sprouting in storage : impact and control · 5. 45 days at 22°c 6. 13 days at 32°c 7. 29 days at...
TRANSCRIPT
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Sprouting in Storage: Impact and
Control Nora Olsen
University of Idaho
Kimberly, Idaho, USA
Sprouting in Storage
• Seed age and behavior
– Sprouting and field performance
– Impact of variety/storage
• Dormancy
• Sprout control
– Product and temperature combinations
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Photos courtesy of PVMI
Alpine Russet
Classic Russet Photos courtesy of PVMI
Clearwater Russet
Premier Russet
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Variety
Dormancy
Processing Quality
Attributes
Dry Rot
Potential
Weight
Loss
Suggested Use
Glucose Mottling Fresh Process
Russet Burbank long mod mod mod low X X
Alturas short mod low low - X
Alpine Russet long low low high-mod mod-low X
Bannock Russet mod mod low mod-low - X X
Blazer Russet mod mod mod-low mod - X
Classic Russet mod mod mod high-mod mod X
Clearwater Russet short low low high mod-low X X
Highland Russet short mod high mod-low mod X
Owyhee Russet mod low low mod mod X X
Premier Russet short low low high high X
Ranger Russet short mod high mod low X
Umatilla Russet mod mod-low high high-mod - X
Western Russet short mod low low low X X
mod = moderate Dormancy: (days after harvest) long >150 days, mod 101-149 days, short <100 days until sprout elongation begins when stored at 7.2°C Glucose: high≥0.1, mod 0.051-0.1, low≤0.05 at ~160 days after harvest when stored at 7.2°C Mottling: is the dark colored flecking that can occur in french fried potatoes, Weight Loss: is classified relative to Russet Burbank (RB), where high ≥ 2x that of RB, mod is 1.1-1.9x RB, and low = RB Weight loss: “-”denotes data not available
Described Dormancy Length Long
≥ 150 days Moderate
101-149 days Short
≤ 100 days
Russet B Bannock R Alturas
Alpine R Blazer R Clearwater R
Classic R Highland R
Owyhee R Premier R
Umatilla R Ranger R
Western R R Norkotah
Dormancy Length (days) = # of days until 80% tubers have one sprout <
5mm (elongation is beginning to occur); Data at 7.2°C
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Knowledge of Dormancy Length • Seed
– Temperature response – Sprouting upon removal – Physiological age – desired size profile
• Selecting for short, mid- or long term storage – Marketing of potatoes
• Proper timing of sprout inhibitors • Change in quality
Temperature and Dormancy
• Higher the storage temperature, shorter the dormancy period
• When warmer temperatures occurred and for how long
– In fall after harvest
– In spring, warming up seed prior to planting
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Variety 5.6 °C 7.2 °C 8.9 °C
R Burbank 175 155 130
Alpine 185 165 140
Classic 155 130 100
Umatilla 145 130 100
Owyhee 140 120 100
Premier 120 100 85
Clearwater 110 90 85
Highland 110 85 80
Ranger 100 85 80
Dormancy Length (days)
38°F & 45°F
Ranger
Russet
38°F & 60°F 38°F
Russet
Burbank
Seed storage treatments: Prior to planting in spring
a) 3.3°C until planting (no aging) b) 3.3°C and 1 month at 7.2°C prior to planting c) 3.3°C and 2 weeks at 15.6°C
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3.3°C & 7.2°C
Ranger
Russet
3.3°C & 15.6°C 3.3°C
Russet
Burbank
Emergence, stem and yield
3.
102 days
at
55°F
Ranger Russet
Russet Burbank
1.
Control
At
39°F
2.
48
days
at
55°F
4.
20 days
at
72°F
5.
45 days
at
72°F
6.
13 days
at
90°F
7.
29 days
at
90°F
Seed storage treatments: Occurred after harvest in fall
After 2 weeks of curing at 12.8°C
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3.
102 days
at
12.8°C
Ranger Russet
Russet Burbank
1.
Control
At
3.9°C
2.
48
days
at
12.8°C
4.
20 days
at
22°C
5.
45 days
at
22°C
6.
13 days
at
32°C
7.
29 days
at
32°C
2008Percent Emergence in Seven Seed Age Treatments of 'Ranger Russet' Potatoes
Days After Planting
20 25 30 35 40
% E
me
rge
nc
e
0
20
40
60
80
100Rang-1
Rang-2
Rang-3
Rang-4
Rang-5
Rang-6
Rang-7
2008Percent Emergence in Seven Seed Age
Treatments of 'Russet Burbank' Potatoes
Days After Planting
20 25 30 35 40
% E
merg
en
ce
0
20
40
60
80
100
RB-1
RB-2
RB-3
RB-4
RB-5
RB-6
RB-7
Russet Burbank Ranger Russet
Percent Emergence
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Warmer Temperature Exposure
Other Impacts on Dormancy Variety Inherent dormancy Temperature • Pre-harvest conditions
– Growing season, stress, temperature, maturity
• Post-harvest conditions – Temperature- level, duration, fluctuation – Light– affects morphology of emerging sprouts – Exogenous products
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Shepody
Sprouting at 3.3°C storage
0
20
40
60
80
100
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220Days after Harvest
Perc
en
t S
pro
uti
ng
99-00
00-01
Linear 99-00Linear 00-01
Ranger Russet Sprouting at 3.3°C storage
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Days after Harvest
Pe
rce
nt
Sp
rou
tin
g
99-00
00-01
Linear 99-00Linear 00-01
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Old
Ideal
Young
Shepody
@ 3.3°C
R.Burbank
@ 3.3°C
T
Seed Age and Performance Pe
rfo
rman
ce
T
Age
Physiological age
Performance Cultivar
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Importance of Sprout Control
Minimize weight loss
Minimize physical and processing quality changes
Maintain quality
Fresh market- no visible sprout
Seed potatoes
Storage Management - temperature, air flow
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Variety 5.6 °C 7.2 °C 8.9 °C
R Burbank 175 155 130
Alpine 185 165 140
Classic 155 130 100
Umatilla 145 130 100
Owyhee 140 120 100
Premier 120 100 85
Clearwater 110 90 85
Highland 110 85 80
Ranger 100 85 80
Dormancy Length (days)
Mean Dormancy Length (days) for Russet Burbank Year 5.6°C 7.2°C 8.9°C
99-00 175 145 135
00-01 175 155 135
01-02 175 155 135
02-03 175 150 130
03-04 175 165 150
04-05 180 170 135
05-06 180 170 135
06-07 170 155 140
07-08 180 155 130
08-09 185 155 130
+/- 15 +/- 20 +/- 20
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Sprout Control Options • Variety selection
• Low storage temperatures
• Product application – In-field
– In-storage
– Spray application at packing shed for fresh market
Major Sprout Control Products in the US
• Chlorpropham (CIPC)
• Maleic hydrazide (MH) – field applied
• Diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN; Amplify)
• Dimethylnaphthalene (DMN; 1,4-sight)
• 3-decen-2-one (SmartBlock)
• Clove oil (Biox C; Sprout Torch)- organic
• *Mint oil or other essential oils- organic
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Sprout Control Programs • CIPC based
– Thermal (forced air storage; recirculation) and/or spray application
– May have other products in mix or sequence; reduced rates
• No CIPC – Sole or multiple product programs
– Organic or non-CIPC markets
– Seed potato options
• Product for sprout control and to blacken eyes for retail fresh market – Thermal or spray
CIPC • In-storage (1° sprout inhibitor used)
• apply as thermal fog – temperature, method of application and equipment are applicator dependent
• initial application early, before pile settles, after wound healing
• depending upon cultivar, temperature and duration in storage, typically apply 15 to 25 ppm; retreat only if necessary (~10-15 ppm)
• Packing sheds
– Spray (EC) formulation applied to washed potatoes
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Maleic Hydrazide applied in field
July
Non-registered compound
Russet Burbank
Late MH + CIPC Early
MH
+ CIPC
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Maleic hydrazide
• Effective for severely retarding sprout growth
• Extend dormancy break by approximately 30 days
• Timing important
• Good for aggressive sprouting varieties
• Effective sprout control programs
– Alone
– MH-30 followed by CIPC or other sprout inhibitor in storage
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Naphthalene based products
• Diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN) – Typically, thermally applied in combination with
CIPC
• Dimethylnaphthalene (DMN) – Thermally applied alone or with CIPC program
– Aerosol canisters for shipping containers
– Thermal application to seed (30 days before planting)
3-decen-2-one (SmartBlock) Long carbon chain ketone- (3-decen-2-one)
Identified and patented by Dr. Rick Knowles of Washington State University
Registered in US and Canada in 2013 by AMVAC Chemical Corp
Chemically synthesized food additive but identical to naturally occurring substances found in food
Generally Regarded As Safe (FEMA)
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3-decen-2-one – Apply thermally
• Apply at visual initiation of sprouting most effective
• Can apply earlier prior to visual and control sprouting
• Advanced sprouting- damage sprouts. – Long-term sprout control with 1 to 3 applications depending upon storage
temperatures and variety
– Higher storage temperatures; aggressive sprouting varieties may need additional applications
– Blackens eyes; damage immediately observed; odor
– Integrate into effective sprout control programs that may include CIPC, MH, others
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Clove Oil • Distilled from Syzygium aromaticum plant
• Active ingredient is eugenol
• Organic approved in US
• Apply thermally; EC Spray
• Mode of action: physically damages sprout
Untreated CIPC Clove oil 90 ppm
Essential Oils: Clove Oil; Mint Oil
• Effective for sprout control
• Reapplication is necessary for long-term control
– 50 to 100 ppm each treatment
– Dependent upon variety and storage temperature
– ~2 to 6 week intervals
• Blackens eyes; Odor • Effective sprout control programs
– Alone (organic approved)
– MH plus clove oil (no CIPC)
– CIPC plus clove oil= true mix or sequence Days after harvest
206 235 266 297
Sp
rou
t le
ng
th (
cm
/tu
ber)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
PeppermintSpearmintUntreatedCIPC
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Spearmint Peppermint Untreated CIPC
Russet Burbank after 9 months in 7.2°C storage
(8 applications of mint oil)
Taste difference
3-decen-2-one (SmartBlock) and clove oil on sprout control
• Variety: Chipeta; Temperature: 8.9°C
• 3 applications of either clove oil or 3-decen-2-one at ~ same time
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Current Major Sprout Control Options
Variety selection and cooler temperatures Maleic Hydrazide – field application; 30 day longer dormancy; slow sprout
growth
CIPC – highly effective
DMN and DIPN – mild sprout suppressants; use in combination with CIPC
Clove oil- organic; mix with CIPC; blackens sprouts
3-decen-2-one – alone or in combination with others. Blackens sprouts
• Development of integrated programs
• New chemistries
CIPC Stewardship
~ Global Priority
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6/12/09
Untreated 2.5 ppm 10 ppm 5 ppm
Seed Exposure to CIPC
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Swabbing for CIPC residues (ppm)
Treated Bins
Pre- application
September
After application
December
After cleaning
August
Bin 1 Both years prior 18 240 3
Bin 2 Both years prior 35 1,100 3
Bin 3 Both years prior 19 320 2
Bin4 Only 1 year prior 10 210 4
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Variety
Dormancy
Processing Quality
Attributes
Dry Rot
Potential
Weight
Loss
Suggested Use
Glucose Mottling Fresh Process
Russet Burbank long mod mod mod low X X
Alturas short mod low low - X
Alpine Russet long low low high-mod mod-low X
Bannock Russet mod mod low mod-low - X X
Blazer Russet mod mod mod-low mod - X
Classic Russet mod mod mod high-mod mod X
Clearwater Russet short low low high mod-low X X
Highland Russet short mod high mod-low mod X
Owyhee Russet mod low low mod mod X X
Premier Russet short low low high high X
Ranger Russet short mod high mod low X
Umatilla Russet mod mod-low high high-mod - X
Western Russet short mod low low low X X
mod = moderate Dormancy: (days after harvest) long >150 days, mod 101-149 days, short <100 days until sprout elongation begins when stored at 7.2°C Glucose: high≥0.1, mod 0.051-0.1, low≤0.05 at ~160 days after harvest when stored at 7.2°C Mottling: is the dark colored flecking that can occur in french fried potatoes, Weight Loss: is classified relative to Russet Burbank (RB), where high ≥ 2x that of RB, mod is 1.1-1.9x RB, and low = RB Weight loss: “-”denotes data not available
Sprouting in Storage: Impact and Control
• Variety
• Market sector
• Field and Storage Conditions
• Control Options
• Quality Maintenance
CRAAQ - Colloque sur la pomme de terre 2016