s.reeves_psypag2014 conference poster

1
Results: Experiment 4 cont. Main effect of Time: Significant increase in the number of words recalled in their correct position from Time 1 to Time 2, F(1,79)=22.130, p<.001, n 2 =.219 Acknowledgments My thanks and gratitude to my supervisor David Vernon for all his time, effort and patience. Many thanks to CCCU for the opportunity and funding that enabled me to do this PhD. OSPAN Introduction Subliminal written information can be presented using two formats, single- word or multi-word primes. Both prime formats have been successfully processed unconsciously (Armstrong & Dienes, 2013, 2014; Greenwald & Liu, 1985; Sklar et al., 2012). Additionally, positive cognitive behavioural changes have been reported following both subliminal formats. Subliminal single-word primes have increased academic performance (Lowery et al., 2007) and influenced recollection performance (Mitchell et al., 2002). Subliminal multi-word primes have also increased academic performance (Ariam & Siller, 1982; Parker, 1982). However, the two stimuli formats have not yet been compared. This research aimed to compare the two formats to see which elicited the most robust behavioural change on working memory (WM) performance. Method: Experiment 3 Participants completed the conceptual span WM task (CST) to measure semantic WM performance before and after a lexical decision task (LDT). During the LDT, participants were subliminally primed with 30 exposures to one of six messages. Strahan et al. (2002) state the importance of participant motivation for subliminal stimulation to be successful, thus a 'motivation enhancement strategy' was used to increase participants motivation to improve their WM performance. References Discussion ‐Support private/public production of sketches ‐Provide a broad view of the drawings, like papers Poster template by Ugo Sangiorgi based on Felix Breuer's work User Interface Design Sessions Despite increased participant motivation to improve WM performance, a longer SOA period and memory specific stimuli, no change in WM performance was attributed to subliminal stimulation. [1] Ariam, S., & Siller, J. (1982). Effects of subliminal oneness stimuli in Hebrew on X SUBLIMINAL MESSAGE (NON)WORD Backward masking is the traditional technique to disguise subliminal stimuli, however Grainger et al. (2003) suggest it interferes with the processing of subliminal stimuli. It's possible this interference hampered the intended effect of the subliminal stimuli in this present research. In conclusion, whilst this research does not provide support for successful subliminal priming, it does highlight the need to carefully consider the combination of stimulus presentation speed, SOA period, and masking technique. Future research may wish to replace traditional backward masking with alternative method of masking, such as grey scale colour contrasting (Lamy et al., 2008) or continuous flash suppression (Tsuchiya & Koch, 2005). [2] Armstrong, A. M., & Dienes, Z. (2013). Subliminal understanding of negation: Unconscious control by subliminal processing of word pairs. Consciousness and Cognition, 22(3), 1022-1040 [3] Armstrong, A. M., & Dienes, Z. (2014). Subliminal understanding of active versus passive sentences. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1(1), 32 [4] Grainger, J., Diependaele, K., Spinelli, E., Ferrand, L., & Farioli, F. (2003). Masked repetition and phonological priming within and across modalities. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 29(6), 1256 [5] Greenwald, A. D., & Liu, T. J. (1985). Limited unconscious processing of meaning. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 23(4), 292 [6] Lamy, D., Mudrik, L., & Doeuell, L. Y. (2003). Unconscious auditory information can prime visual word processing: A process-dissociation procedure study. Consciousness & Cognition, 17(3), 688-698 [7] Levy, B. (1996). Improving memory in old age through implicit self-stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(6), 1092 [8] Lowery, B. S., Eisenberger, N. I., Hardin, C. D., & Sinclair, S. (2007). Long-term effects of subliminal priming on academic performance. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29(2), 151-157 [9] Mitchell, J. P., Macrae, C. N., Schooler, J. W., Rowe, A. C., & Milne, A. B. (2002). Directed remembering: Subliminal cues alter nonconscious memory strategies. Memory 10(5-6), 381-388 [10] Parker, K. A. (1982). Effects of subliminal symbiotic stimulation of academic performance. Further evidence on the adaption-enhancing effects of oneness fantasies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29(1), 19 [11] Sklar, A. Y., Levy, N., Goldstein, A., Mandel, R., Maril, A., & Hassin, R. R. (2012). Reading and doing arithmetic nonconsciously. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(48), 19614-19619 [12] Strahan, E. J., Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P. (2002). Subliminal priming and persuasion: Striking while the iron is hot. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(6), 556-568 [13] Tsuchiya, N., & Koch, C. (2005). Continuous flash suppression reduces negative afterimages. Nature Neuroscience, 8(8), 1096-1101 academic performance of Israeli high school students. Further evidence on the adaption- enhancing effects symbiotic fantasies in another culture using another language. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91(5), 343 Procedure: Experiment 3 LDT Results: Experiment 3 Motivation: Participants were significantly more motivated to improve their WM performance following the motivation enhancement strategy, t(107)=8.835, p<.001 CST: Main effect of Time: Significant increase in the number of words correctly recalled from Time 1 to Time 2, F(1, 102)= 33.445, p<.001, n 2 =.247. Discussion: Experiment 3 Despite increased motivation to improve WM performance, the change in WM performance was not found as a function of subliminal stimulation Ultra fast presentation speed and immediate backward masking of LDT letter strings produce a small stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of 14ms, leaving little time for unconscious processing. Additionally, previous research tends to present stimuli specific to the behaviour intended to change e.g., 'Remember' for memory (Mitchell et al., 2002). It is possible results of Experiment 3 were caused by insufficient time for unconscious processing and lack of specific subliminal stimuli. Thus Experiment 4 addressed these issues. Method: Experiment 4 Participants completed the CST and the operation span task (OSPAN) before and after the LDT. During the LDT they were exposed to one of four messages 30 times. An additional backward mask was added after the subliminal stimulus to increase the SOA to 514ms. Procedure: Experiment 4 LDT Finally, the 'affective messages were removed, and the 'cognitive' messages were replaced by 'memory specific' messages. Results: Experiment 4 CST: Main effect of Time: Significant increase in the number of correctly recalled words from Time 1 to Time 2, F(1,81)=32.240, p<.001, n 2 =.291. SUBLIMINAL MESSAGE XXXXXXXXXX No interaction between Time and subliminal Format or Content of message, thus WM improvement is due to practice.

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Page 1: S.Reeves_PsyPAG2014 conference poster

Results: Experiment 4 cont.

Main effect of Time: Significant increase in the number of words recalled in their correct position from Time 1 to Time 2, F(1,79)=22.130, p<.001, n2=.219

AcknowledgmentsMy thanks and gratitude to my supervisor David Vernon for all his time, effort and patience.

Many thanks to CCCU for the opportunity and funding thatenabled me to do this PhD.

OSPAN

Introduction

Subliminal written information can be presented using two formats, single-word or multi-word primes.

Both prime formats have been successfully processed unconsciously(Armstrong & Dienes, 2013, 2014; Greenwald & Liu, 1985; Sklar et al., 2012).

Additionally, positive cognitive behavioural changes have been reported following both subliminal formats.

Subliminal single-word primes have increased academic performance (Lowery et al., 2007) and influenced recollection performance (Mitchell et al., 2002).

Subliminal multi-word primes have also increased academic performance (Ariam & Siller, 1982; Parker, 1982).

However, the two stimuli formats have not yet been compared. This research aimed to compare the two formats to see which elicited the most robust behavioural change on working memory (WM) performance.

Method: Experiment 3

Participants completed the conceptual span WM task (CST) to measure semantic WM performance before and after a lexical decision task (LDT).

During the LDT, participants were subliminally primed with 30 exposures to one of six messages.

Strahan et al. (2002) state the importance of participant motivation for subliminal stimulation to be successful, thus a 'motivationenhancement strategy' was used to increaseparticipants motivation to improve their WM performance.

References

W P

Discussion

‐Supportsketchproductionandvisualization

‐Supportsessionstorageandretrieval

‐Supportprivate/publicproductionofsketches

‐Provideabroadviewofthedrawings,likepapersarrangedonawall

‐Provideafineviewofadrawing

‐SupportUIdesignwithdifferentleveloffidelities

g.a.m.b.i.t server

SketchRepositories

Eclipse Sketch Applications(Desktop)

CollaborationLarge surfaces

Commands (AJAX requests)

Poster template by Ugo Sangiorgi based on Felix Breuer's work

Requirements

UserInterfaceDesignSessions

Despite increased participant motivation to improve WM performance, a longer SOA period andmemory specific stimuli, no change in WM performance was attributed to subliminal stimulation.

[1] Ariam, S., & Siller, J. (1982). Effects of subliminal oneness stimuli in Hebrew on

X

SUBLIMINAL MESSAGE

(NON)WORD

Backward masking is the traditional technique to disguise subliminal stimuli, however Grainger etal. (2003) suggest it interferes with the processing of subliminal stimuli. It's possible this interference hampered the intended effect of the subliminal stimuli in this present research.

In conclusion, whilst this research does not provide support for successful subliminal priming, it does highlight the need to carefully consider the combination of stimulus presentation speed, SOA period, and masking technique.

Future research may wish to replace traditional backward masking with alternative method of masking, such as grey scale colour contrasting (Lamy et al., 2008) or continuous flash suppression (Tsuchiya & Koch, 2005).

[2] Armstrong, A. M., & Dienes, Z. (2013). Subliminal understanding of negation: Unconscious control by subliminal processing of word pairs. Consciousness and Cognition, 22(3), 1022-1040

[3] Armstrong, A. M., & Dienes, Z. (2014). Subliminal understanding of active versus passive sentences. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1(1), 32

[4] Grainger, J., Diependaele, K., Spinelli, E., Ferrand, L., & Farioli, F. (2003). Masked repetition and phonological priming within and across modalities. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 29(6), 1256

[5] Greenwald, A. D., & Liu, T. J. (1985). Limited unconscious processing of meaning. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 23(4), 292

[6] Lamy, D., Mudrik, L., & Doeuell, L. Y. (2003). Unconscious auditory information can prime visual word processing: A process-dissociation procedure study. Consciousness & Cognition, 17(3), 688-698

[7] Levy, B. (1996). Improving memory in old age through implicit self-stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(6), 1092

[8] Lowery, B. S., Eisenberger, N. I., Hardin, C. D., & Sinclair, S. (2007). Long-term effects of subliminal priming on academic performance. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29(2), 151-157

[9] Mitchell, J. P., Macrae, C. N., Schooler, J. W., Rowe, A. C., & Milne, A. B. (2002). Directed remembering: Subliminal cues alter nonconscious memory strategies. Memory 10(5-6), 381-388

[10] Parker, K. A. (1982). Effects of subliminal symbiotic stimulation of academic performance. Further evidence on the adaption-enhancing effects of oneness fantasies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29(1), 19

[11] Sklar, A. Y., Levy, N., Goldstein, A., Mandel, R., Maril, A., & Hassin, R. R. (2012). Reading and doing arithmetic nonconsciously. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(48), 19614-19619

[12] Strahan, E. J., Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P. (2002). Subliminal priming and persuasion: Striking while the iron is hot. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(6), 556-568

[13] Tsuchiya, N., & Koch, C. (2005). Continuous flash suppression reduces negative afterimages. Nature Neuroscience, 8(8), 1096-1101

academic performance of Israeli high schoolstudents. Further evidence on the adaption-enhancing effects symbiotic fantasies in another culture using another language. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91(5), 343

Procedure: Experiment 3

LDT

Results: Experiment 3

Motivation:

Participants were significantly more motivated to improve their WMperformance following the motivation enhancement strategy, t(107)=8.835, p<.001

CST:

Main effect of Time: Significant increase in the number of words correctly recalled from Time 1 to Time 2, F(1, 102)= 33.445, p<.001, n2=.247.

Discussion: Experiment 3

Despite increased motivation to improve WM performance, the change in WM performance was not found as a function of subliminal stimulation

Ultra fast presentation speed and immediate backward masking of LDT letter strings produce a small stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of 14ms, leaving little time for unconscious processing.

Additionally, previous research tends to present stimuli specific to the behaviour intended to change e.g., 'Remember' for memory (Mitchell et al., 2002).

It is possible results of Experiment 3 were caused by insufficient time for unconscious processing and lack of specific subliminal stimuli.

Thus Experiment 4 addressed these issues.

Method: Experiment 4

Participants completed the CST and the operation span task (OSPAN) before and after the LDT.

During the LDT they were exposed to one of four messages 30 times.

An additional backward mask was added after the subliminal stimulus to increase the SOA to 514ms.

Procedure: Experiment 4

LDT

Finally, the 'affective messages were removed, and the 'cognitive'messages were replaced by'memory specific'messages.

Results: Experiment 4

CST: Main effect of Time: Significant increase in the number of correctly recalled words from Time 1 to Time 2, F(1,81)=32.240, p<.001, n2=.291.

SUBLIMINAL MESSAGE

XXXXXXXXXX

No interaction between Time and subliminal Format or Content of message, thus WM improvement is due to practice.