spsas climate change - são paulo school of advanced ... · rafael gonçalves santos¹, prof. dr....
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URBAN CLIMATE AND TERRITORIAL PLANNING FOR THE MEGA CITY OF SÃO PAULO – SP, BRAZIL
SPSAS Climate Change - São Paulo School of Advanced Science on Climate Change: Scientific Basis, Adaptation, Vulnerability and Mitigation
Rafael Gonçalves Santos¹, Prof. Dr. António Lopes¹, Profa. Dra. Alessandra Prata Shimomura², Profa. Dra. Magda Adelaide Lombardo³ ¹University of Lisbon, IGOT - Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Lisbon, Portugal. [email protected]; [email protected]; ²Department of Technology of Architecture – LABAUT. Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism at the University of São
Paulo, Brazil. [email protected]; ³São Paulo State University, Institute of Geosciences and Exact Sciences, Rio Claro, Brazil. [email protected].
Urban Density- Cluster Analysis - Kmeans
• z0 lower than 0.5 m, • zD negligible, • length in one direction, at
least 1000m, • sufficiently great width,
at least 50m, • the edges of paths should
be comparatively smooth, • the width of the obstacles
should not be greater than 10%,
• the height of the obstacle should not be greater then 10 m,
• obstacles should be oriented parallel to the axis of the path,
• single obstacles should have a ratio of height to horizontal distance of 0.1 for buildings and 0.2 for trees.
Ventilation Paths - Matzarakis e Mayer (1992)
20 m parallel lines perpendicular to the prevailing wind (SE – NW)
Roughness Length, z0
The ratio of the volume of the open air and the volume of the entire Urban Canopy Layer (UCL) referring to the same area.
Porosity - Ved/ Vc
Ratio or Factor H/W
The geometry of a street canyon are expressed by its ‘aspect ratio’ including the ratio of the height of the building (H) to width of the street (W).
Introduction
The cities currently represent the spaces in which the thermal
component and the air circulation are constantly changed,
resulting in higher air and urban areas temperature compared
with surround areas (Urban heat island and surface). The
analysis of the Morphometric Indexes - Roughness Length,
Urban Porosity and Factor H/W, allows to infer about the
Urban Density and the Climatopes Classification, to promote
the maintenance and management of potential ventilation
paths, with significant advantages for climate sensitive urban
planning in the megacity of São Paulo.
Creating Analysis Units and Parameters
Cells - height of buildings, facade area and volume of building, space between buildings.
Cells - 100x100 m - Create a Fishnet
H - Height of Buildings
• Data – Vector-based buildings data-base
• Remote Detection - Ikonos, 1m, 2011 – Land use and land cover. Aster GDEM – Topography; Landsat TM/5 e 8, 30m – Land Surface Temperature
• Models and Software - ArcGis10.2.2, QGIS, MSAccess, Excel, Envi-Met, Wasp, Rayman, eCognition
Data Base
CORREIA, E.; LOPES, A.; MARQUES, D. An automatic GIS procedure to calculate urban densities to use in Urban Climatic Maps. In: 9th International Conference on Urban Climate 12th Symposium on the Urban Environment, Tolouse – France, 2015. DAVENPORT AG, GRIMMOND CSB, OKE TR, WIERINGA J. Estimating the roughness of cities and sheltered country. In: Proceedings of the 12th conference on applied climatology. Boston: American Meteorological Society. p. 96–9, 2000. GÁL T, UNGER J. Detection of ventilation paths using high-resolution roughness parameter mapping in a large urban area. Building and Environment. p.198-206, 2009. MATZARAKIS, A.; MAYER, H. Mapping of urban air paths for planning in Munchen. Wiss Ber Inst. Meteorol. Klimaforsch. Univ. Karlsruhe. p. 16, 13-22, 1992. PRATA SHIMOMURA, A. R.; LOPES, A. S. ; CORREIA, E. . Urban Climatic Map Studies in Brazil: Campinas. In: Edward Ng; Chao Ren. (Org.). The Urban Climatic Map: A Methodology for Sustainable Urban Planning. 1ed.New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group. v. 1, p. 1-528, 2015.
Estimate values for
favelas
Simulate all wind
directions
Validation of results
Irregular Morphology
Limitations
Speed up the process of creating
UCMaps
Further variables can to be
incorporated
Climate Risk Management
“Hot Spots” to simulate in the
Microscale
Dispersion of Pollutants
Local Climate Zones
Potentials
• The model can be envisaged as a good tool for calculate
indexes urban to megacities – simple and quick way.
• The results promoting the maintenance and
management of potential ventilation paths in the
megacity of São Paulo and other cities in Brazil.
• Contribute to urban planning for estimate futures
scenarios for tropical cities .
Conclusions
References
Regular block buildings
Block buildings Windward Frontal Area
K z0 Porosity H/W Density
1 0.008088 0.188734 0.00000 Low
2 0.368565 0.728835 0.133064 Moderate
3 0.59377 1.683253 1.046872 High
4 0.866795 1.532521 2.736135 Very High
5 1.885009 3.046836 3.620008 Extreme
Wind Simulation (Wasp)
z0 +
Topography
Bioclimatic Comfort
Ta - Air temperature, RH - humidity, W- Wind, Tmrt - Mean
radiant temperature
Climatic
Guidelines to
Urban Planning