springer/978-1-4020-9957-1
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Armchair Discussion Canada School of Public Service Metropolis Project. Jeffrey G. Reitz University of Toronto Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Munk Centre for International Studies www.utoronto.ca/ethnicstudies June 11, 2009 1:00 p.m. to 2:15 p.m. (ET). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
http://www.springer.com/978-1-4020-9957-1
Jeffrey G. ReitzUniversity of Toronto
Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism StudiesMunk Centre for International Studies
www.utoronto.ca/ethnicstudies
June 11, 2009
1:00 p.m. to 2:15 p.m. (ET)
Armchair DiscussionCanada School of Public Service
Metropolis Project
Table of Contents
Assessing Multiculturalism as a Behavioral Theory J.G. Reitz
Ethnic Group Ties, Inter-Group Threat, and Ethnic Self-IdentityK.K. Dion and M.B. Phan
Discrimination, Ethnic Group Belonging, and Well-BeingK.L. Dion, K.K. Dion, and R. Banerjee
Inequalities and Patterns of Social Attachments in Quebec and the Rest of CanadaM.B. Phan and R. Breton
Racial Inequality and Social IntegrationJ.G. Reitz and R. Banerjee
Behavioural Precepts of Multiculturalism: Empirical Validity and Policy Implications J.G. Reitz
Selected Findings for Discussion Today
• Ethnic Attachments and Social Integration of Minorities
• Inequality, Discrimination, and the Social Integration of Visible Minorities
• Social Integration of New Religious Groups: Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus, Buddhists
• Variations across Quebec and the Rest of Canada
Jeffrey G. Reitz and Rupa Banerjee, "Racial Inequality, Social Cohesion, and Policy Issues in Canada." In Belonging? Diversity, Recognition and Shared Citizenship in Canada, edited by Keith Banting, Thomas J. Courchene, and F. Leslie Seidle. Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 2007. Pp. 489-545.
RACISM IN CANADA
Darker the skin, less you fit in
COLIN MCCONNELL/TORONTO STAR Vanessa Kirunda and her son Sean, who live in Mississauga, have been stung by racism. "And it's not just white European people," she says. (May 10, 2009)
(217) LESLEY CIARULA TAYLOR IMMIGRATION REPORTER
Vanessa Kirunda is the last person you'd expect to be looked down on.Poised, articulate, educated and confident, Kirunda, a black woman, can dissect and analyze why Canadians treat her differently.But all bets were off when schoolmates called her 10-year-old son Sean a n-----. Three times. Three different children. "I anticipated this would happen, but it breaks my heart. Something is wrong when children say these things. On top of everything, I'm not going to have my child degraded," said the Mississauga resident. The "everything" she refers to includes being sent to an Adult Learning Centre when she arrived, even though English is her first language, and getting passed over for a college spot in favour of a white friend. "I've never understood people who believe they are superior. It's based on idiotic ideologies. And it's not just white European people."Kirunda and her son, Canadian citizens who emigrated from Kenya
Selected Findings for Discussion Today
• Ethnic Attachments and Social Integration of Minorities
• Inequality, Discrimination, and the Social Integration of Visible Minorities
• Social Integration of New Religious Groups: Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus, Buddhists
• Variations across Quebec and the Rest of Canada
Immigration nations:percent foreign-born, 2005
0
5
10
15
20
25
Source: United Nations, International Migration 2006
Ethnic Diversity Survey, 2002N = 41,666
Indicators of Social Integration• Life satisfaction
• Ties to Canadian society– ‘Canadian’ identity
– Citizenship
– Sense of belonging in Canada
– Trust in people
• Civic participation– Volunteer activities
– Voting
Ethno-cultural Groups• Ethnic Ancestry
• Visible Minority Status
Inequality• Household Income• Experience of discrimination
(self-reported)• Feelings of discomfort• Fear of attack
Aspects of Diversity• Ethnic attachments (importance
of ancestry, customs, belonging)
• Religion, religious commitment
Generation/Time• Period of Immigration
• Generation, Age
Ethno-racial Diversity in the EDS
Ancestry (not visible minorities)
• Anglo
• French
• North and Western European
• Russian and East European
• Jewish
• Arab and West Asian
• Latin American
• Greek
• Italian
• Portuguese
• Other European
• Canadian
Visible minorities• Chinese
• South Asian
• Black
• Filipino
• Latin American
• Southeast Asian
• Arab and West Asian
• Korean
• Japanese
• Visible minorities, other
• Multiple visible minorities
Ethnic Diversity Survey, 2002N = 41,666
Indicators of Social Integration• Life satisfaction
• Ties to Canadian society– ‘Canadian’ identity
– Citizenship
– Sense of belonging in Canada
– Trust in people
• Civic participation– Volunteer activities
– Voting
Ethno-cultural Groups• Ethnic Ancestry
• Visible Minority Status
Inequality• Household Income• Experience of discrimination
(self-reported )• Feelings of discomfort• Fear of attack
Aspects of Diversity• Ethnic group (attachments,
importance, belonging)
• Religion, religious commitment
Generation/Time• Period of Immigration
• Generation, Age
Regression coefficients foreffect of ethnic attachmentson social integration, by immigrant cohort and generation, and controllingfor age and (for immigrants)length of time in Canada
What is the effect of ethnic attachments on social integration?
Income Inequality Less
• Perceptions of discrimination and vulnerability More
Inequality trends across time and generations
Reports of discrimination:visible minority status more than religion
Perceived Discrimination by Visible Minority and Religious Category
0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%
No
Rel
Cat
holic
Pro
test
ant
Oth
Chr
istia
n
Mus
lim
Jew
ish
No
Rel
Cat
holic
Pro
test
ant
Oth
Chr
istia
n
Mus
lim
Bud
dhis
t
Hin
du
Sik
h
Oth
Rel
igio
n
Whi
tes
VM
Whites Visible minorities Total
Per
cen
t
Perceived Vulnerability by Visible Minority and Religious Category
0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%
No
Rel
Cat
holic
Pro
test
ant
Oth
Chr
istia
n
Mus
lim
Jew
ish
No
Rel
Cat
holic
Pro
test
ant
Oth
Chr
istia
n
Mus
lim
Bud
dhis
t
Hin
du
Sik
h
Oth
Rel
igio
n
Whi
tes
VM
Whites Visible minorities Total
Per
cen
tag
e
Reports of vulnerability:visible minority status more than religion
Canadian Identity
Canadian Identity by Visible Minority and Religious Category
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%
No
Rel
Cat
holic
Pro
test
ant
Oth
Chr
istia
n
Mus
lim
Jew
ish
No
Rel
Cat
holic
Pro
test
ant
Oth
Chr
istia
n
Mus
lim
Bud
dhis
t
Hin
du
Sik
h
Oth
Rel
igio
n
Whi
te
VM
Whites Visible Minorities Total
Canadian citizenship
Canadian Citizenship by Visible Minority and Religious Category
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
No
Rel
Cat
holic
Pro
test
ant
Oth
Chr
istia
n
Mus
lim
Jew
ish
No
Rel
Cat
holic
Pro
test
ant
Oth
Chr
istia
n
Mus
lim
Bud
dhis
t
Hin
du
Sik
h
Oth
Rel
igio
n
Whi
te
VM
Whites Visible Minorities Total
Religiosity
Percent 'Very Religious' in each Religion by Visible Minority
0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%
No
Re
l
Ca
tho
lic
Pro
test
an
t
Oth
Mu
slim
Jew
ish
No
Re
l
Ca
tho
lic
Pro
test
an
t
Oth
er
Mu
slim
Bu
dd
his
t
Hin
du
Sik
h
Wh
ite VM
Whites Visible Minorities Total
Pe
rce
nt
Perceived Discrimination by Visible Minority and Relgious Category for Quebec compared to the Rest of Canada
0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%
No
Rel
Cat
holic
Pro
test
ant
Oth
Mus
lim
Jew
ish
No
Rel
Cat
holic
Pro
test
ant
Oth
Mus
lim
Bud
dhis
t
Hin
du
Sik
h
Whi
te
VM
Whites Visible Minorities Total
QUEBEC
Rest of Canada
Reports of Discrimination:Quebec v. Rest of Canada
Reports of Vulnerability:Quebec v. Rest of Canada
Perceived Vulnerability by Visible Minority and Religious Categories for Quebec compared to the
Rest of Canada
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%
No
Rel
Cat
holic
Pro
test
ant
Oth
Chr
istia
n
Mus
limJe
wis
h
No
Rel
Cat
holic
Pro
test
ant
Oth
Mus
lim
Bud
dhis
t
Hin
duS
ikh
Whi
tes
VM
Whites Visible Minorities Total
QUEBEC
Rest of Canada
Conclusions
• Maintaining ethnic attachments over time is associated with– enhanced qualify of life
– but greater isolation from the mainstream
• Racial minorities experience inequality and discrimination, which reinforces their ethnic attachment and slows integration– Race is more important than religious affiliation as a factor in the
social integration of visible minorities
Policy Considerations
• Equality is a key to integration; need to address racial inequality
• Ethnic community development to support integration
• Integration requires efforts beyond support for diversity
• Evaluation of impact of multiculturalism policy
http://www.springer.com/978-1-4020-9957-1
Jeffrey G. ReitzUniversity of Toronto
Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism StudiesMunk Centre for International Studies
www.utoronto.ca/ethnicstudies
June 11, 2009
1:00 p.m. to 2:15 p.m. (ET)
Armchair DiscussionCanada School of Public Service
Metropolis Project