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- Fallacies Paper - Due Date: Wednesday Night: April 8, 2015 (6:30pm) Friday Morning: April 10, 2015 (9:35am) We began this class by finding logical errors within an argument through categorical syllogism and propositional logic. Most recently we have been analyzing arguments for informal fallacies. Remember, a fallacy is a defect in an argument that consists in something other than merely false premises. A fallacy involves a mistake in reasoning or an error. That is why critical thinking begins with the problem of error. This is what you will be doing for the fallacies paper. This section is pretty selfexplanatory, though it isn't easy. It is your turn to find fallacies in everyday life. You have already done some looking at ordinary language arguments in other assignments, so you know that with them you often need to do some, or maybe lots of, interpretation of the arguer's intent. You need to "read between the lines" and pay close attention to assumptions that are not explicitly stated.

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Page 1: Spring 2014 Fallacies Paperphilosophyclass.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/5/2/10529894/fall...How to Prepare Writing for your Paper!! Paper&Layout:! Your%paper%must%be%typed%double%space%with%1

- Fallacies Paper -  

 Due  Date:    Wednesday  Night:  April  8,  2015  (6:30pm)  Friday  Morning:  April  10,  2015  (9:35am)  

   

We  began  this  class  by  finding  logical  errors  within  an  argument  through  categorical  syllogism  and  propositional  logic.    Most  recently  we  have  been  analyzing  arguments  for  informal  fallacies.    Remember,  a  fallacy  is  a  defect  in  an  argument  that  consists  in  something  other  than  merely  false  premises.    A  fallacy  involves  a  mistake  in  reasoning  or  an  error.    That  is  why  critical  thinking  begins  with  the  problem  of  error.    This  is  what  you  will  be  doing  for  the  fallacies  paper.          This  section  is  pretty  self-­‐explanatory,  though  it  isn't  easy.  It  is  your  turn  to  find  fallacies  in  everyday  life.    You  have  already  done  some  looking  at  ordinary  language  arguments  in  other  assignments,  so  you  know  that  with  them  you  often  need  to  do  some,  or  maybe  lots  of,  interpretation  of  the  arguer's  intent.    You  need  to  "read  between  the  lines"  and  pay  close  attention  to  assumptions  that  are  not  explicitly  stated.          

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 Insert  (Cut  and  paste  on  a  computer  or  cut  and  paste  in  the  real  world)    

 Original  Letter  to  the  Editor:                    

Define  the  Fallacy:  Name  and  define  the  fallacy.      

Definitions  can  be  borrowed  from  the  text  or  lecture,  but  you  should  cite  appropriately  if  you  do  so;    alternately  you  can  define  the  fallacy  yourself.  

   

In  your  own  words  re-­‐create  the  original  argument:    Include  ALL  premises  mentioned  by  the  author  and  the  conclusion.    

(Some  authors  will  have  more  than  one  conclusion,  if  so  mention  ALL  the  conclusions.)  Also,  state  any  assumptions  that  are  being  made  by  you  or  implied  assumptions  being  made  by  the  author.  

   

Make  a  connection  between  the  definition  of  the  fallacy  and  the  argument:  Convince  me  that  the  letter  to  the  editor  does  contain  the  fallacy  that  you  have  already  defined.    This  is  the  most  important  part  

of  the  paper.    This  is  your  original  argument  and  the  argument  should  be  convincing.      

 Bibliography:  

Using  standard  MLA  formatting,  site  your  source.  Clip  (or  print)  the  article,  ad,  etc.  that  contains  the  fallacy  and  clearly  indicate  (with  highlighter,  pen,  etc.)  where  in  the  clipping  the  fallacy  occurs.  You  can  use  only  one  fallacy  per  clipping.    Physically  or  digitally  tape/paste  the  clipping  into  your  paper.    Directly  below  the  clipping,  include  a  citation  that  indicates  (if  known)  author,  title,  date,  section  number,  and  either  the  url  or  page  number(s).      

Dear Editor, - Anonymous

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How to Prepare Writing for your Paper    

Paper  Layout:  Your  paper  must  be  typed  double  space  with  1-­‐inch  margins  and  size  12  font,  Times  New  Roman.          Cover  Page:  You  must  put  your  name  and  all  such  on  a  cover  page.      Your  name  should  only  appear  on  the  cover  page,  do  not  put  your  name  as  a  header  throughout  the  paper.      

   

Finding  Letters  to  the  Editor  and  Fallacies:    

 The  Paper:  

For  this  part  you  will  collect  FOUR  examples  of  letter  to  the  editors  that  contain  fallacies,  following  these  guidelines.        

A. You  must  have  FOUR  unique  fallacies;  One  fallacy  from  Unacceptable  Premises  Column,  Two  Unique  fallacies  from  Irrelevant  Premises  Column  AND  one  fallacy  from  Insufficient  Premises  column.      Note:  many  letters  to  the  Editor  commit  more  than  one  fallacy.    You  must  mention  the  other  fallacies  being  committed  in  the  article.  However,  you  are  only  required  to  argue  for  one  of  them.      

 B. The  fallacies  must  have  been  published  as  a  letter  to  the  editor.  You  must  include  an  original  or  a  photocopy  of  the  

fallacy;  and  include  complete  bibliographic  data.    **Must  be  dated  between  January–  April  2015**      

C. Name  the  fallacy  and  define  the  fallacy.      

D. Explain  the  argument  that  is  being  presented  by  the  author  of  the  letter  to  the  editor.    This  is  the  bulk  of  your  paper.    This  part  is  important,  because  I  may  not  interpret  the  editorial  the  way  you  do.    If  there  is  no  explanation,  I  won't  be  able  to  give  you  credit  for  your  work.  You  may  have  to  write  out  assumed  premises  that  the  author  left  unstated.    You  must  mention  any  assumptions  that  you  are  making  concerning  the  argument.  

 E. Argue  that  the  fallacy  is  being  committed  in  the  argument.    Connect  the  fallacy  that  you  defined  in  section  C  with  the  

argument  that  you  presented  in  section  D.    This  is  an  important  part  of  your  paper.    (This  section  is  worth  the  most  points.)  

   

Unacceptable  Premises  (1)  

Irrelevant  Premises  (2)   Insufficient  Premises  (1)   Statistical  Fallacies  (Extra  Credit)  

Begging  the  Question   Equivocation   Hasty  Generalization   Misleading  Averages  False  Dilemma   Composition   Faulty  Analogy   Missing  Values  

  Division   False  Cause   Hazy  Comparisons     Appeal  to  the  Person   Slippery  Slope       Genetic  Fallacy         Appeal  to  the  Authority         Appeal  to  the  Masses         Appeal  to  Tradition         Appeal  to  Ignorance         Appeal  to  Fear         Straw  Man      

 

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Extra Credit    DUNNING  KRUGER  EFFECT:      Read  the  following  article  carefully:  J.  Kruger,  D.  Dunning,  “Unskilled  and  Unaware  of  It:    How  Difficulties  in  Recognizing  One's  Own  Incompetence  Lead  to  Inflated  Self-­‐Assessments,”  Journal  of  Personality  and  Social  Psychology  77  (1999):    1121-­‐1134.    After  reading  the  article  answer  the  questions  below:    •Describe  the  Dunning-­‐Kruger  effect  in  the  clearest  and  simplest  terms  you  can.      •What  are  the  predictions  that  Dunning  and  Kruger  make  in  their  study?      •What  conclusion  do  they  draw?      •What  lesson  should  careful  thinkers  learn  from  this  research?      AND    Find  a  Letter  to  the  Editor  that  contains  a  Statistical  Fallacy.    Follow  the  directions  for  the  required  portion  of  the  paper.  You  may  only  find  ONE  Letter  to  the  Editor  for  extra  credit.