2003, at9am during the ACSM Conference in Phoenix, Arizona.

EDITOR'S PEN:Kindred Spirits

"Einstein said the arrow of time flies in only one direction.Faulkner, being from Mississippi, understood the matterdifferently. He said the past is not dead; it's not even thepast. All of us labor in webs spun long before we wereborn, webs of heredity and environment, of desire andconsequence, of history and eternity." - Greg Illes, TheQuiet Game.I think Faulkner's concept of time extends to the surveyingprofession as well. Our culture and traditions are foundedupon the pursuit of truth: in measurement, in factualreporting, and in the full use of our skills and senses. Byremaining true to these professional goals, we become partof a proud tradition that extends back thousands of years.As we teach the next generation of surveyors, we help formthe seamless continuum of professional pride and purpose.

Mary M. Root

We inherited the sum of our professional ancestors'knowledge, and we'll pass that on, combined with ourshare of what we've learned and invented. In our ownliving language, we have devised, and constantly revised,the terms that explain our scientific methods and means.More difficult to describe is our sense of kinship with theearth, our love of the outdoors and every living thing.Those that have heeded the Siren's call to survey the landmay be responding to the twin allures of Mathematic'spristine beauty and Nature's enchantment. One can becontrolled and the other cannot, but no one ever said itwould be easy. Perhaps that is why we feel that everyonewho has walked this professional path, throughout history,is a kindred spirit.The past is never dead; it's not even past.

BACKSIGHTS SPRING 2003

The Bilby Tower for Triangulationby Roger Woodfill

A key innovation to geodesy, introduced in the first half ofthe twentieth century, was the Bilby tower. Named forinventor Jasper Bilby, then Chief Signalman of the UnitedStates Coast and Geodetic Survey, the portable steel towerfor precision triangulations changed control surveying andmapping production for seventy years.

BACKGROUND

The North American geodetic control network is thecommon mathematical basis for all mapping operations -topographic, geologic, and hydrographic surveys; soil andcadastral surveys; the rigid location of political boundariesand property lines; and studies of earth-crustal movementdue to earthquakes, sea-floor spreading, and other shifts intectonic plates. The accuracy of all mapping is dependenton the accuracy of the underlying geodetic control network.The fundamentals of establishing geodetic reference pointsare little different from those of Ferdinand R. Hassler'stime. Hassler, a skilled Swiss engineer, became the firstsuperintendent of the Coast Survey in 1807. He wasordered by President Jefferson to make "a completetriangulation survey, including the determination oflatitude, longitude and azimuths -direction from Polaris ofthe principal places and bases, measured with the greatestpossible accuracy."1

The first fieldwork attempted by the bureau in 1816 wasgeodetic baselines, one at Gravesend Village on LongIsland, and a second near English Creek, New Jersey.USC&GS was transferred from the Department of Treasuryto the Navy Department about 1832, and the influx ofknowledgable Army and Navy officers allowed the Surveyto advance more rapidly with its control surveying andcharting. As the nation expanded, so did its need foraccurate maps and in 1871 another act of Congressincreased the bureau's domain throughout the interior ofNorth America. From the beginning the Coast and GeodeticSurvey had determined that triangulation was the mostprecise and cost-effective means to acquire reliable dataand establish control. A network of intervisible points,approximately five to seven miles apart (and preferably inquadrilaterals so they could be checked) was designed to tietheir various projects together. This control networkemerged as a priority.

THE NEEDThe sparsely settled, wide-open spaces of 19th century andearly 20th century America didn't lend itself to theEuropean practice of utilizing church spires and other highstructures for triangulation sites. Even when available veryfew of these buildings were ever selected for primarystation locations because of stability problems and theneed, in many instances for eccentric setups. As a resultthe tall wooden towers or signals, as they were called,required to overcome various obstacles were often

engineering and architectural gems.2 But the time,materials and labor involved in erecting these towers wascost-prohibitive. Jasper Bilby saw the need for a new typeof tower, explaining: "In many regions it is not possible toselect stations for a scheme of triangulation and have thestations intervisible from the ground, as trees, buildings,and other objects obstruct the line of vision betweenadjacent points. On geodetic surveys, covering wide

Departure of earth's curve from true level ("sight line" without refraction)

expanses of territory, the curvature of the Earth must alsobe taken into consideration. Towers are thereforenecessary to elevate above intervening obstructions theobserver and his instruments at one station and the signallamp or object on which he makes observations at thedistant station. Wooden towers were used exclusively fortriangulation towers for a great many years, but in recentyears the cost of lumber and labor has become so high asalmost to prohibit their use."3 Consider that one of thetallest wooden towers was built in 1916 and rose 235 feetabove the terrain; the officer in charge recorded that it tookfive officers and eighteen men 19 days to erect it.

BILBY'S TOWERIn 1926 J. S. Bilby conceived of a tower design, drawingon ''steel windmill technology used throughout the west,erector set toys, gas pipe towers built earlier by the U. S.Lake Survey and his own long experience in constructingwooden signals."4 The result was a double tower surveysignal built almost entirely of reusable steel bars and rods,held together with bolts. "The steel towers were portableand resembled frail oil derricks . . . Each tower is really atower within a tower, neither of which touches the other.The outer structure (its parts color-coded blue) supports anobserver and recorder and the signal lamps or reflectors tobe observed from other towers in the vicinity; since thestructure they are standing on is not connected to the other,there is no likelihood of their disturbing the surveyinginstruments, which are mounted on the inner tower."5

Bilby took his design to the Chicago-based AermotorCompany in the winter of 1926. The first test of his designshowed that it met the criteria developed by USC&GS fortheir observation platforms: 1) The tower must be rigidand stable against vibrations and twists, 2) The tower mustbe reusable, and, 3) The total weight must be transportableon a single, medium-sized truck. In fact, Bilby's initialdesign was so good, only minor changes were made duringthe next six decades. Best of all, a Bilby tower could beerected very quickly. "A crew of five or six, with the nerve

BACKSIGHTS SPRING 2003

and agility of acrobats, usually could erect a 90' tower insix or seven hours . . . and dismantle it in even less time."6

Bilby tower components could be reused, and the towerswere employed worldwide. Their first use was in 1927 insouthern Minnesota where, during the working season thatincluded other projects in the state, 96 towers were erected.

NUTS AND BOLTSTower heights were always referred to by the inner (orinstrument) tower height. The outer (or personnel) towerswere a standard ten feet higher for the protective tent andwelded cap installation. Both towers were three-leggedwith the cross-sections of an equilateral triangle - exceptthe personnel tower changed to a hexagonal shape abouttwelve feet from the top. This provided the observer a 7'4"X 7'4" work space if you measure across opposite points ofthe platform placed there, or a 6'6" X 6'6" work space ifyou measure from side to opposite side.

Standard Bilby Towers came in 37, 50, 64, 77, 90, 103, and116 foot sizes, and they were basically predrilled andprecut angle irons bolted together. There were standardfeet for the bottom section that were usually anchoredabout four feet into the ground. Those foundation lengthswould be adjusted when the towers reached a certainheight. Apparently there was a template placed on theground to assure that the six foundation holes were dug(always by hand) at the correct locations. The center of thetemplate would be coincident with the existing or proposedtriangulation station.

To oversimplify the construction procedure, suffice it tosay each of three men climbed a leg securing the braces asthe tower rose. Each structural member -vertical,horizontal, diagonal, or stiffening rod- had a sequence inwhich it was to be added. The "take off man's" job was totake the steel off the truck and feed it to the three "leg-men." When the leg-men reached a certain height, itbecame necessary to hoist the materials to them. Power forthe hoisting of the higher and/or heavier members camefrom an apparatus connected to the drive wheels of the haultruck. Guy wires generally were not used, but there wereplaces for them to be attached to the tower if the footingcould not be dug deeply enough, if ten-foot extensionsections were to be added, or if there were prevailingwinds. 'The occasional need to extend the height of in-place towers and for additional height on the highestsignals available was resolved very early with one piecesections, each 10 feet in height, that were bolted to the topsof towers. As many as three sections, while rare, could beadded to a single tower".7

The efficiency of the Bilby Tower was not all in the precutand drilled angle irons; part of it came from the detailedmanual giving the precise listing of the work crew needsand the order with which they would proceed. Everything -the lineal feet and diameter of the hoisting ropes, contentsof the first aid kits, recommended heights of employees,"tear-down" instructions, etc., could be found in themanual.

Ground Floor Planfor a 50'Tower

THE MAN

Jasper Sherman Bilby (1864-1947), born in Osgood,Indiana, joined the Coast and Geodetic Survey in the1880's "as a young man fresh off the farm. He immediatelyshowed an uncanny ability to locate trees obstructing linesof sight, an important attribute at the time. He becameskilled in signal building and reconnaissance surveys, andin fact, wrote the original manuals on each of thosesubjects".8 He authored or coauthored several specialpublications for the benefit of the Survey. He rose throughthe ranks to Chief of Party, and at the time of his retirementin 1937, he was Chief Signalman, the highest civilianposition ever in the C&GS field service.

A TRIBUTE NEEDED

Jasper Bilby's towers were retired from duty two decadesago. Now, some surveyors would like to see a permanentdisplay of a Bilby Tower erected at USC&GS headquartersin Washington, D.C., or possibly, in Minnesota where thefirst towers were put into use. There are no definitive plansyet. The Surveyors Historical Society plans to construct aBilby Tower at one of its Surveyors Rendezvousgatherings, tentatively, at the 2004 Rendezvous nearIndependence, Missouri.

I .John Wilford Noble,p. 301.2. Joseph F. Dracup.C&GS Stories &Tales (Internet,http://www.history.noaa. gov/stories/geodetic4.html), p. 4.3. Noble, p. 304.4. Dracup, p. 4.5. Noble, p. 303-04.6. Ibid.1. Dracup, p. 4.8. Ibid,p.5.

The Mapmakers (New York, 1981),

BACKSIGHTS SPRING 2003

A Short History of Roadsby Jim Collins

Archaeologists believe our earliest roads emergedalongside the invention of the wheeled vehicle slightlybefore 3000 B.C., in the Neolithic period. As humansettlements grew in size, trade expanded between villages.Some of the ancient wagon paths that formed betweenpopulated centers were routes of epic proportion. Traderoads known as "Amber Routes" linked Greece and Italy tothe Baltic Sea. And the Chinese constructed a network ofmore than 2,000 miles of roads, which were hacked out ofdry earth or carved into sandstone. The Royal Road ofPersia stretched 1,775 miles from the Persian Gulf to theAegean Sea. In northern Europe, logs laid corduroy- stylecarried travelers over marshland.

To move their military might around an expanding empire,the Romans constructed the first engineered road system.

They built their roads straight and supported them withgraded, bermed foundations that helped shed and drainwater. On top of the foundations lay a bedding of sand ormortar; rows of large, flat stones; a thin layer of gravelmixed with lime; and a thin-wearing surface of flintlikelava. The depth of the roadbeds varied between three andfive feet. At the height of the empire some 53,000 miles ofroads fanned out from Rome into the provinces, creating anelaborate feeder system that gave rise to the observation"all roads lead to Rome." Although the Roman roadsdemanded continual maintenance, they were strong anddurable.

By the Dark Ages, most country roads in Europe haddeteriorated to little more than dirt tracks, often mud trackswhen it rained. Cobblestone streets in cities and villageswere the major exception. Even the turnpike roads ofeighteenth-century England were rutted and impassable.

It wasn't until the beginning of the 1800s that a Scotsmannamed John Loudon McAdam established the footprint ofthe modern highway. Shunning the heavy masonryfoundations of the Roman engineers, McAdam proved thattraffic - horses, wagons, bicycles - could be supported by a

relatively thin subgrade of crushed granite orgreenstone, compacted atop a soil foundationand covered by an impermeable surface ofsmaller stones. Called "macadam" afterMcAdam, these structures took wear andsloughed water into drainage ditches. Hismethod greatly reduced the time, space, and costinvolved with traditional road building.

In the United States, however, that samecentury's legacy centered on railroadconstruction, not roads. Most of the burgeoningcountry was still rural or remote, the roads littlemore than improved dirt tracks. Until the late1800s, paving was widespread only in urbancenters. Common materials includedcobblestones or wooden blocks, bricks, andcrushed stones. The crushed stones providedthe cheapest pavement, but its loose surface wasdifficult to maintain. Road builders began touse new materials - primarily asphalt, but

sometimes hot tar - to bind together the compacted stonebase, establishing what we recognize as the formula formodern road construction. This asphalt mixture alsobecame known as "macadam," for the macadam stonemixed into it. As automobiles roared into the 20th century,macadam was a mixture that stuck.

-Excerpted from "How It Works, " a feature of US Airwaysmagazine "Attache", October2002.

BACKSIGHTS SPRING 2003

Finding Clues in Mountains of Paperby Rosalind S, Helderman

The 19th-century British and Russian military officers whocrawled all over the land trapped between their empiresdidn't have satellites.But by using horses,sextons and skilledeyes, they mapped theancient roads and waterholes of the regionsouth of the czar's landsand north of BritishIndia, now Pakistan.

The maps they made ofAfghanistan more than100 years ago traced thesteepness of the rugged mountains and the ancient tradingroutes running through them. They may hold clues thatcould help track Osama bin Laden's al Qaeda terroristnetwork, whose members have used their knowledge ofancient caves and trails to hide, elude captors and in somecases escape over the border to Pakistan.

The surveyors' "whole attitude is from the ground lookingup, whereas many maps today take a bird's-eye viewlooking down," said R. Lee Hadden, 51, a referencelibrarian at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), whostarted indexing USGS's vast catalog of Afghanistan-related resources soon after the 9/11 attacks.

Hadden's work is the unlikely story of how a librarian andhistorian used books and maps to help the hunt for alQaeda by the world's most modern military or by anyoneelse who might be interested in the topography and geologyof Afghanistan. Those included reporters or minerswondering what precious metals the country might yield.

"This is basically a detective hunt," said Hadden, a Sterling(Virginia) resident who has worked for the USGS for 12years. "There is information in the most obscure places,but you have to know how to find it."

The USGS library, a scientific warehouse in Reston thatcollects journals and data about national resources, has 12miles worth of books and 26 tons of maps. Hadden knewthat hidden in that mass of written record was a treasuretrove of knowledge about the caves, trails, mountains,rocks, streams and other earthy formations of Afghanistangathered since the agency's founding in 1879.

"This started because we got repeated calls," Hadden said."People kept asking, 'What do you guys have onAfghanistan?"

After several months of work, Hadden produced a report ofmore than 50 pages that lists all of the USGS library'sAfghan resources in one place, along with other materialabout Afghanistan's geology that is available from publiclibraries and journals.

The USGS does not keep classified material, and much ofits work is designed for academics. Among those Hadden

said would find hisreports useful arepeople who want torebuild the war-tornnation, such assurveyors and scientistslooking to build roadsor dig wells.

"This is beneficial andneutral science," hesaid. "If you're goingto rebuild the country,

you will need its economic geology."

But, he said, more than a few military officers have visitedthe library seeking his material. In March, Haddenreceived a letter of appreciation from the director of theArmy Corps of Engineers' Topographic EngineeringCenter, who said Hadden's work was "of repeated use tothose working on Operation Enduring Freedom," themilitary's ongoing campaign in Afghanistan.

Among the things Hadden found were survey maps drawnby 19th-century military officers; maps from throughout the20th century detailing rock types of Afghanistan's soil,which could show where natural caves might be morelikely to form; and more information about Afghan cavesdetailed by Scandinavian scientists in the 1950s, who wereresearching bugs and animals who live in them.

Hadden began by using computerized catalogues to searchwhat material was available in public libraries.

Then he went deeper. He found that an archaeologist notedin a book in the 1940s that a young USGS surveyor haddrawn a particularly useful map of caves in the region.Despite such flattery, the archaeologist had not includedthe map in his book.

After searching USGS records, the archaeologist's personalarchives and the Library of Congress, Hadden concludedthat the map was gone forever.

"You have a reference to it, but what happened to it,nobody knows," he said.

Hadden said the project shows the importance of thelibrary's work, in which researchers can find geologicalmaps and articles about any obscure corner of the world.Many maps and articles, he said, maysimply gather dust for decades but arethere when someone needs them.

"In order to have it just in time," he said,"we have to have it just in case."

-The Washington Post, Loudoun Extra,Sunday October 13, 2002

BACKSIGHTS SPRING 2003

EYE TO EYESociety Notes, Exhibits & Events

NATIONAL EVENTS• March 29 - April 2. ACSM/Arizona Professional Land Surveyors Association Conference and Technology Exhibition.

Phoenix Civic Plaza, Phoenix, AZ. The Surveyors Historical Society's Annual Membership Meeting will be at 9:00A.M. Monday, March 31, followed by the Board of Directors Meeting. Everyone is invited to attend both! Contact SHSAdministrator Roger Woodfill for more information, or see ACSM website (www.acsm.net).

AFFILIATE NOTES AND NEWS• MISSOURI - Southwestern area surveyors, with Cedar County to become headquarters, are now organizing an SHS

Affiliate to be known as C.C.M.S.H.S. Cedar County is the home of the City of El Dorado Springs, recognized by theBureau of Land Management as the "Mecca for Recruiting Cadastral Land Surveyors", [ed. note: see Backsights, Vol. 15,No.2, pg. 10 for an article on the BLM and El Dorado Springs]. The BLM Cadastral Survey Program was supplied withapproximately 200 survey work force employees over a 60-year period. Whether retired or active, many of theseindividuals continue to live in Cedar County. Several organizational meetings have taken place, and it is now hoped tohave the new affiliate formed by May 2003, when the official opening of the Wayside Inn Historical Museum in ElDorado Springs occurs. Information and meeting dates can be obtained from Claud M. Hoffman, PLS, P.O.Box 301, ElDorado Springs, Missouri 64744; phone 417-876-6069, email claudh@ipa.net

• NEW JERSEY - The Garden State Land Surveyors Historical Society members will be hosting an "Antique SurveyingCorner" at the New Jersey Surveyors "Expo 2003", a one-day trade/technical show. For those interested in "seeing,trading or selling" antique equipment, mark your calendar for March 23rd, at the Town & Country Inn in Keyport.They'd like to see instruments, tools, old maps, field notes, and pictures that will help illustrate the history of ourprofession. For more information, contact Russ Knudson, 162 Prospect Ave., Edison, NJ 08817

HISTORICAL EXHIBITS - Lewis & Clark• Exhibits in commemoration of the historic expedition have begun around

the country; the following should have some interest to our readers:Framing the West at Monticello - opened January 16, 2003, and will runthrough December 31, 2003, at Monticello near Charlottesville, Virginia.The installation will recreate the "Indian Hall" Jefferson established in hisdouble-story Entrance Hall to display some of the Native Americanartifacts, animal skins, horns, and skeletons sent back by Lewis and Clarkfrom their journey. Placed among European paintings and sculptures, amodel of an Egyptian pyramid, mastodon bones excavated by WilliamClark following the Expedition, and maps of the vicinity and the world,these objects served, in Jefferson's day, to educate his visitors about theworld beyond their experience. Monticello's "Indian Hall" will highlight the importance of Jefferson's stewardship of theLewis and Clark expedition and the effect its tangible products had on perceptions of North America world-wide. Sincethe whereabouts of much of Jefferson's collection are currently unknown, modern replicas will be used in place of now-lost objects. For more information, consult their webpage at www.monticello.org

• Supplied for Survival: Meriwether Lewis at Harpers Ferry - is a three-day celebration from March 28 through March30, 2003, at Harpers Ferry National Historical Park in West Virginia. The celebration will feature music, drama,scholarship, and living history programs along with the formal opening of the park's new permanent exhibit, "MeriwetherLewis at Harpers Ferry." (During the spring of 1803, Lewis twice visited the arsenal at Harpers Ferry to obtain rifles andtrading goods for the Expedition). Also featured will be the National Park Service Lewis & Clark bicentennial travelingexhibit, Corps of Discovery II, which will remain at the park until April 18, 2003. For more information, please call theHarpers Ferry NHP Visitor Center at (304) 535-6298.

• Beyond Lewis & Clark: The Army Explores the West - will open July 1, 2003, and run through December 30, 2003, atthe Virginia Historical Society, 428 North Boulevard in Richmond, Virginia. To commemorate the bicentennial of theLouisiana Purchase by President Thomas Jefferson and the subsequent Lewis and Clark expedition, the VirginiaHistorical Society will be the opening venue for this important exhibition, a collaborative effort with the Kansas andWashington State historical societies, the U.S. Army Frontier Museum, and the U.S. Army Center for Military History. Inthe decades before the Civil War, the army was the federal government's "public works department." It identified thebasic network of trails, surveyed the western topography, and laid the groundwork for roads and railroads. As this exhibitwill make clear, it is impossible to overstate the role of the army in this critical period of national development. For moreinformation, phone the Virginia Historical Society at (804) 358-4901.

MONTICCLLO.

BACKSIGHTS 8 SPRING 2003

BULLETIN BOARDBuy, Sell, Trade, Etc.

FOR SALE: Ten original 150-plus-year-old hand-hewnlog structures. One- and 2-story cabins and barns,smokehouse, church, tobacco barn, blacksmith's shop.Huge oak, chestnut, poplar logs (10-22 in.) Will selltogether or each structure separately. Will deliver andreassemble on your foundation. Currently assembled andstanding. INVENTORY of vintage building materials,including chestnut lumber, hewn joists, rafters, beams,flooring, weathered barn wood. Covington, VA. (888) 941-9553, www.antiquecabinsandbarns.com

PANORAMIC PRINTS: Historic Savannah, GA;Charleston, SC; St Augustine, FL; Nantucket, MA;Annapolis, MD; Boston, MA; Portsmouth, NH; FordTheater/A. Lincoln, Wash.,DC; Stockbridge, MA;Concord, MA; others. One free micro print. Phone 413-528-1806. Leonard Weber, 8 Main Rd.., Great Barrington,MA 01230; TOWNSCAPES(®TACONIC.NET

WANTED: Old rolls of cloth surveyors ribbon; antiquewaywiser (measuring wheel). Contact Milt Denny,P.O.Box 2242, Tuscaloosa, Al 35403 or phone (205)553-4448.

THE LINCOLN SURVEYOR STATUE PROJECT.The following items are available for purchase, and willcontribute funds to the Statue project: 12-inch LincolnSurveyor bronze maquette statue - $525.00; BOOK - A.Lincoln With Compass and Chain (rev. ed.) - $80.00;PRINT - B&W signed & numbered Ostendorf depiction ofLincoln the Surveyor - $135.00; PRINT - B&W unsignedOstendorf depiction - $55.00. Send check (prices includep&h) to: Illinois Professional Land Surveyors Assoc., 203South Walnut St., P.O.Box 588, Rochester, IL 62563-0588,phone (217) 498-8102, fax (217) 498-8489. All donationsgratefully accepted.

The Surveyors Historical Society proudly presents"Running the Line", by Kathy Holland. The scene depictssurveyors of 1841 surveying the meridian line through acypress swamp between the Sabine River and the RedRiver. Poster print (17.4" x 22.8") is $30.00, Artist proofs,signed & numbered are $50.00. Add $5 p&h. Makechecks payable to: SHS, 300 West High St.,Lawrenceburg, IN 47025-1912.

BOOK FOR SALE: Walkin' The Line: A Journey fromPast to Present Along the Mason-Dixon Line, by PulitzerPrize-Winner William Ecenbarger. Hardcover signed bythe author. Limited quantity still available. Send $21.95 +$2.50 (p&h) to: Passage Press Inc., 1602 New HollandPike. Lancaster, PA 17601.

STILL AVAILABLE FROM SHS: Lithographic Print -"Mason and Dixon at the Stargazer Stone" - $45.00;Quality Photograph - Mural of "George Washington with aCompass" - $50.00; Send check, including $5 p&h perprint, to: SHS, 300 West High St., Lawrenceburg, IN47025.

BUYING OLD & ANTIQUE field instruments, pre-1910compasses, transits, unusual forms, solar, mining,unusually large or small instruments. D.R. Beeks, P.O.Box 117, Mt. Vernon, IA 52314 or call 1 -800-880-5178.

ALL SHS MEMBERS are encouraged to use this space;there is no charge. Send a postcard with your notice oradvertisement to the Editor (address on pg. 15). Non-members' ads will be considered if space allows.

BOOK REVIEWS

Historical New Hampshire"Mapping and Exploring New Hampshire"The New Hampshire Historical Society. 64 pp. $9.95Reviewed by Mary M. Root, LS

This special edition magazine presents three scholastictreatises which focus on the early mapmaking efforts in thestate.

The lead article, entitled "Headquartered at Piscataqua:Samuel Holland's Coastal and Inland Surveys, 1770-1774," by Grace S. Machemer, explains the political,military, and mercantile reasons behind King George'sdecision to chart the coast. Commissioning SamuelHolland to the task, a suitable ship (the Canceaux] wasprovisioned and fitted, a qualified team of men hired, andthe survey began. It took four years to measure, calculate,and draft the 320 miles of Atlantic coastline, "with thedistances up each river to the height of tide, down eachpeninsula, and around hundreds of islands" eventuallyrepresenting more than 3000 miles of shoreline. Anapparently weary Holland is quoted: "The Coast is nothingbut a Chain of Bays, Harbours, and Inlets, interspersed witha Multitude of Islands."

Noting that part of the duties that befell the captain of thesurvey ship Canceaux was to "dampen smuggling attemptson the New England coast whether by English colonists ormerchantmen, or by the French," and that "unrest in theColonies was growing due to resentment about taxationwithout representation," it is little wonder that Holland'smaps were not available to Americans until after theRevolution. But the published charts proved of assistanceto the Royal Navy during those trying times, and were usedexclusively for that stretch of American coastline for thenext fifty years.

"Alden Partridge's Excursions to the White Mountains,1811 - 1824, and the Emergence of Modern Views of theMountain Environment" by Gary T. Lord, takes a differentdirection. Written more as a paean to early American scenictourism in the form of recreational hiking, the article willnonetheless appeal to those interested in barometricleveling. Captain Partridge, as a former militarytopographer, kept careful fieldnotes during his mountaintrips, and worked to perfect his technique with thebarometer. To this end, he corresponded with ThomasJefferson and Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill of Columbia College"concerning methods of determining mountain heights." Hedescribed his method for establishing the height of Mt.Washington: "I first determined, from a mean of more thanone hundred observations, the altitude of the MilitaryAcademy [at Norwich, Vermont] above tide water. I thendetermined, from a mean of nearly seventy observations,the elevation of Crawford's (near the foot of the Mountain)above the Military Academy here; and lastly, I in likemanner determined, from a mean of nine observationsmade at Crawford's, compared with the observations madeat the summit of the Mountain, its altitude aboveCrawford's. This data enabled me to ascertain the height ofthe summit above tide water." His answer: 6,213 feet - notbad - since the true elevation is 6288'.

"Harvard Astronomer George Phillips Bond and His Rolein Mapping the White Mountains, 1852-1876", by Adam J.Apt, contains this candid admission: "In a global context,Bond's work was unremarkable as a scientific orgeographical exercise. Yet, his contribution remainssignificant: he created and published the first reasonablycomplete and accurate map of the highest mountains innortheastern North America." These statements are true,given the limitations specified by the article's title. But, asApt points out, George P. Bond was a noted astronomer,the second Director of the Harvard College Observatory(having succeeded his father, William Cranch Bond),whose scientific accomplishments include the discovery ofHyperion (a moon of Saturn), the crepe ring of Saturn, andthe first American to receive a Royal Astronomical Societygold medal for his observations of Donati's Comet in 1858.In addition, he and his father are among the founders ofastrophotography, for having captured the first image of astar on a daguerreotype. By comparison, George Bond's"one-man survey" of the White Mountains in 1852 merely

rates as a hobby.

BACKSIGHTS 10 SPRING 2003

The Measure of All Things: The Seven-Year Odysseyand Hidden Error That Transformed The WorldBy Ken AlderFree Press. 416pp. $27Reviewed by Gregory Mott, BookWorld, The WashingtonPost, Oct. 20, 2002

In this work Ken Alder recounts the geodetic expedition toestablish the meter as a universal measure based on thecircumference of the globe. The tale begins with Frenchastronomers Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Delambre and Pierre-Francois-Andre Mechain, who painstakingly set out tomeasure the meridian between Dunkerque and Barcelona.Alder, a professor of history at Northwestern University,immersed himself in just about every detail of Delambreand Mechain's mission, which Louis XVI commissionedjust prior to the onset of the French Revolution. Hiscareful narrative reconstruction of the journeys of the twosavants -as scientists of the period were called - would beremarkable in any book. But they pale in comparison toAlder's real prize: the revelation of a 200-year-old secret.

Inspired by what he says are clues in Delambre's seminalbook on the metric system - published after Mechain'sdeath - Alder unearthed evidence from long-sealed archivesindicating that because of an error made by Mechain andcovered up by Delambre, the unit that has become theworldwide standard of measure is actually wrong. "Themeter was flawed," Alder writes, "because the expedition'sgoverning premise was flawed - the premise that the Frenchsector of the meridian measured by Delambre and Mechainin 1792-99 could be considered representative of the

world's shape as a whole. Later scientific progress hadfalsified the meter. . . .Yet in spite of this, Delambre andMechain's epic mission succeeded - not because it hadproduced accurate results, but because it was epic."

Epic in its own way, The Measure of All Things is no less asuccess.

WALKIN' THE LINE: A Journey from Past to Presentalong the Mason-DixonBy William EcenbargerM. Evans and Company, Inc. 222 pp. $14.95Reviewed by Mary M. Root, LS

This work should not be construed as travel writing, or ahistory of Mason and Dixon's survey work. Beforewarned. This social history of segregation is not ahappy tale. It is a series of depressing, chilling, andsometimes gruesome accounts of white man's inhumanityto blacks and native Americans along the Maryland,Delaware, and Pennsylvania borders that coincide with thesurvey line. Ecenbarger writes in the introduction: "...Iresolved to view the Line through the lens of race and tolearn more about this awful thing that runs so deeply inAmerican life." Well, he did.

For Charles Mason' and Jeremiah Dixon's story, read theprologue and the italicized chapter headings. For mentionsof the Mason and Dixon Line Preservation Partnership (andSHS-) members Charlie Bitler, Todd Babcock, and RalphDonnelly, read the Acknowledgments, and pages 137-9,172-3, and 194-6, respectively.

* ^ > - > - > V ' V ' , t > s . » > > ) i

A HEARTY WELCOME TO NEW MEMBERS

Robert Akins - OHEugene Amron - NJSteven E. Artz - TNWilliam Barker - VASilvio Bedini - Wash.DCCharles E. Bell, Sr. - ARDavid Bernard - NJAlan Blair - NJDennis Burkhart - PADavid H. Butler - VAWilliam L. Clark - INJames E. deary - NJRandy Compton - INGordon B. Conner - MDJoseph A. Donato, Jr. - NJAlice J. Dunn - NYJohn Phillip Engle - TXMichael Evans - TXJames Fleming - MDDennis L. Grumpp - INRichard F. Hantel - OH

Stephen Hansen - CTDavid W. Juliano - CTAndrew F. Kent - PARaphael J. Landini - MIMichael Lodzinski - MIParker H. Lord - CTGeorge T. Lucas - NJGeorge T. Lukas, III - NJHenry P. Mayo - TXGlen Mills - TXJack Owens - MILazaro Paya - ARHeather M. Pierce - OHLloyd Pilchen - CACharlene Pisatowsa - NJTerry L. Placanica - WVChad Pyle - MOBrian Rayl - INDonald Rericka - ILGlenn Richard - MIMichael D. Ruggles - KY

Brian D. Scott - ARJoseph W. Shaw - PARay F. Shear - KYRobert Shotts - MDDavid Simons - WIJames A. Simpson - ARLucian B. Smith - VARichard Stockton - NJGregory Szyszkowski - CTMichael Thacker - WVCarl Thomas - MDRandy Trei - ILRic Vazquez - TXRobert P. Vicari - NJJonathon J. Walsh - CAMickie Warwick - ARJohn F. Watson - TXNic Wonnell - INWilliam H. Young - CAWilliam Zieman - NJ

BACKSIGHTS 11 SPRING 2003

Corps of Discovery: Lewis & Clark-from the Journal of Patrick Gass, 1811

Saturday,August 25th,1804. Two ofour men lastnight caughtnine catfish,that wouldtogether weigh

three hundred pounds. The large catfish are caught in theMissouri with hook and line. Captain Lewis and CaptainClarke went to see a hill on the north side of the riverwhere the natives will not or pretend that they will notventure to go, and say that a small people live there, whomthey are afraid of. At 11 o'clock, the gentlemen not havingreturned, we set sail with a gentle breeze from the S.E.passed black bluffs on the south side, and continued onnine miles and encamped. Two of our hunters came in whohad killed a large elk. Captains Lewis and Clarke did notreturn this evening.

Sunday 26th. Some of the men went out to dress and bringin the elk. About 10 o'clock Captain Lewis and CaptainClarke with the party accompanying them came to camp;but had not been able to discover any of those smallpeople.

Sunday, September 2nd. At 1 o'clock last night we hadhard thunder, lightning and rain, which continued abouttwo hours. We set out early in the morning, along thenorth side of an island: there is a handsome prairie land onthe south. Three of our men went on the island to hunt.When we landed for breakfast we heard several guns firedon the island, and saw six elk swimming across the riverabout a mile above where we had halted. Two of our menwent up and killed one of them; those on the island killedthree. About twelve, the wind blew so hard down the river,that we could not proceed, and we landed on the north side,where there is an extensive prairie. It was cloudy andrained till 4 when it cleared up. We remained here for thenight and dried our meat. On the bank opposite our campis an ancient fortification or breastwork, similar to thosewhich had been occasionally discovered on the westernwaters. The two ends run at right angles to the river, andthe outside, which is 2,500 yards in length, parallel to it:there is no breastwork thrown up next to the river, the bankas is supposed, serving as a sufficient defence on that side.

Friday 7th. We set sail early, and had a clear day, passedhigh prairie land on both sides; but there is some cottonwood on the low points in the bottom. On the south sidewe found a scaffold of meat neatly dried. This had beenleft by one of our men, who had gone out on the 26th oflast month to hunt the horses, and supposing we had got adistance ahead, proceeded up the river several days'journey, before he discovered his error. Captain Lewis andcaptain Clarke with some of the men went to view a round

knob of a hill in a prairie, and on their return killed aprairie dog, in size about that of the smallest species ofdomestic dogs.

Having understood that the village of those small dogs wasat a short distance from our camp, captain Lewis andcaptain Clarke, with all the party, except the guard, went toit; and took with them all the kettles and other vessels forholding water; in order to drive the animals out of theirholes by pouring in water; but though they worked at thebusiness till night, they only caught one of them.

Monday, 10th. We had a foggy morning, but moved onearly; passed high bluffs on the north side, and saw sometimber in the bottom on the south side. At 12 we came toblack sulphur bluffs on the south side. On the top of thesebluffs we found the skeleton or back bones of a fish, 45 feetlong, and petrified: part of these bones were sent to the cityof Washington. One of our sergeants discovered a largesalt spring about a mile and a half from the river. A hunterwent up the bank and killed an elk. We left a periogue forthe men who were dressing the elk, and proceeded up thenorth side of the river two miles, when we were obliged toreturn on account of sand bars, and to take the south side.Here we saw eight elk swimming the river, and had seen agreat many buffaloe during the day. We encamped on anisland and killed one buffaloe.

Tuesday, 11th. We set sail before daylight with a fair wind;passed an island covered with timber, and high hills andprairie on both sides of the river. At 1 o'clock it began torain. We saw some person coming down the river onhorseback, when we came to land and found it was the manwho had preceded us with the horses. He had left one of thehorses left. This man had been absent 16 days, and hisbullets being expended, he subsisted 12 days almost whollyon grapes. One of the men went by land with the horse,and we continued our voyage until night, though it rainedvery hard; and encamped on the south side. Captain Clarkewith two or three of the men who had gone out to hunt,killed two elk, four deer and one porcupine.

[TO BE CONTINUED]

BACKSIGHTS SPRING 2003

FOLKWAYS "Phoenixiana"

This 1856 lampoon of an "Official Report of a MilitarySurvey & Reconnaissance" was penned by "Professor JohnPhoenix." The goal of this survey is to determine a "routefrom San Francisco to the Mission of Dolores, made with aview to ascertain the practicability of connecting thosepoints by a Railroad." (A footnote then explains that theMission Dolores is only two '/> miles from the City Hall ofSan Francisco and lies within the limits of the City Survey).Professor Phoenix has been granted $120,000 dollars forthe expedition, and has duly hired his "scientific corps,"which happens to include seven of his relatives, along withmilitary officers "Lieut. Minus Root" and "Lieut. NonplusA. Zero," and scientific luminaries including "Dr. AbrahamDunshunner" and "Dr. Fogy L. Bigguns."

Phoenix reports: "These gentlemen, with one hundred andeighty-four laborers employed as teamsters, chainmen,rodmen. etc., made up the party. For instruments, we had 1large Transit Instrument (8 inch achromatic lens), 1 MuralCircle, 1 Altitude and Azimuth Instrument (theseinstruments were permanently set up in a mule cart, whichwas backed into the plane of the true meridian, whenrequired for use), 13 large Theodolites, 13 small ditto, 8Transit Compasses, 17 Sextants, 34 Artificial Horizons, 1Sidereal Clock, and 184 Solar Compasses. Each employeewas furnished with a gold chronometer watch, and by asingular mistake, a diamond pin and gold chain; fordirections having been given, that they should be furnishedwith "chains and pins", -meaning of course such articles asare used in surveying - Lieut. Root, whose "zeal somewhatoverran his discretion," incontinently procured for eachman the above-named articles of jewelry, by mistake."

"Every man was suitably armed, with four of Colt'srevolvers, a Minie rifle, a copy of Col. Benton's speech onthe Pacific Railroad, and a mountain howitzer...Asquadroon of dragoons, numbering 150 men, under Capt.McSpadden, had been detailed as an escort. Theyaccordingly left about a week before us, and we heard fromthem occasionally on the march."

On consulting with my assistants, I had determined toselect, as a base for our operations, a line joining thesummit of Telegraph Hill with the extremity of the wharf atOakland, and two large iron thirty-two pounders wereaccordingly procured, and at great expense embedded inthe earth, one at each extremity of the line, to mark theinitial points. On placing compasses over these points todetermine the bearing of the base, we were extremelyperplexed by the unaccountable local attraction thatprevailed; and were compelled, in consequence, to select anew position. This we finally concluded to adopt betweenFort Point and Saucelito; but, on attempting to measure the

base, we were deterred by the unexpected depth of thewater intervening, which, to our surprise, was considerablyover the chain bearers' heads. Disliking to abandon ournew line, which had been selected with much care and atgreat expense, I determined to employ in its measurement areflecting in-strument, usedvery suc-cessfully bythe UnitedStates CoastSurvey. Itherefore dir-ected myassistants toprocure me a"HELIOTROPE," but afterbeing annoyedby havingbrought to mesuccessively asweet-smellingshrub of thatname, and a box of "Lubin's Extract" to select from, it wasfinally ascertained, that no such instrument could beprocured in California. In this extremity I bethoughtmyself of using a substitute the flash of gunpowder.Wishing to satisfy myself of its practicability by anexperiment, I placed Dr. Dunshunner at a distance of fortypaces from my Theodolite, with a flint-lock musket,carefully primed, and directed him to flash in the pan, whenI should wave my hand. Having covered the Doctor withthe Theodolite, and by a movement of the tangent screwplaced the intersection of the cross lines directly over themuzzle of the musket, I accordingly waved; when I wasastounded by a tremendous report, a violent blow in theeye, and the instantaneous disappearance of the instrument.

Observing Dr. Dunshunner lying on his back in onedirection, and my hat, which had been violently torn frommy head, at about the same distance in another, I concludedthat the musket had been accidentally loaded. Such provedto be the case; the marks of three buckshot were found inmy hat, and a shower of screws, broken lenses and piecesof brass, which shortly fell around us, told where the ballhad struck, and bore fearful testimony to the accuracy ofDr. Dunshunner's practice.

[TO BE CONTINUED]

BACKSIGHTS 13 SPRING 2003

Rendezvous 2003By David Ingrain

The year is 1895 and H. W. Hart,Captain of Squad 6, has called hisfellow students together to begin theirfirst surveying exercise at theirsummer camp at MichiganAgricultural College. Hart and hisfield crew consisting of Sanderson,Hagedorn, Elliott, and Storrcommences chaining from a picket setthree rods NE of the NE corner ofCollege Hall on May 28, 1895. Weknow this and the rest of the results oftheir work for the summer becausetheir notebook has survived to thisday.

This year, September 18-20, we willgather to retrace their footsteps on thesame ground, at what is nowMichigan State University. We willattempt to recreate the actual fieldexercises they performed, put theirseven-station traverse back on theground, relocate long-lost buildings,and generally see if we have the skillsof 108 years ago. So, bring yourtransits, compasses, engineer's chain,and 4-pole chains and test your skills.

In addition to the field exercises, wewill have our normal classroomsessions detailing the educationalopportunities of days gone by, localhistorical survey information, and theoperation of the equipment from theperiod. We also plan to have hands-on training sessions with solarcompasses so that you can see howthey really work. The other usualevents, including a swap meet,antiques road show, barbeque onFriday, and a banquet with an auctionon Saturday will also take place.

But perhaps the highlight for manyattendees will be a visit or two to theMuseum of Surveying. TheMuseum is perhaps the only one inthe world dedicated solely to theHistory of Surveying. There, you willsee exhibits featuring a wide range ofsurveying history, with a specialfocus on events, companies and

equipment. Other nearby museums trip and along with the otherare the R. E. Olds AutomobileMuseum, and the Impressions 5Children's Science Museum, whichalso offer special exhibits andeducational opportunities for all. Iknow you will enjoy this part of your

activities, you will leave with manyfond memories and new-foundknowledge.

So come join us in Lansing,Michigan in September, for awonderful weekend!

THE TRANSIT.

(h)

BACKSIGHTS SPRING 2003

SURVEYORS HISTORICAL SOCIETY

2002/2003OFFICERS AND DIRECTORSOF THE SURVEYORSHISTORICAL SOCIETY

OFFICERS

Duane Weiss Chairman

Ray Root Vice Chairman

Dan Pusey Secretary

Richard Leu Treasurer

DIRECTORS (TERM ENDS)

David L. Ingram (2004)

Duane Weiss (2004)

Donald Teter (2005)

Richard Lowndes (2005)

Ray B. Root (2003)

Richard Leu (2003)

Daniel Pusey (2004)

STAFF & CORRESPONDENCERoger Woodfill, Administrator

Surveyors Historical Society300 West High Street. Suite #2Lawrenceburg. IN 47025-1912

(812)537-2000

SURVEYORS HISTORICALSOCIETY NEWSLETTER

BACKSIGHTS is the semi-annual publi-cation of the Surveyors Historical Society, anon-profit corporation, and is distributed toall members of the Society, and to otherinterested parties upon request. Matters ofinterest submitted to BACKSIGHTS shouldbe typed, double-spaced, with author orsource identified, and include photos ifpossible. Deadlines: Fall Issue: July 20.Spring Issue: January 15.

Mary M. Root Editor

12256 Freeman's Ford RoadRemington, VA 22734

(540) 439-2363e-mail: rootsite@msn.com

Doug Conner Computer Publishing

DONATIONS

SHS is open to the donation of gifts ofmoney or property, under any methodsyour estate or attorney may think ac-ceptable to transfer ownership ofartifacts or items of educational benefitto the Society. The Society has a set ofguidelines for donations: contact ourAdministrator for details.

We have a non-profit tax exemptionstatus. This will allow a donation withfull tax deductions.

STATE AFFILIATES

Indiana Surveyors Historical SocietyKentucky Surveyors Historical SocietyConnecticut Surveyors

Historical SocietyWest Virginia Surveyors

Historical SocietyGarden State Surveyors

Historical Society

COMMITTEES

Identification of InstrumentsDale BeeksP.O. Box 117Mt Vernon. IA 523 14Home/Bus. (319)895-0506

David St. John3 17 Maple St.Franklin. MA 02038Home (508) 528-7427Web:www.benchmarkinstruments.qpg.com

NominationsDavid L. IngramRichard Leu

Historic Site RegistryRichard Leu

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Duane Weiss, Chairman8783 Her Rd.Sherman, IL 62684Home (217) 566-2124FAX: (217) 566-2600

Ray B. Root, Vice Chair12256 Freeman's Ford Rd.Remington, VA 22734Home (540) 439-2363FAX: (703) 631-0234e-mail: rootsite@msn.com

Daniel Pusey, Secretary1739 Klondike Rd.West Lafayette. IN 47906Home (765) 463-5471FAX: (765) 496-1579e-mail: dipusey@purdue.edu

Richard Leu, Treasurer3208 West Van Buren Ave.Fairfield. IA 52556Home (515) 472-4496e-mail: richleu@yahoo.com

Richard LowndesP.O. Drawer 70Estill Springs. TN 37330Home (931)454-0453

Donald TeterHC 86 Box 32Monterville. WV 26282Home (304) 339-2125

David Ingram140OldBridgewaterRd.Mt. Crawford! VA 22841Home (540) 828-2778FAX (540) 828-2683e-mail: ingramffcfw.com

BACKSIGHTS 15 SPRING 2003

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BACKSIGHTS 16 SPRING 2003