sql queries for non sap applications

7/25/2019 SQL Queries for Non SAP Applications

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SQL Queries for Non SAP Applications:

SQL SELECT Statement________________________________________This chapter will

explain the SELECT and the SELECT *

statements.________________________________________The SQL SELECT Statement

The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.

The result is stored in a result table, called the result-set.

SQL SELECT Sntax

SELECT column_name!s"

#$%& table_name

and

SELECT * #$%& table_name

'ote( SQL is not case sensiti)e. SELECT is the same as

select.________________________________________n SQL SELECT Example

The +ersons+ table(

_d Last'ame #irst'ame ddress Cit

/ansen %la Timotei)n 0 Sandnes

1 S)endson To)e 2or3)n 14 Sandnes

4 ettersen 5ari Stor3t 10 Sta)an3er

'ow we want to select the content of the columns named +Last'ame+ and +#irst'ame+ from

the table abo)e.6e use the followin3 SELECT statement(

SELECT Last'ame,#irst'ame #$%& ersons

The result-set will loo7 li7e this(

Last'ame #irst'ame

/ansen %la

S)endson To)e

ettersen 5ari

SELECT * Example


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'ow we want to select all the columns from the +ersons+ table.

6e use the followin3 SELECT statement(

SELECT * #$%& ersons

Tip( The asteris7 !*" is a 8uic7 wa of selectin3 all columns9






SQL SELECT :ST'CT Statement________________________________________This

chapter will explain the SELECT :ST'CT

statement.________________________________________

The SQL SELECT :ST'CT Statement

n a table, some of the columns ma contain duplicate )alues. This is not a problem, howe)er,

sometimes ou will want to list onl the different !distinct" )alues in a table.

The :ST'CT 7eword can be used to return onl distinct !different" )alues.

SQL SELECT :ST'CT Sntax

SELECT :ST'CT column_name!s"

#$%& table_name

________________________________________

SELECT :ST'CT Example

The +ersons+ table(






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'ow we want to select onl the distinct )alues from the column named +Cit+ from the table

abo)e.


SELECT :ST'CT Cit #$%& ersons


Cit

Sandnes

Sta)an3er

SQL 6/E$E Clause

The 6/E$E clause is used to filter

records.________________________________________

The 6/E$E Clause

The 6/E$E clause is used to extract onl those records that fulfill a specified criterion.

SQL 6/E$E Sntax


#$%& table_name

6/E$E column_name operator )alue

________________________________________

6/E$E Clause Example

The +ersons+ table(





'ow we want to select onl the persons li)in3 in the cit +Sandnes+ from the table abo)e.



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6/E$E Cit;


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%perator :escription

; E8ual

AB 'ot e8ual

B reater than

A Less than

B; reater than or e8ual

A; Less than or e8ual

2ET6EE' 2etween an inclusi)e ran3e

L5E Search for a pattern

' To specif multiple possible )alues for a column

'ote( n some )ersions of SQL the AB operator ma be written as 9;

SQL ': D %$ %perators________________________________________

The ': D %$ operators are used to filter records based on more than one condition.

________________________________________

The ': D %$ %perators

The ': operator displas a record if both the first condition and the second condition is

true.

The %$ operator displas a record if either the first condition or the second condition is true.

________________________________________

': %perator Example

The +ersons+ table(





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'ow we want to select onl the persons with the first name e8ual to +To)e+ ': the last

name e8ual to +S)endson+(



6/E$E #irst'ame;


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=ou can also combine ': and %$ !use parenthesis to form complex expressions".

'ow we want to select onl the persons with the last name e8ual to +S)endson+ ': the first

name e8ual to +To)e+ %$ to +%la+(


SELECT * #$%& ersons 6/E$E

Last'ame;


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The +ersons+ table(





F 'ilsen Tom Gin3)n 14 Sta)an3er

'ow we want to select all the persons from the table abo)e, howe)er, we want to sort the

persons b their last name.



%$:E$ 2= Last'ame







%$:E$ 2= :ESC Example

'ow we want to select all the persons from the table abo)e, howe)er, we want to sort the

persons descendin3 b their last name.



%$:E$ 2= Last'ame :ESC


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SQL 'SE$T 'T% Statement________________________________________

The 'SE$T 'T% statement is used to insert new records in a table.

________________________________________

The 'SE$T 'T% Statement

The 'SE$T 'T% statement is used to insert a new row in a table.

SQL 'SE$T 'T% Sntax

t is possible to write the 'SE$T 'T% statement in two forms.

The first form doesn


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'ow we want to insert a new row in the +ersons+ table.

6e use the followin3 SQL statement(

'SE$T 'T% ersons

GLHES !F,


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F 'ilsen Iohan 2a77en 1 Sta)an3er

@ TJessem Ia7ob

SQL H:TE Statement________________________________________

The H:TE statement is used to update records in a table.

________________________________________

The H:TE Statement

The H:TE statement is used to update existin3 records in a table.

SQL H:TE Sntax

H:TE table_name

SET column;)alue, column1;)alue1,...

6/E$E some_column;some_)alue

'ote( 'otice the 6/E$E clause in the H:TE sntax. The 6/E$E clause specifies which

record or records that should be updated. f ou omit the 6/E$E clause, all records will be

updated9

SQL H:TE Example

The +ersons+ table(






@ TJessem Ia7ob


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'ow we want to update the person +TJessem, Ia7ob+ in the +ersons+ table.


H:TE ersons

SET ddress;


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SQL :ELETE Statement________________________________________

The :ELETE statement is used to delete records in a table.

________________________________________

The :ELETE Statement

The :ELETE statement is used to delete rows in a table.

SQL :ELETE Sntax

:ELETE #$%& table_name

6/E$E some_column;some_)alue

'ote( 'otice the 6/E$E clause in the :ELETE sntax. The 6/E$E clause specifies which

record or records that should be deleted. f ou omit the 6/E$E clause, all records will be

deleted9

________________________________________

SQL :ELETE Example

The +ersons+ table(






@ TJessem Ia7ob 'issestien ?K Sandnes

'ow we want to delete the person +TJessem, Ia7ob+ in the +ersons+ table.


:ELETE #$%& ersons

6/E$E Last'ame;


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________________________________________

:elete ll $ows

t is possible to delete all rows in a table without deletin3 the table. This means that the table

structure, attributes, and indexes will be intact(

:ELETE #$%& table_name

or

:ELETE * #$%& table_name

'ote( 2e )er careful when deletin3 records. =ou cannot undo this statement9

SQL T% Clause________________________________________

The T% Clause

The T% clause is used to specif the number of records to return.

The T% clause can be )er useful on lar3e tables with thousands of records. $eturnin3 a

lar3e number of records can impact on performance.

'ote( 'ot all database sstems support the T% clause.

SQL Ser)er Sntax

SELECT T% numberpercent column_name!s"

#$%& table_name

________________________________________


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SQL SELECT T% E8ui)alent in &SQL and %racle

&SQL Sntax


#$%& table_name

L&T number

Example

SELECT *

#$%& ersons

L&T @

%racle Sntax


#$%& table_name

6/E$E $%6'H& A; number

Example

SELECT *

#$%& ersons

6/E$E $%6'H& A;@

SQL T% Example

The +ersons+ table(






'ow we want to select onl the two first records in the table abo)e.



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SELECT T% 1 * #$%& ersons





________________________________________

SQL T% E$CE'T Example

The +ersons+ table(






'ow we want to select onl @0 of the records in the table abo)e.


SELECT T% @0 E$CE'T * #$%& ersons





SQL L5E %perator________________________________________

The L5E operator is used in a 6/E$E clause to search for a specified pattern in a

column.________________________________________

The L5E %perator

The L5E operator is used to search for a specified pattern in a column.


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SQL L5E Sntax


#$%& table_name

6/E$E column_name L5E pattern

________________________________________

Example

The +ersons+ table(





'ow we want to select the persons li)in3 in a cit that starts with +s+ from the table abo)e.



6/E$E Cit L5E


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6/E$E Cit L5E


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#$%& table_name

6/E$E column_name ' !)alue,)alue1,..."

________________________________________

' %perator Example

The +ersons+ table(





'ow we want to select the persons with a last name e8ual to +/ansen+ or +ettersen+ from

the table abo)e.



6/E$E Last'ame ' !


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#$%& table_name

6/E$E column_name

2ET6EE' )alue ': )alue1

________________________________________

2ET6EE' %perator Example

The +ersons+ table(





'ow we want to select the persons with a last name alphabeticall between +/ansen+ and

+ettersen+ from the table abo)e.



6/E$E Last'ame

2ET6EE'


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Therefore( Chec7 how our database treats the 2ET6EE' operator.

________________________________________

Example 1

To displa the persons outside the ran3e in the pre)ious example, use '%T 2ET6EE'(


6/E$E Last'ame

'%T 2ET6EE'


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________________________________________

lias Example

ssume we ha)e a table called +ersons+ and another table called +roduct_%rders+. 6e will

3i)e the table aliases of +p+ and +po+ respecti)el.

'ow we want to list all the orders that +%la /ansen+ is responsible for.


SELECT po.%rder:, p.Last'ame, p.#irst'ame

#$%& ersons S p,

roduct_%rders S po

6/E$E p.Last'ame;


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'ote that the +_d+ column is the primar 7e in the +ersons+ table. This means that no two

rows can ha)e the same _d. The _d distin3uishes two persons e)en if the ha)e the same

name.

'ext, we ha)e the +%rders+ table(

%_d %rder'o _d

KKN>@ 4

1 FF?KN 4

4 11F@?

F 1F@?1

@ 4FK?F @

'ote that the +%_d+ column is the primar 7e in the +%rders+ table and that the +_d+column refers to the persons in the +ersons+ table without usin3 their names.

'otice that the relationship between the two tables abo)e is the +_d+ column.

________________________________________

:ifferent SQL I%'s

2efore we continue with examples, we will list the tpes of I%' ou can use, and the

differences between them.

O I%'( $eturn rows when there is at least one match in both tables

O LE#T I%'( $eturn all rows from the left table, e)en if there are no matches in the

ri3ht table

O $/T I%'( $eturn all rows from the ri3ht table, e)en if there are no matches in the

left table


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O #HLL I%'( $eturn rows when there is a match in one of the tables

SQL ''E$ I%' 5eword

SQL ''E$ I%' 5eword

The ''E$ I%' 7eword return rows when there is at least one match in both tables.

SQL ''E$ I%' Sntax


#$%& table_name

''E$ I%' table_name1

%' table_name.column_name;table_name1.column_name

S( ''E$ I%' is the same as I%'.

SQL ''E$ I%' Example

The +ersons+ table(





The +%rders+ table(

%_d %rder'o _d

KKN>@ 4

1 FF?KN 4

4 11F@?

F 1F@?1


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@ 4FK?F @

'ow we want to list all the persons with an orders.


SELECT ersons.Last'ame, ersons.#irst'ame, %rders.%rder'o

#$%& ersons

''E$ I%' %rders

%' ersons._d;%rders._d

%$:E$ 2= ersons.Last'ame


Last'ame #irst'ame %rder'o

/ansen %la 11F@?

/ansen %la 1F@?1

ettersen 5ari KKN>@

ettersen 5ari FF?KN

The ''E$ I%' 7eword return rows when there is at least one match in both tables. fthere are rows in +ersons+ that do not ha)e matches in +%rders+, those rows will '%T be

listed.

SQL LE#T I%' 5eword________________________________________

SQL LE#T I%' 5eword

The LE#T I%' 7eword returns all rows from the left table !table_name", e)en if there are

no matches in the ri3ht table !table_name1".

SQL LE#T I%' Sntax


#$%& table_name

LE#T I%' table_name1


S( n some databases LE#T I%' is called LE#T %HTE$ I%'.

SQL LE#T I%' Example


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The +ersons+ table(





The +%rders+ table(

%_d %rder'o _d

KKN>@ 4

1 FF?KN 4

4 11F@?

F 1F@?1

@ 4FK?F @

'ow we want to list all the persons and their orders - if an, from the tables abo)e.



#$%& ersons

LE#T I%' %rders




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/ansen %la 11F@?

/ansen %la 1F@?1

ettersen 5ari KKN>@

ettersen 5ari FF?KN

S)endson To)e

The LE#T I%' 7eword returns all the rows from the left table !ersons", e)en if there are

no matches in the ri3ht table !%rders".

SQL $/T I%' 5eword________________________________________

SQL $/T I%' 5eword

The $/T I%' 7eword returns all the rows from the ri3ht table !table_name1", e)en if

there are no matches in the left table !table_name".

SQL $/T I%' Sntax


#$%& table_name

$/T I%' table_name1


S( n some databases $/T I%' is called $/T %HTE$ I%'.

________________________________________

SQL $/T I%' Example

The +ersons+ table(





The +%rders+ table(

%_d %rder'o _d


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KKN>@ 4

1 FF?KN 4

4 11F@?

F 1F@?1

@ 4FK?F @

'ow we want to list all the orders with containin3 persons - if an, from the tables abo)e.



#$%& ersons

$/T I%' %rders





/ansen %la 11F@?

/ansen %la 1F@?1

ettersen 5ari KKN>@

ettersen 5ari FF?KN

4FK?F

The $/T I%' 7eword returns all the rows from the ri3ht table !%rders", e)en if there are

no matches in the left table !ersons".

SQL #HLL I%' 5eword

SQL #HLL I%' 5eword

The #HLL I%' 7eword return rows when there is a match in one of the tables.

SQL #HLL I%' Sntax


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#$%& table_name

#HLL I%' table_name1


SQL #HLL I%' Example

The +ersons+ table(





The +%rders+ table(

%_d %rder'o _d

KKN>@ 4

1 FF?KN 4

4 11F@?

F 1F@?1

@ 4FK?F @

'ow we want to list all the persons and their orders, and all the orders with their persons.



#$%& ersons

#HLL I%' %rders






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/ansen %la 11F@?

/ansen %la 1F@?1

ettersen 5ari KKN>@

ettersen 5ari FF?KN

S)endson To)e

4FK?F

The #HLL I%' 7eword returns all the rows from the left table !ersons", and all the rows

from the ri3ht table !%rders". f there are rows in +ersons+ that do not ha)e matches in

+%rders+, or if there are rows in +%rders+ that do not ha)e matches in +ersons+, those rows

will be listed as well.

SQL H'%' %perator________________________________________

The SQL H'%' operator combines two or more SELECT

statements.________________________________________

The SQL H'%' %perator

The H'%' operator is used to combine the result-set of two or more SELECT statements.

'otice that each SELECT statement within the H'%' must ha)e the same number of

columns. The columns must also ha)e similar data tpes. lso, the columns in each SELECTstatement must be in the same order.

SQL H'%' Sntax

SELECT column_name!s" #$%& table_name

H'%'

SELECT column_name!s" #$%& table_name1

'ote( The H'%' operator selects onl distinct )alues b default. To allow duplicate )alues,use H'%' LL.

SQL H'%' LL Sntax

SELECT column_name!s" #$%& table_name

H'%' LL

SELECT column_name!s" #$%& table_name1

S( The column names in the result-set of a H'%' are alwas e8ual to the column names in

the first SELECT statement in the H'%'.


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SQL H'%' Example

Loo7 at the followin3 tables(

+Emploees_'orwa+(

E_: E_'ame

0 /ansen, %la

01 S)endson, To)e

04 S)endson, Stephen

0F ettersen, 5ari

+Emploees_HS+(

E_: E_'ame

0 Turner, Sall

01 5ent, Clar7

04 S)endson, Stephen

0F Scott, Stephen

'ow we want to list all the different emploees in 'orwa and HS.


SELECT E_'ame #$%& Emploees_'orwa

H'%'

SELECT E_'ame #$%& Emploees_HS


E_'ame

/ansen, %la

S)endson, To)e

S)endson, Stephen

ettersen, 5ari

Turner, Sall

5ent, Clar7


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Scott, Stephen

'ote( This command cannot be used to list all emploees in 'orwa and HS. n the

example abo)e we ha)e two emploees with e8ual names, and onl one of them will be

listed. The H'%' command selects onl distinct )alues.

SQL H'%' LL Example

'ow we want to list all emploees in 'orwa and HS(

SELECT E_'ame #$%& Emploees_'orwa

H'%' LL

SELECT E_'ame #$%& Emploees_HS

$esult

E_'ame

/ansen, %la

S)endson, To)e

S)endson, Stephen

ettersen, 5ari

Turner, Sall

5ent, Clar7

S)endson, Stephen

Scott, Stephen

SQL 'HLL Galues

________________________________________

'HLL )alues represent missin3 un7nown data.

2 default, a table column can hold 'HLL )alues.

This chapter will explain the S 'HLL and S '%T 'HLL operators.

________________________________________

SQL 'HLL Galues


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f a column in a table is optional, we can insert a new record or update an existin3 record

without addin3 a )alue to this column. This means that the field will be sa)ed with a 'HLL

)alue.

'HLL )alues are treated differentl from other )alues.

'HLL is used as a placeholder for un7nown or inapplicable )alues.

'ote( t is not possible to compare 'HLL and 0M the are not e8ui)alent.

________________________________________

SQL 6or7in3 with 'HLL Galues

Loo7 at the followin3 +ersons+ table(


/ansen %la Sandnes


4 ettersen 5ari Sta)an3er

Suppose that the +ddress+ column in the +ersons+ table is optional. This means that if we

insert a record with no )alue for the +ddress+ column, the +ddress+ column will be sa)ed

with a 'HLL )alue.

/ow can we test for 'HLL )aluesP

t is not possible to test for 'HLL )alues with comparison operators, such as ;, A, or AB.

6e will ha)e to use the S 'HLL and S '%T 'HLL operators instead.

SQL S 'HLL

/ow do we select onl the records with 'HLL )alues in the +ddress+ columnP

6e will ha)e to use the S 'HLL operator(

SELECT Last'ame,#irst'ame,ddress #$%& ersons

6/E$E ddress S 'HLL


Last'ame #irst'ame ddress

/ansen %la

ettersen 5ari


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Tip( lwas use S 'HLL to loo7 for 'HLL )alues.

SQL S '%T 'HLL

/ow do we select onl the records with no 'HLL )alues in the +ddress+ columnP

6e will ha)e to use the S '%T 'HLL operator(

SELECT Last'ame,#irst'ame,ddress #$%& ersons

6/E$E ddress S '%T 'HLL


Last'ame #irst'ame ddress

S)endson To)e 2or3)n 14

n the next chapter we will loo7 at the S'HLL!", 'GL!", #'HLL!" and C%LESCE!"

functions.

2 default, a table column can hold 'HLL

)alues.________________________________________

SQL '%T 'HLL Constraint

The '%T 'HLL constraint enforces a column to '%T accept 'HLL )alues.

The '%T 'HLL constraint enforces a field to alwas contain a )alue. This means that ou

cannot insert a new record, or update a record without addin3 a )alue to this field.

The followin3 SQL enforces the +_d+ column and the +Last'ame+ column to not accept

'HLL )alues(

C$ETE T2LE ersons

!

_d int '%T 'HLL,

Last'ame )archar!1@@" '%T 'HLL,

#irst'ame )archar!1@@",

ddress )archar!1@@",

Cit )archar!1@@"

SQL :ate #unctions________________________________________

SQL :ates


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The most difficult part when wor7in3 with dates is to be sure that the format of the date ou

are trin3 to insert, matches the format of the date column in the database.

s lon3 as our data contains onl the date portion, our 8ueries will wor7 as expected.

/owe)er, if a time portion is in)ol)ed, it 3ets complicated.

2efore tal7in3 about the complications of 8uerin3 for dates, we will loo7 at the most

important built-in functions for wor7in3 with dates.

________________________________________

&SQL :ate #unctions

The followin3 table lists the most important built-in date functions in &SQL(

#unction :escription

'%6!"

$eturns the current date and time

CH$:TE!"

$eturns the current date

CH$T&E!"

$eturns the current time

:TE!"

Extracts the date part of a date or datetime expression

ERT$CT!"

$eturns a sin3le part of a datetime

:TE_::!"

dds a specified time inter)al to a date

:TE_SH2!"

Subtracts a specified time inter)al from a date

:TE:##!"

$eturns the number of das between two dates

:TE_#%$&T!"


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:isplas datetime data in different formats

SQL Ser)er :ate #unctions

The followin3 table lists the most important built-in date functions in SQL Ser)er(

#unction :escription

ET:TE!"

$eturns the current date and time

:TE$T!"

$eturns a sin3le part of a datetime

:TE::!"

dds or subtracts a specified time inter)al from a date

:TE:##!"

$eturns the time between two dates

C%'GE$T!"

:isplas datetime data in different formats

________________________________________

SQL :ate :ata Tpes

&SQL comes with the followin3 data tpes for storin3 a date or a datetime )alue in the

database(

O :TE - format ====-&&-::

O :TET&E - format( ====-&&-:: //(&&(SS

O T&EST& - format( ====-&&-:: //(&&(SS

O =E$ - format ==== or ==

SQL Ser)er comes with the followin3 data tpes for storin3 a date or a datetime )alue in the

database(

O :TE - format ====-&&-::

O :TET&E - format( ====-&&-:: //(&&(SS

O S&LL:TET&E - format( ====-&&-:: //(&&(SS


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O T&EST& - format( a uni8ue number

'ote( The date tpes are chosen for a column when ou create a new table in our database9

#or an o)er)iew of all data tpes a)ailable, 3o to our complete :ata Tpes reference.

________________________________________

SQL 6or7in3 with :ates

=ou can compare two dates easil if there is no time component in)ol)ed9

ssume we ha)e the followin3 +%rders+ table(

%rderd roduct'ame %rder:ate

eitost 100N--

1 Camembert ierrot 100N--0>

4 &oarella di io)anni 100N--

F &ascarpone #abioli 100N-0-1>

'ow we want to select the records with an %rder:ate of +100N--+ from the table abo)e.


SELECT * #$%& %rders 6/E$E %rder:ate;


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f we use the same SELECT statement as abo)e(

SELECT * #$%& %rders 6/E$E %rder:ate;


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'SE$T 'T% %rders !roduct'ame" GLHES !


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Example

ssume we ha)e the followin3 +%rders+ table(

%rderd roduct'ame %rder:ate

Iarlsber3 Cheese 100N-- 4(14(FF.?@K

The followin3 SELECT statement(

SELECT roduct'ame, :TE!%rder:ate" S %rder:ate

#$%& %rders

6/E$E %rderd;

will result in this(

roduct'ame %rder:ate

Iarlsber3 Cheese 100N--

SQL Ser)er ET:TE!" #unction

________________________________________

:efinition and Hsa3e

The ET:TE!" function returns the current date and time from the SQL Ser)er.

Sntax

ET:TE!"

Example

The followin3 SELECT statement(

SELECT ET:TE!" S Current:ateTime

will result in somethin3 li7e this(

Current:ateTime

100N-- 1(F@(4F.1F4

'ote( The time part abo)e 3oes all the wa to milliseconds.

Example


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The followin3 SQL creates an +%rders+ table with a datetime column !%rder:ate"(

C$ETE T2LE %rders

!%rderd int '%T 'HLL $&$= 5E=,

roduct'ame )archar!@0" '%T 'HLL,

%rder:ate datetime '%T 'HLL :E#HLT ET:TE!""

'otice that the %rder:ate column specifies ET:TE!" as the default )alue. s a result,

when ou insert a row into the table, the current date and time are automaticall inserted into

the column.

'ow we want to insert a record into the +%rders+ table(

'SE$T 'T% %rders !roduct'ame" GLHES !


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Galue

!centur " Galue

!centur "nput%utput Standard

- 0 or 00 mon dd hh(mi& !or &" :efault

0 mmdd HS

1 01 .mm.dd 'S

4 04 ddmm 2ritish#rench

F 0F dd.mm. erman

@ 0@ dd-mm- talian

? 0? dd mon

K 0K &on dd,

N 0N hh(mm(ss

- > or 0> mon dd hh(mi(ss(mmm& !or &" :efaultmillisec

0 0 mm-dd- HS

mmdd Iapan

1 1 mmdd S%

- 4 or 4 dd mon hh(mi(ss(mmm !1Fh"

F F hh(mi(ss(mmm !1Fh"

- 10 or 10 -mm-dd hh(mi(ss !1Fh"

- 1 or 1 -mm-dd hh(mi(ss.mmm !1Fh"

- 1? -mm-ddThh(mi(ss.mmm !no spaces" S%N?0

- 40 dd mon hh(mi(ss(mmm& /iJiri

- 4 ddmm hh(mi(ss(mmm&/iJiri

________________________________________

Example


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The followin3 script uses the C%'GE$T!" function to displa different formats. 6e will use

the ET:TE!" function to 3et the current datetime(

C%'GE$T!G$C/$!>",ET:TE!""

C%'GE$T!G$C/$!0",ET:TE!",0"

C%'GE$T!G$C/$!0",ET:TE!",0"

C%'GE$T!G$C/$!",ET:TE!",?"

C%'GE$T!G$C/$!",ET:TE!",0?"

C%'GE$T!G$C/$!1F",ET:TE!",4"

The result would loo7 somethin3 li7e this(

'o) 0F 10 (F@ &

-0F-

-0F-10

0F 'o)

0F 'o) 10

0F 'o) 10 (F@(4F(1F4

SQL #unctions________________________________________

SQL has man built-in functions for performin3 calculations on data.

________________________________________

SQL 33re3ate #unctions

SQL a33re3ate functions return a sin3le )alue, calculated from )alues in a column.

Hseful a33re3ate functions(

O G!" - $eturns the a)era3e )alue

O C%H'T!" - $eturns the number of rows

O #$ST!" - $eturns the first )alue

O LST!" - $eturns the last )alue


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O &R!" - $eturns the lar3est )alue

O &'!" - $eturns the smallest )alue

O SH&!" - $eturns the sum

________________________________________

SQL Scalar functions

SQL scalar functions return a sin3le )alue, based on the input )alue.

Hseful scalar functions(

O HCSE!" - Con)erts a field to upper case

O LCSE!" - Con)erts a field to lower case

O &:!" - Extract characters from a text field

O LE'!" - $eturns the len3th of a text field

O $%H':!" - $ounds a numeric field to the number of decimals specified

O '%6!" - $eturns the current sstem date and time

O #%$&T!" - #ormats how a field is to be displaed

Tip( The a33re3ate functions and the scalar functions will be explained in details in the nextchapters.

SQL G!" #unction________________________________________

The G!" #unction

The G!" function returns the a)era3e )alue of a numeric column.

SQL G!" Sntax

SELECT G!column_name" #$%& table_name

SQL G!" Example

6e ha)e the followin3 +%rders+ table(


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%_d %rder:ate %rderrice Customer

100N1 000 /ansen

1 100N014 ?00 'ilsen

4 100N0>01 K00 /ansen

F 100N0>04 400 /ansen

@ 100N0N40 1000 Iensen

? 100N00F 00 'ilsen

'ow we want to find the a)era3e )alue of the +%rderrice+ fields.


SELECT G!%rderrice" S %rder)era3e #$%& %rders


%rder)era3e

>@0

'ow we want to find the customers that ha)e an %rderrice )alue hi3her than the a)era3e

%rderrice )alue.


SELECT Customer #$%& %rders

6/E$E %rderriceB!SELECT G!%rderrice" #$%& %rders"


Customer

/ansen

'ilsen

Iensen

SQL C%H'T!" #unction________________________________________

The C%H'T!" function returns the number of rows that matches a specified criteria.


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________________________________________

SQL C%H'T!column_name" Sntax

The C%H'T!column_name" function returns the number of )alues !'HLL )alues will not be

counted" of the specified column(

SELECT C%H'T!column_name" #$%& table_name

SQL C%H'T!*" Sntax

The C%H'T!*" function returns the number of records in a table(

SELECT C%H'T!*" #$%& table_name

SQL C%H'T!:ST'CT column_name" Sntax

The C%H'T!:ST'CT column_name" function returns the number of distinct )alues of the

specified column(

SELECT C%H'T!:ST'CT column_name" #$%& table_name

'ote( C%H'T!:ST'CT" wor7s with %$CLE and &icrosoft SQL Ser)er, but not with

&icrosoft ccess.

________________________________________

SQL C%H'T!column_name" Example



100N1 000 /ansen

1 100N014 ?00 'ilsen

4 100N0>01 K00 /ansen

F 100N0>04 400 /ansen

@ 100N0N40 1000 Iensen

? 100N00F 00 'ilsen

'ow we want to count the number of orders from +Customer 'ilsen+.


SELECT C%H'T!Customer" S Customer'ilsen #$%& %rders


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6/E$E Customer;


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SQL &R!" Example



100N1 000 /ansen

1 100N014 ?00 'ilsen

4 100N0>01 K00 /ansen

F 100N0>04 400 /ansen

@ 100N0N40 1000 Iensen

? 100N00F 00 'ilsen

'ow we want to find the lar3est )alue of the +%rderrice+ column.


SELECT &R!%rderrice" S Lar3est%rderrice #$%& %rders


Lar3est%rderrice

1000

SQL &'!" #unction________________________________________

The &'!" #unction

The &'!" function returns the smallest )alue of the selected column.

SQL &'!" Sntax

SELECT &'!column_name" #$%& table_name

SQL &'!" Example



100N1 000 /ansen

1 100N014 ?00 'ilsen


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4 100N0>01 K00 /ansen

F 100N0>04 400 /ansen

@ 100N0N40 1000 Iensen

? 100N00F 00 'ilsen

'ow we want to find the smallest )alue of the +%rderrice+ column.


SELECT &'!%rderrice" S Smallest%rderrice #$%& %rders


Smallest%rderrice

00

SQL SH&!" #unction________________________________________

The SH&!" #unction

The SH&!" function returns the total sum of a numeric column.

SQL SH&!" Sntax

SELECT SH&!column_name" #$%& table_name

SQL SH&!" Example



100N1 000 /ansen

1 100N014 ?00 'ilsen

4 100N0>01 K00 /ansen

F 100N0>04 400 /ansen

@ 100N0N40 1000 Iensen

? 100N00F 00 'ilsen

'ow we want to find the sum of all +%rderrice+ fields+.


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SELECT SH&!%rderrice" S %rderTotal #$%& %rders


%rderTotal

@K00

SQL $%H 2= Statement________________________________________

33re3ate functions often need an added $%H 2= statement.

The $%H 2= Statement

The $%H 2= statement is used in conJunction with the a33re3ate functions to 3roup the

result-set b one or more columns.

SQL $%H 2= Sntax

SELECT column_name, a33re3ate_function!column_name"

#$%& table_name


$%H 2= column_name

SQL $%H 2= Example(- 6e ha)e the followin3 +%rders+ table(


100N1 000 /ansen

1 100N014 ?00 'ilsen

4 100N0>01 K00 /ansen

F 100N0>04 400 /ansen

@ 100N0N40 1000 Iensen

? 100N00F 00 'ilsen

'ow we want to find the total sum !total order" of each customer.

6e will ha)e to use the $%H 2= statement to 3roup the customers.



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SELECT Customer,SH&!%rderrice" #$%& %rders

$%H 2= Customer


Customer SH&!%rderrice"

/ansen 1000

'ilsen K00

Iensen 1000

'ice9 sn


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SQL /G' Clause

The /G' Clause

The /G' clause was added to SQL because the 6/E$E 7eword could not be used

with a33re3ate functions.

SQL /G' Sntax

SELECT column_name, a33re3ate_function!column_name"

#$%& table_name


$%H 2= column_name

/G' a33re3ate_function!column_name" operator )alue

SQL /G' Example



100N1 000 /ansen

1 100N014 ?00 'ilsen

4 100N0>01 K00 /ansen

F 100N0>04 400 /ansen

@ 100N0N40 1000 Iensen

? 100N00F 00 'ilsen

'ow we want to find if an of the customers ha)e a total order of less than 1000.



$%H 2= Customer

/G' SH&!%rderrice"A1000


Customer SH&!%rderrice"

'ilsen K00


53/65

'ow we want to find if the customers +/ansen+ or +Iensen+ ha)e a total order of more than

@00.

6e add an ordinar 6/E$E clause to the SQL statement(


6/E$E Customer;


54/65

4 or3onola 000 3 @.?K

'ow we want to displa the product name and the price rounded to the nearest inte3er.


SELECT roduct'ame, $%H':!Hnitrice,0" as Hnitrice #$%& roducts


roduct'ame Hnitrice

Iarlsber3 0

&ascarpone 44

or3onola ?

CSE Statement

E)aluates a list of conditions and returns one of multiple possible result expressions.

The CSE expression has two formats(

O The simple CSE expression compares an expression to a set of simple expressionsto determine the result.

O The searched CSE expression e)aluates a set of 2oolean expressions to determine

the result.

2oth formats support an optional ELSE ar3ument.

CSE can be used in an statement or clause that allows a )alid expression. #or example,

ou can use CSE in statements such as SELECT, H:TE, :ELETE and SET, and in

clauses such as select_list, ', 6/E$E, %$:E$ 2=, and /G'.

Sntax

Simple CSE expression(

CSE input_expression

6/E' when_expression T/E' result_expression U ...n V

U ELSE else_result_expression V

E':

Searched CSE expression(


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CSE

6/E' 2oolean_expression T/E' result_expression U ...n V

U ELSE else_result_expression V

E':

r3uments

________________________________________

input_expression

s the expression e)aluated when the simple CSE format is used. input_expression is an

)alid expression.

6/E' when_expression

s a simple expression to which input_expression is compared when the simple CSE format

is used. when_expression is an )alid expression. The data tpes of input_expression and

each when_expression must be the same or must be an implicit con)ersion.

T/E' result_expression

s the expression returned when input_expression e8uals when_expression e)aluates to

T$HE, or 2oolean_expression e)aluates to T$HE. result expression is an )alid expression.

ELSE else_result_expression

s the expression returned if no comparison operation e)aluates to T$HE. f this ar3ument is

omitted and no comparison operation e)aluates to T$HE, CSE returns 'HLL.

else_result_expression is an )alid expression. The data tpes of else_result_expression and

an result_expression must be the same or must be an implicit con)ersion.

6/E' 2oolean_expression

s the 2oolean expression e)aluated when usin3 the searched CSE format.

2oolean_expression is an )alid 2oolean expression.

$eturn Tpes

________________________________________

$eturns the hi3hest precedence tpe from the set of tpes in result_expressions and the

optional else_result_expression. #or more information, see :ata Tpe recedence !Transact-

SQL".

$eturn Galues

Simple CSE expression(


56/65

The simple CSE expression operates b comparin3 the first expression to the expression in

each 6/E' clause for e8ui)alenc. f these expressions are e8ui)alent, the expression in the

T/E' clause will be returned.

O llows onl an e8ualit chec7.

O E)aluates input_expression, and then in the order specified, e)aluates

input_expression ; when_expression for each 6/E' clause.

O $eturns the result_expression of the first input_expression ; when_expression that

e)aluates to T$HE.

O f no input_expression ; when_expression e)aluates to T$HE, the SQL Ser)er

:atabase En3ine returns the else_result_expression if an ELSE clause is specified, or a

'HLL )alue if no ELSE clause is specified.

Searched CSE expression(

O E)aluates, in the order specified, 2oolean_expression for each 6/E' clause.

O $eturns result_expression of the first 2oolean_expression that e)aluates to T$HE.

O f no 2oolean_expression e)aluates to T$HE, the :atabase En3ine returns the

else_result_expression if an ELSE clause is specified, or a 'HLL )alue if no ELSE clause is

specified.

$emar7s ________________________________________

SQL Ser)er allows for onl 0 le)els of nestin3 in CSE expressions.

The CSE expression cannot be used to control the flow of execution of Transact-SQL

statements, statement bloc7s, user-defined functions, and stored procedures. #or a list of

control-of-flow methods, see Control-of-#low Lan3ua3e !Transact-SQL".

The CSE statement e)aluates its conditions se8uentiall and stops with the first condition

whose condition is satisfied. n some situations, an expression is e)aluated before a CSE

statement recei)es the results of the expression as its input. Errors in e)aluatin3 these

expressions are possible. 33re3ate expressions that appear in 6/E' ar3uments to a CSEstatement are e)aluated first, then pro)ided to the CSE statement. #or example, the

followin3 8uer produces a di)ide b ero error when producin3 the )alue of the &R

a33re3ate. This occurs prior to e)aluatin3 the CSE expression.

Transact-SQL

Cop

6T/ :ata !)alue" S


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! SELECT 0

H'%' LL

SELECT "

SELECT

CSE

6/E' &'!)alue" A; 0 T/E' 0

6/E' &R!)alue" B; 00 T/E'

E':

#$%& :ata M

=ou should onl depend on order of e)aluation of the 6/E' conditions for scalar

expressions !includin3 non-correlated sub-8ueries that return scalars", not for a33re3ate

expressions.

Examples

________________________________________

. Hsin3 a SELECT statement with a simple CSE expression

6ithin a SELECT statement, a simple CSE expression allows for onl an e8ualit chec7Mno other comparisons are made. The followin3 example uses the CSE expression to chan3e

the displa of product line cate3ories to ma7e them more understandable.

Transact-SQL

Cop

HSE d)enture6or7s101M

%

SELECT roduct'umber, Cate3or ;

CSE roductLine

6/E'


58/65

E':,

'ame

#$%& roduction.roduct

%$:E$ 2= roduct'umberM

%

Transact-SQL

Cop


%

SELECT roduct'umber, Cate3or ;

CSE roductLine

6/E'


59/65

Cop


%

SELECT roduct'umber, 'ame, +rice $an3e+ ;

CSE

6/E' Listrice ; 0 T/E'


60/65


%

SELECT #irst'ame, Last'ame, Telephone'umber, +6hen to Contact+ ;

CSE

6/E' TelephoneSpecialnstructions S 'HLL T/E'


61/65

6/E$E Territor'ame S '%T 'HLL

%$:E$ 2= CSE Countr$e3ion'ame 6/E'


62/65

2usinessEntit: and the contact tpe for that person.The CSE expression in the SET

statement determines the )alue to displa for the column ContactTpe based on the existence

of the 2usinessEntit: column in the Emploee, Gendor, or Customer tables.

Transact-SQL

Cop


%

C$ETE #H'CT%' dbo.etContactnformation!X2usinessEntit: int"

$ETH$'S XretContactnformation T2LE

!2usinessEntit: int '%T 'HLL,

#irst'ame n)archar!@0" 'HLL,

Last'ame n)archar!@0" 'HLL,

ContactTpe n)archar!@0" 'HLL,

$&$= 5E= CLHSTE$E: !2usinessEntit: SC""

S

-- $eturns the first name, last name and contact tpe for the specified contact.

2E'

:ECL$E

X#irst'ame n)archar!@0",

XLast'ame n)archar!@0",

XContactTpe n)archar!@0"M

-- et common contact information

SELECT

X2usinessEntit: ; 2usinessEntit:,

X#irst'ame ; #irst'ame,

XLast'ame ; Last'ame

#$%& erson.erson


63/65

6/E$E 2usinessEntit: ; X2usinessEntit:M

SET XContactTpe ;

CSE

-- Chec7 for emploee

6/E' ERSTS!SELECT * #$%& /uman$esources.Emploee S e

6/E$E e.2usinessEntit: ; X2usinessEntit:"

T/E'


64/65

'SE$T XretContactnformation

SELECT X2usinessEntit:, X#irst'ame, XLast'ame, XContactTpeM

E':M

$ETH$'M

E':M

%

SELECT 2usinessEntit:, #irst'ame, Last'ame, ContactTpe

#$%& dbo.etContactnformation!1100"M

%

SELECT 2usinessEntit:, #irst'ame, Last'ame, ContactTpe

#$%& dbo.etContactnformation!@"M

. Hsin3 CSE in a /G' clause

The followin3 example uses the CSE expression in a /G' clause to restrict the rows

returned b the SELECT statement. The statement returns the the maximum hourl rate for

each Job title in the /uman$esources.Emploee table. The /G' clause restricts the titlesto those that are held b men with a maximum pa rate 3reater than F0 dollars or women with

a maximum pa rate 3reater than F1 dollars.

Transact-SQL

Cop


%

SELECT IobTitle, &R!ph.$ate"S &aximum$ate

#$%& /uman$esources.Emploee S e

I%' /uman$esources.Emploeea/istor S ph %' e.2usinessEntit: ;

ph.2usinessEntit:

$%H 2= IobTitle

/G' !&R!CSE 6/E' ender ;


65/65

ELSE 'HLL E':" B F0.00

%$ &R!CSE 6/E' ender ;

sql queries for non sap applications

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