SruCATE DISTRIBUTION IN BATANG SAmBAS SRIAMAN

Azizah binti Mustaffa

Bachelor of Science with Honours QD (Aquatic Resource Science and Management)181 2004S6 A995 2004

(XO

I ~9

Pusat_~ idmat Makfumat Akaden l j i SITI MALAYSIA SARAWA

Q4100 Kota Samarahan

SILICATE DISTRIBUTION IN BATANG SARIBAS SRI AMAN

PKHIDMATMAKLUMA TAKADEMIK UIlIMAS

1111111111111111111111111 1000126481

AZIZAH BINTI MUSTAFFA

This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of The requirement for the degree ofBachelor of Science with Honours

(Aquatic Resource Science and Management)

Faculty of Resource Science and Technology UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARA W AK

2004

~I c q

l c t ~

C 110 Idr I

Silicate distribution in Batang Saribas Sri Arnan

Azizah Binti Mustaffa Aquatic Resource Science and Management Programme

Faculty ofResource Science and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak March 2004

ABSTRACT

A study on the distribution of silicate in Batang Saribas was carried out in August 2003 The

silicate concentrations in the river were in the range of 6345 - 11714 lM However the

silicate concentrations did not vary between stations depths and tidal cycles The silicate

concentrations also did not significantly correlated with the number of diatom cells

chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature

Key words Silicate diatom Batang Scribes salinity temperature

ABSTRAK

Kajian taburan sWkat di Batang Saribas telah dilakukan pada Ogos 2003 Kepekatan sWkat

dalam air tersebut adalah antara 6345 hingga 11714 pM Bagaimana pun tiada perbezaan

bagi kepekatan sWkat anara stesen kedalaman dan pasang surut Kepekatan sWkat juga

tiada perbezaan korelasi dengan bilangan sel diatom kepekatan klorofil g saliniti dan suhu

Kata kunci sWkat diatom Batang Saribas saliniti suhu

10 INTRODUCTION

Silicon in seawater can be found in the form of dissolved silicate and particulate silicate

(Millero amp Soho 1992) Their presence in the estuary include those originating from quartz

feldspar and clay materials from river or land through chemical processes of metamorphism

or weathering (Bartram amp Ballance 1996) As these materials settle down in water column

and sink the component of seawater can react with them to form secondary materials

Dissolved silica is one of the most important nutrients in seawater and can become an

important indicator whether or not the ocean or estuary has been polluted

Silicate is one of the most important nutrients for phytoplankton especially diatoms

growth In some parts of the ocean diatoms and radiolarians were found to have produced

skeletons of non-crystalline form of hydrate silica opal (Millero amp Sohn 1992) As these

skeletons settled to the sea floor and it slowly dissolved and releasing silica into the water

The contents of silicate in naturat waters are around 5 - 25 mgL (ASTM 1997) However it

has received much less attention than nitrate and phosphate in aquatic ecosystem studies

Decreases in silicate-nitrogen ratios of coastal seas due to decreases in the supply of

silicate caused by the dam construction or increases in nitrogen supply from waste discharge

may impose silicate limita~ion on phytoplankton in coastal seas and a shift of the dominant

phytoplankton from diatoms to flagellates (Hashimoto amp Nakano 2003) Consequently this

would reduce the abundance of diatoms and enhance the relative abundance of flagellates

According to Harris amp Baxter (1996) increased silicate concentrations thus

increasing diatom growth The researchers also indicated that Aulocoseira one of the diatom

species that has a high silicate requirement growing best under silicate concentrations as high

as 15 - 20 mg Lt Aulocoseira was a species characteristic of well-mixed moderately

eutrophic water bodies with relatively high silicate concentrations (Harris amp Baxter ] 996)

2

The temperature is one of the physico-chemical parameter that must be measured in

silu because a water sample will gradually reach the same temperature as the surrounding air

(Bartram amp Ballance 1996) Raymont (1980) stated that increasing of heating at the surface

water might cause the increasing in phytoplankton density where the water column was

stable

Chester (1990) reported that diatoms can be a dominant phytoplankton communities

when the concentrations of silicate in the water in excess 22 JlM If the concentrations of

silicate were less than this value the dominancy of diatoms became more variable (Chester

1990)

The objectives of this research were to describe the distribution of silicate to

determine the range of silicate concentrations and to relate the silicate concentrations with the

number of diatoms cell at study site

20 MATERIALS AND METHODS

21 Location

The study was carried out in Batang Saribas (Figure 1) There were five sampling stations

each 2 km apart beginning from upstream to downstream of Batang Saribas The samplings

were carried out at Kg Supa (Station 1 Latitude 01 0 3 N and Longitude 111 0 18 E)

Tanjung Keranji (Station 2 Latitude 01 0 52 N and Longitude 111 0 32 E) Kg Manggut

(Station 3 Latitude 01 0 51 N and Longitude 111 0 35 E) Tanjung Baring (Station 4 Latitude

01 0 30 N and Longitude Ill o 23 E) and Kg Serembang (Station 5 Latitude 01 0 48 Nand

Longitude 111 0 39 E) These stations were determined prior to the samplings using a map

and Global Positioning System (GPS) with the accuracy of approximately 30 m The

3

samplings were carried out at high tide and low tide level during a drought season in August

2003

22 Background of the study site

Batang Saribas has a large river basin with over 200 tributaries and enters into the South

China Sea There were several villages occur along the study area such as Kampung Sila

Kampung San Kampung Supa and Kampung Manggut The riverbanks were composed of

recent sediments mainly mud The surrounding brackish water and mangrove swamps are

dominated by Rhizophora spp Avicennia spp and Nipa fruticans These forests are a main

source of complex detritus formation and maintain the productivity of mangrove systems

around the study area

Batang Sari bas is popular as a breeding ground for golden puffer fish of the Arothon

sp which normally occur in July until September

4

SOUTH 0I8IA SEA

Figure 1 The study site at Batang Saribas Sri Aman

5

23 Field sampling

231 Silicate

Triplicate water samples were taken at three different depths (ie subsurface middle and

bottom) using a 2-litre Van Dom water sampler two-way valve (Figure 2) at each sampling

stations

All water samples were immediately filtered through a 120 lm sieve to remove any

unwanted matter such as zooplankton and detritors and they were kept in acid washed 500

mL polypropylene or polyethylene bottles These samples were kept at 4degC At shore they

were filtered through 045 lm membrane filter to remove particles (Bartram amp Ballance

1996) using vacuum filtration system The filtered samples were kept at 4 degc in cooler box

without preservation and brought back to the laboratory in UNIMAS The samples were

frozen at -20degC in laboratory until further analysis Analysis for silicate was done within 28

days of sampling using Heteropoly Blue Method (Hach System Method 8186)

232 Physico-chemical parameters

The physico-chemical parameters such as salinity and temperature of the water at each station

were measured using the maQual equipment The salinity were measured using Atago Hand

Refractometer and the temperature were measured using CyberScan (Waterproof) DO

300310

24 Data analysis

The mean concentrations of silicate in the water column (ie surface middle and bottom) at

each station were obtained from the triplicate samples (n=3) The means for salinity and

temperature for each station were obtained from triplicate readings (n=3) Differences

6

between mean silicate concentration at each station and at each depth at ebbing tide and

flooding tide were tested using a two-way ANOV A (SPSS software statistical package for

Windows Release 115) Where necessary data were transformed prior to analysis to satisfy

the ANOVA requirement of normality and homogeneity

The relationship between silicate concentration with temperature salinity number of

diatom cells and chlorophyll a concentrations were determined by a Pearson correlation

method Methods of statistical analysis as proposed by Watts amp Halliwell (1996) were used

as a guideline

BOAT shy~

SUBSURFACE ROPE I N=3FOR

EACH DEPTH

MIDDLE

LABORATORY ANALYSIS

BOTIOM

VAN DORN SAMPLER

Figure 2 Water sampling at each station (5 stations) using the Van Dom bottle

7

30 RESULTS

31 Silicate concentrations during flooding tide

The mean silicate concentration at the study site was 8604 IJM with a minimum of 6345 IJM

in midwater of Station 3 and a maximum of 11369 IJM in midwater of Station 5 (Figure 3)

Generally there was no significant difference in the silicate concentration at different depths

and stations (two-way ANOVA Tukey Test pgt005)

120

~ 100 2 3 80 c o ~ 60 8 c 408

j 20

rJJ 0 -

o Subsurface

bull Middle

bull Bottom

1 2 3 4 5

Station

Figure 3 Silicate concentration in each station and depth during flooding tide

Table 1 Two-way ANOVA analysis between different depth and station during flooding tide

Sum of Squares dfSource of plt005Mean Square F variation Station 2222081 4 555520 I 0712 0590 Depth 173403 86702 II 01112 0895 Station DeQth 8261313 8 780145 1324 0270I

32 Silicate concentrations during ebbing tide

The mean concentration of silicate at study site during ebbing tide was 8200 11M with a

rnl urn of 6452 11M in subsurface water of Station 2 and a maximum of 11714 11M in

rnidwater os Station 1 (Figure 4) Statistical analyses indicated that the concentrations of 8

I

silicate at different depths and stations were not significantly different (two-way ANOYA

Tukey Test pgt005)

120

100 i ~ 80 c 0 ~

2 60

8 c 0 40 lt)

J 20 CIl

0 1 2 3

Station

4

o Subsurface

bull Middle

bull Bottom

5

Figure 4 Silicate concentration in each depth and station duirng ebbing tide

I b d a etween I erent ept anT ble 2 Two-way ANOYA ana YSIS d h d statIOn unng e 10ghde Source of variation

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value plt005 II

Station 1632332 4 408083 0726 0582 Depth 1142866 2 571433 1016 0376 Station Depth 5721240 6 953540 1696 0162

33 Correlation Analysis

331 Correlation between parameters during flooding tide

There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of

diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 3) However the

number of diatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity

9

orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters

-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate

-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom

0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a

Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102

Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II

Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)

332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide

There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of

diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the

number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity

e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T

Silicate

Diatom

Chlorophyll a

Salinity

Temperature

1000

-0009

0140

-0164

-0236

-0009

1000

0300

0586

-0230

0140

0300

1000

0434

-0398

-0164

0586

0434

1000

-0605

-0236

-0230

-0398

-0605

1000

Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)

10

40 DISCUSSION

Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has

become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally

come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of

sedimentations and siltations

The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between

subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also

not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and

salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with

diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell

walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)

The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy

11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment

of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate

concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of

Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general

the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different

in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study

The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged

approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s

(Benjamin 2002)

11

so CONCLUSION

The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However

there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations

temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate

concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous

The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species

composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future

should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in

estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity

60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the

completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for

his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty

of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr

Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En

Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed

trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my

beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life

REFERENCES

ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and

The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine

cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur

12

American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard

Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton

Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The

Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring

Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London

Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston

Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London

Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of

Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc

Report

Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis

Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances

University of Otago Press Otago

Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and

species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560

Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of

phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50

Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy

Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)

487-496

Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc

United State

z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera

36 (2) 273-282

13

(XO

I ~9

Pusat_~ idmat Makfumat Akaden l j i SITI MALAYSIA SARAWA

Q4100 Kota Samarahan

SILICATE DISTRIBUTION IN BATANG SARIBAS SRI AMAN

PKHIDMATMAKLUMA TAKADEMIK UIlIMAS

1111111111111111111111111 1000126481

AZIZAH BINTI MUSTAFFA

This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of The requirement for the degree ofBachelor of Science with Honours

(Aquatic Resource Science and Management)

Faculty of Resource Science and Technology UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARA W AK

2004

~I c q

l c t ~

C 110 Idr I

Silicate distribution in Batang Saribas Sri Arnan

Azizah Binti Mustaffa Aquatic Resource Science and Management Programme

Faculty ofResource Science and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak March 2004

ABSTRACT

A study on the distribution of silicate in Batang Saribas was carried out in August 2003 The

silicate concentrations in the river were in the range of 6345 - 11714 lM However the

silicate concentrations did not vary between stations depths and tidal cycles The silicate

concentrations also did not significantly correlated with the number of diatom cells

chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature

Key words Silicate diatom Batang Scribes salinity temperature

ABSTRAK

Kajian taburan sWkat di Batang Saribas telah dilakukan pada Ogos 2003 Kepekatan sWkat

dalam air tersebut adalah antara 6345 hingga 11714 pM Bagaimana pun tiada perbezaan

bagi kepekatan sWkat anara stesen kedalaman dan pasang surut Kepekatan sWkat juga

tiada perbezaan korelasi dengan bilangan sel diatom kepekatan klorofil g saliniti dan suhu

Kata kunci sWkat diatom Batang Saribas saliniti suhu

10 INTRODUCTION

Silicon in seawater can be found in the form of dissolved silicate and particulate silicate

(Millero amp Soho 1992) Their presence in the estuary include those originating from quartz

feldspar and clay materials from river or land through chemical processes of metamorphism

or weathering (Bartram amp Ballance 1996) As these materials settle down in water column

and sink the component of seawater can react with them to form secondary materials

Dissolved silica is one of the most important nutrients in seawater and can become an

important indicator whether or not the ocean or estuary has been polluted

Silicate is one of the most important nutrients for phytoplankton especially diatoms

growth In some parts of the ocean diatoms and radiolarians were found to have produced

skeletons of non-crystalline form of hydrate silica opal (Millero amp Sohn 1992) As these

skeletons settled to the sea floor and it slowly dissolved and releasing silica into the water

The contents of silicate in naturat waters are around 5 - 25 mgL (ASTM 1997) However it

has received much less attention than nitrate and phosphate in aquatic ecosystem studies

Decreases in silicate-nitrogen ratios of coastal seas due to decreases in the supply of

silicate caused by the dam construction or increases in nitrogen supply from waste discharge

may impose silicate limita~ion on phytoplankton in coastal seas and a shift of the dominant

phytoplankton from diatoms to flagellates (Hashimoto amp Nakano 2003) Consequently this

would reduce the abundance of diatoms and enhance the relative abundance of flagellates

According to Harris amp Baxter (1996) increased silicate concentrations thus

increasing diatom growth The researchers also indicated that Aulocoseira one of the diatom

species that has a high silicate requirement growing best under silicate concentrations as high

as 15 - 20 mg Lt Aulocoseira was a species characteristic of well-mixed moderately

eutrophic water bodies with relatively high silicate concentrations (Harris amp Baxter ] 996)

2

The temperature is one of the physico-chemical parameter that must be measured in

silu because a water sample will gradually reach the same temperature as the surrounding air

(Bartram amp Ballance 1996) Raymont (1980) stated that increasing of heating at the surface

water might cause the increasing in phytoplankton density where the water column was

stable

Chester (1990) reported that diatoms can be a dominant phytoplankton communities

when the concentrations of silicate in the water in excess 22 JlM If the concentrations of

silicate were less than this value the dominancy of diatoms became more variable (Chester

1990)

The objectives of this research were to describe the distribution of silicate to

determine the range of silicate concentrations and to relate the silicate concentrations with the

number of diatoms cell at study site

20 MATERIALS AND METHODS

21 Location

The study was carried out in Batang Saribas (Figure 1) There were five sampling stations

each 2 km apart beginning from upstream to downstream of Batang Saribas The samplings

were carried out at Kg Supa (Station 1 Latitude 01 0 3 N and Longitude 111 0 18 E)

Tanjung Keranji (Station 2 Latitude 01 0 52 N and Longitude 111 0 32 E) Kg Manggut

(Station 3 Latitude 01 0 51 N and Longitude 111 0 35 E) Tanjung Baring (Station 4 Latitude

01 0 30 N and Longitude Ill o 23 E) and Kg Serembang (Station 5 Latitude 01 0 48 Nand

Longitude 111 0 39 E) These stations were determined prior to the samplings using a map

and Global Positioning System (GPS) with the accuracy of approximately 30 m The

3

samplings were carried out at high tide and low tide level during a drought season in August

2003

22 Background of the study site

Batang Saribas has a large river basin with over 200 tributaries and enters into the South

China Sea There were several villages occur along the study area such as Kampung Sila

Kampung San Kampung Supa and Kampung Manggut The riverbanks were composed of

recent sediments mainly mud The surrounding brackish water and mangrove swamps are

dominated by Rhizophora spp Avicennia spp and Nipa fruticans These forests are a main

source of complex detritus formation and maintain the productivity of mangrove systems

around the study area

Batang Sari bas is popular as a breeding ground for golden puffer fish of the Arothon

sp which normally occur in July until September

4

SOUTH 0I8IA SEA

Figure 1 The study site at Batang Saribas Sri Aman

5

23 Field sampling

231 Silicate

Triplicate water samples were taken at three different depths (ie subsurface middle and

bottom) using a 2-litre Van Dom water sampler two-way valve (Figure 2) at each sampling

stations

All water samples were immediately filtered through a 120 lm sieve to remove any

unwanted matter such as zooplankton and detritors and they were kept in acid washed 500

mL polypropylene or polyethylene bottles These samples were kept at 4degC At shore they

were filtered through 045 lm membrane filter to remove particles (Bartram amp Ballance

1996) using vacuum filtration system The filtered samples were kept at 4 degc in cooler box

without preservation and brought back to the laboratory in UNIMAS The samples were

frozen at -20degC in laboratory until further analysis Analysis for silicate was done within 28

days of sampling using Heteropoly Blue Method (Hach System Method 8186)

232 Physico-chemical parameters

The physico-chemical parameters such as salinity and temperature of the water at each station

were measured using the maQual equipment The salinity were measured using Atago Hand

Refractometer and the temperature were measured using CyberScan (Waterproof) DO

300310

24 Data analysis

The mean concentrations of silicate in the water column (ie surface middle and bottom) at

each station were obtained from the triplicate samples (n=3) The means for salinity and

temperature for each station were obtained from triplicate readings (n=3) Differences

6

between mean silicate concentration at each station and at each depth at ebbing tide and

flooding tide were tested using a two-way ANOV A (SPSS software statistical package for

Windows Release 115) Where necessary data were transformed prior to analysis to satisfy

the ANOVA requirement of normality and homogeneity

The relationship between silicate concentration with temperature salinity number of

diatom cells and chlorophyll a concentrations were determined by a Pearson correlation

method Methods of statistical analysis as proposed by Watts amp Halliwell (1996) were used

as a guideline

BOAT shy~

SUBSURFACE ROPE I N=3FOR

EACH DEPTH

MIDDLE

LABORATORY ANALYSIS

BOTIOM

VAN DORN SAMPLER

Figure 2 Water sampling at each station (5 stations) using the Van Dom bottle

7

30 RESULTS

31 Silicate concentrations during flooding tide

The mean silicate concentration at the study site was 8604 IJM with a minimum of 6345 IJM

in midwater of Station 3 and a maximum of 11369 IJM in midwater of Station 5 (Figure 3)

Generally there was no significant difference in the silicate concentration at different depths

and stations (two-way ANOVA Tukey Test pgt005)

120

~ 100 2 3 80 c o ~ 60 8 c 408

j 20

rJJ 0 -

o Subsurface

bull Middle

bull Bottom

1 2 3 4 5

Station

Figure 3 Silicate concentration in each station and depth during flooding tide

Table 1 Two-way ANOVA analysis between different depth and station during flooding tide

Sum of Squares dfSource of plt005Mean Square F variation Station 2222081 4 555520 I 0712 0590 Depth 173403 86702 II 01112 0895 Station DeQth 8261313 8 780145 1324 0270I

32 Silicate concentrations during ebbing tide

The mean concentration of silicate at study site during ebbing tide was 8200 11M with a

rnl urn of 6452 11M in subsurface water of Station 2 and a maximum of 11714 11M in

rnidwater os Station 1 (Figure 4) Statistical analyses indicated that the concentrations of 8

I

silicate at different depths and stations were not significantly different (two-way ANOYA

Tukey Test pgt005)

120

100 i ~ 80 c 0 ~

2 60

8 c 0 40 lt)

J 20 CIl

0 1 2 3

Station

4

o Subsurface

bull Middle

bull Bottom

5

Figure 4 Silicate concentration in each depth and station duirng ebbing tide

I b d a etween I erent ept anT ble 2 Two-way ANOYA ana YSIS d h d statIOn unng e 10ghde Source of variation

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value plt005 II

Station 1632332 4 408083 0726 0582 Depth 1142866 2 571433 1016 0376 Station Depth 5721240 6 953540 1696 0162

33 Correlation Analysis

331 Correlation between parameters during flooding tide

There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of

diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 3) However the

number of diatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity

9

orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters

-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate

-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom

0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a

Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102

Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II

Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)

332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide

There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of

diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the

number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity

e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T

Silicate

Diatom

Chlorophyll a

Salinity

Temperature

1000

-0009

0140

-0164

-0236

-0009

1000

0300

0586

-0230

0140

0300

1000

0434

-0398

-0164

0586

0434

1000

-0605

-0236

-0230

-0398

-0605

1000

Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)

10

40 DISCUSSION

Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has

become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally

come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of

sedimentations and siltations

The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between

subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also

not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and

salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with

diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell

walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)

The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy

11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment

of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate

concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of

Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general

the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different

in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study

The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged

approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s

(Benjamin 2002)

11

so CONCLUSION

The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However

there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations

temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate

concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous

The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species

composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future

should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in

estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity

60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the

completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for

his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty

of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr

Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En

Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed

trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my

beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life

REFERENCES

ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and

The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine

cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur

12

American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard

Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton

Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The

Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring

Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London

Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston

Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London

Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of

Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc

Report

Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis

Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances

University of Otago Press Otago

Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and

species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560

Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of

phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50

Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy

Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)

487-496

Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc

United State

z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera

36 (2) 273-282

13

Silicate distribution in Batang Saribas Sri Arnan

Azizah Binti Mustaffa Aquatic Resource Science and Management Programme

Faculty ofResource Science and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak March 2004

ABSTRACT

A study on the distribution of silicate in Batang Saribas was carried out in August 2003 The

silicate concentrations in the river were in the range of 6345 - 11714 lM However the

silicate concentrations did not vary between stations depths and tidal cycles The silicate

concentrations also did not significantly correlated with the number of diatom cells

chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature

Key words Silicate diatom Batang Scribes salinity temperature

ABSTRAK

Kajian taburan sWkat di Batang Saribas telah dilakukan pada Ogos 2003 Kepekatan sWkat

dalam air tersebut adalah antara 6345 hingga 11714 pM Bagaimana pun tiada perbezaan

bagi kepekatan sWkat anara stesen kedalaman dan pasang surut Kepekatan sWkat juga

tiada perbezaan korelasi dengan bilangan sel diatom kepekatan klorofil g saliniti dan suhu

Kata kunci sWkat diatom Batang Saribas saliniti suhu

10 INTRODUCTION

Silicon in seawater can be found in the form of dissolved silicate and particulate silicate

(Millero amp Soho 1992) Their presence in the estuary include those originating from quartz

feldspar and clay materials from river or land through chemical processes of metamorphism

or weathering (Bartram amp Ballance 1996) As these materials settle down in water column

and sink the component of seawater can react with them to form secondary materials

Dissolved silica is one of the most important nutrients in seawater and can become an

important indicator whether or not the ocean or estuary has been polluted

Silicate is one of the most important nutrients for phytoplankton especially diatoms

growth In some parts of the ocean diatoms and radiolarians were found to have produced

skeletons of non-crystalline form of hydrate silica opal (Millero amp Sohn 1992) As these

skeletons settled to the sea floor and it slowly dissolved and releasing silica into the water

The contents of silicate in naturat waters are around 5 - 25 mgL (ASTM 1997) However it

has received much less attention than nitrate and phosphate in aquatic ecosystem studies

Decreases in silicate-nitrogen ratios of coastal seas due to decreases in the supply of

silicate caused by the dam construction or increases in nitrogen supply from waste discharge

may impose silicate limita~ion on phytoplankton in coastal seas and a shift of the dominant

phytoplankton from diatoms to flagellates (Hashimoto amp Nakano 2003) Consequently this

would reduce the abundance of diatoms and enhance the relative abundance of flagellates

According to Harris amp Baxter (1996) increased silicate concentrations thus

increasing diatom growth The researchers also indicated that Aulocoseira one of the diatom

species that has a high silicate requirement growing best under silicate concentrations as high

as 15 - 20 mg Lt Aulocoseira was a species characteristic of well-mixed moderately

eutrophic water bodies with relatively high silicate concentrations (Harris amp Baxter ] 996)

2

The temperature is one of the physico-chemical parameter that must be measured in

silu because a water sample will gradually reach the same temperature as the surrounding air

(Bartram amp Ballance 1996) Raymont (1980) stated that increasing of heating at the surface

water might cause the increasing in phytoplankton density where the water column was

stable

Chester (1990) reported that diatoms can be a dominant phytoplankton communities

when the concentrations of silicate in the water in excess 22 JlM If the concentrations of

silicate were less than this value the dominancy of diatoms became more variable (Chester

1990)

The objectives of this research were to describe the distribution of silicate to

determine the range of silicate concentrations and to relate the silicate concentrations with the

number of diatoms cell at study site

20 MATERIALS AND METHODS

21 Location

The study was carried out in Batang Saribas (Figure 1) There were five sampling stations

each 2 km apart beginning from upstream to downstream of Batang Saribas The samplings

were carried out at Kg Supa (Station 1 Latitude 01 0 3 N and Longitude 111 0 18 E)

Tanjung Keranji (Station 2 Latitude 01 0 52 N and Longitude 111 0 32 E) Kg Manggut

(Station 3 Latitude 01 0 51 N and Longitude 111 0 35 E) Tanjung Baring (Station 4 Latitude

01 0 30 N and Longitude Ill o 23 E) and Kg Serembang (Station 5 Latitude 01 0 48 Nand

Longitude 111 0 39 E) These stations were determined prior to the samplings using a map

and Global Positioning System (GPS) with the accuracy of approximately 30 m The

3

samplings were carried out at high tide and low tide level during a drought season in August

2003

22 Background of the study site

Batang Saribas has a large river basin with over 200 tributaries and enters into the South

China Sea There were several villages occur along the study area such as Kampung Sila

Kampung San Kampung Supa and Kampung Manggut The riverbanks were composed of

recent sediments mainly mud The surrounding brackish water and mangrove swamps are

dominated by Rhizophora spp Avicennia spp and Nipa fruticans These forests are a main

source of complex detritus formation and maintain the productivity of mangrove systems

around the study area

Batang Sari bas is popular as a breeding ground for golden puffer fish of the Arothon

sp which normally occur in July until September

4

SOUTH 0I8IA SEA

Figure 1 The study site at Batang Saribas Sri Aman

5

23 Field sampling

231 Silicate

Triplicate water samples were taken at three different depths (ie subsurface middle and

bottom) using a 2-litre Van Dom water sampler two-way valve (Figure 2) at each sampling

stations

All water samples were immediately filtered through a 120 lm sieve to remove any

unwanted matter such as zooplankton and detritors and they were kept in acid washed 500

mL polypropylene or polyethylene bottles These samples were kept at 4degC At shore they

were filtered through 045 lm membrane filter to remove particles (Bartram amp Ballance

1996) using vacuum filtration system The filtered samples were kept at 4 degc in cooler box

without preservation and brought back to the laboratory in UNIMAS The samples were

frozen at -20degC in laboratory until further analysis Analysis for silicate was done within 28

days of sampling using Heteropoly Blue Method (Hach System Method 8186)

232 Physico-chemical parameters

The physico-chemical parameters such as salinity and temperature of the water at each station

were measured using the maQual equipment The salinity were measured using Atago Hand

Refractometer and the temperature were measured using CyberScan (Waterproof) DO

300310

24 Data analysis

The mean concentrations of silicate in the water column (ie surface middle and bottom) at

each station were obtained from the triplicate samples (n=3) The means for salinity and

temperature for each station were obtained from triplicate readings (n=3) Differences

6

between mean silicate concentration at each station and at each depth at ebbing tide and

flooding tide were tested using a two-way ANOV A (SPSS software statistical package for

Windows Release 115) Where necessary data were transformed prior to analysis to satisfy

the ANOVA requirement of normality and homogeneity

The relationship between silicate concentration with temperature salinity number of

diatom cells and chlorophyll a concentrations were determined by a Pearson correlation

method Methods of statistical analysis as proposed by Watts amp Halliwell (1996) were used

as a guideline

BOAT shy~

SUBSURFACE ROPE I N=3FOR

EACH DEPTH

MIDDLE

LABORATORY ANALYSIS

BOTIOM

VAN DORN SAMPLER

Figure 2 Water sampling at each station (5 stations) using the Van Dom bottle

7

30 RESULTS

31 Silicate concentrations during flooding tide

The mean silicate concentration at the study site was 8604 IJM with a minimum of 6345 IJM

in midwater of Station 3 and a maximum of 11369 IJM in midwater of Station 5 (Figure 3)

Generally there was no significant difference in the silicate concentration at different depths

and stations (two-way ANOVA Tukey Test pgt005)

120

~ 100 2 3 80 c o ~ 60 8 c 408

j 20

rJJ 0 -

o Subsurface

bull Middle

bull Bottom

1 2 3 4 5

Station

Figure 3 Silicate concentration in each station and depth during flooding tide

Table 1 Two-way ANOVA analysis between different depth and station during flooding tide

Sum of Squares dfSource of plt005Mean Square F variation Station 2222081 4 555520 I 0712 0590 Depth 173403 86702 II 01112 0895 Station DeQth 8261313 8 780145 1324 0270I

32 Silicate concentrations during ebbing tide

The mean concentration of silicate at study site during ebbing tide was 8200 11M with a

rnl urn of 6452 11M in subsurface water of Station 2 and a maximum of 11714 11M in

rnidwater os Station 1 (Figure 4) Statistical analyses indicated that the concentrations of 8

I

silicate at different depths and stations were not significantly different (two-way ANOYA

Tukey Test pgt005)

120

100 i ~ 80 c 0 ~

2 60

8 c 0 40 lt)

J 20 CIl

0 1 2 3

Station

4

o Subsurface

bull Middle

bull Bottom

5

Figure 4 Silicate concentration in each depth and station duirng ebbing tide

I b d a etween I erent ept anT ble 2 Two-way ANOYA ana YSIS d h d statIOn unng e 10ghde Source of variation

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value plt005 II

Station 1632332 4 408083 0726 0582 Depth 1142866 2 571433 1016 0376 Station Depth 5721240 6 953540 1696 0162

33 Correlation Analysis

331 Correlation between parameters during flooding tide

There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of

diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 3) However the

number of diatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity

9

orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters

-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate

-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom

0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a

Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102

Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II

Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)

332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide

There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of

diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the

number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity

e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T

Silicate

Diatom

Chlorophyll a

Salinity

Temperature

1000

-0009

0140

-0164

-0236

-0009

1000

0300

0586

-0230

0140

0300

1000

0434

-0398

-0164

0586

0434

1000

-0605

-0236

-0230

-0398

-0605

1000

Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)

10

40 DISCUSSION

Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has

become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally

come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of

sedimentations and siltations

The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between

subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also

not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and

salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with

diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell

walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)

The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy

11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment

of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate

concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of

Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general

the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different

in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study

The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged

approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s

(Benjamin 2002)

11

so CONCLUSION

The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However

there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations

temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate

concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous

The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species

composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future

should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in

estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity

60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the

completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for

his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty

of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr

Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En

Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed

trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my

beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life

REFERENCES

ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and

The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine

cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur

12

American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard

Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton

Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The

Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring

Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London

Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston

Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London

Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of

Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc

Report

Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis

Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances

University of Otago Press Otago

Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and

species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560

Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of

phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50

Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy

Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)

487-496

Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc

United State

z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera

36 (2) 273-282

13

10 INTRODUCTION

Silicon in seawater can be found in the form of dissolved silicate and particulate silicate

(Millero amp Soho 1992) Their presence in the estuary include those originating from quartz

feldspar and clay materials from river or land through chemical processes of metamorphism

or weathering (Bartram amp Ballance 1996) As these materials settle down in water column

and sink the component of seawater can react with them to form secondary materials

Dissolved silica is one of the most important nutrients in seawater and can become an

important indicator whether or not the ocean or estuary has been polluted

Silicate is one of the most important nutrients for phytoplankton especially diatoms

growth In some parts of the ocean diatoms and radiolarians were found to have produced

skeletons of non-crystalline form of hydrate silica opal (Millero amp Sohn 1992) As these

skeletons settled to the sea floor and it slowly dissolved and releasing silica into the water

The contents of silicate in naturat waters are around 5 - 25 mgL (ASTM 1997) However it

has received much less attention than nitrate and phosphate in aquatic ecosystem studies

Decreases in silicate-nitrogen ratios of coastal seas due to decreases in the supply of

silicate caused by the dam construction or increases in nitrogen supply from waste discharge

may impose silicate limita~ion on phytoplankton in coastal seas and a shift of the dominant

phytoplankton from diatoms to flagellates (Hashimoto amp Nakano 2003) Consequently this

would reduce the abundance of diatoms and enhance the relative abundance of flagellates

According to Harris amp Baxter (1996) increased silicate concentrations thus

increasing diatom growth The researchers also indicated that Aulocoseira one of the diatom

species that has a high silicate requirement growing best under silicate concentrations as high

as 15 - 20 mg Lt Aulocoseira was a species characteristic of well-mixed moderately

eutrophic water bodies with relatively high silicate concentrations (Harris amp Baxter ] 996)

2

The temperature is one of the physico-chemical parameter that must be measured in

silu because a water sample will gradually reach the same temperature as the surrounding air

(Bartram amp Ballance 1996) Raymont (1980) stated that increasing of heating at the surface

water might cause the increasing in phytoplankton density where the water column was

stable

Chester (1990) reported that diatoms can be a dominant phytoplankton communities

when the concentrations of silicate in the water in excess 22 JlM If the concentrations of

silicate were less than this value the dominancy of diatoms became more variable (Chester

1990)

The objectives of this research were to describe the distribution of silicate to

determine the range of silicate concentrations and to relate the silicate concentrations with the

number of diatoms cell at study site

20 MATERIALS AND METHODS

21 Location

The study was carried out in Batang Saribas (Figure 1) There were five sampling stations

each 2 km apart beginning from upstream to downstream of Batang Saribas The samplings

were carried out at Kg Supa (Station 1 Latitude 01 0 3 N and Longitude 111 0 18 E)

Tanjung Keranji (Station 2 Latitude 01 0 52 N and Longitude 111 0 32 E) Kg Manggut

(Station 3 Latitude 01 0 51 N and Longitude 111 0 35 E) Tanjung Baring (Station 4 Latitude

01 0 30 N and Longitude Ill o 23 E) and Kg Serembang (Station 5 Latitude 01 0 48 Nand

Longitude 111 0 39 E) These stations were determined prior to the samplings using a map

and Global Positioning System (GPS) with the accuracy of approximately 30 m The

3

samplings were carried out at high tide and low tide level during a drought season in August

2003

22 Background of the study site

Batang Saribas has a large river basin with over 200 tributaries and enters into the South

China Sea There were several villages occur along the study area such as Kampung Sila

Kampung San Kampung Supa and Kampung Manggut The riverbanks were composed of

recent sediments mainly mud The surrounding brackish water and mangrove swamps are

dominated by Rhizophora spp Avicennia spp and Nipa fruticans These forests are a main

source of complex detritus formation and maintain the productivity of mangrove systems

around the study area

Batang Sari bas is popular as a breeding ground for golden puffer fish of the Arothon

sp which normally occur in July until September

4

SOUTH 0I8IA SEA

Figure 1 The study site at Batang Saribas Sri Aman

5

23 Field sampling

231 Silicate

Triplicate water samples were taken at three different depths (ie subsurface middle and

bottom) using a 2-litre Van Dom water sampler two-way valve (Figure 2) at each sampling

stations

All water samples were immediately filtered through a 120 lm sieve to remove any

unwanted matter such as zooplankton and detritors and they were kept in acid washed 500

mL polypropylene or polyethylene bottles These samples were kept at 4degC At shore they

were filtered through 045 lm membrane filter to remove particles (Bartram amp Ballance

1996) using vacuum filtration system The filtered samples were kept at 4 degc in cooler box

without preservation and brought back to the laboratory in UNIMAS The samples were

frozen at -20degC in laboratory until further analysis Analysis for silicate was done within 28

days of sampling using Heteropoly Blue Method (Hach System Method 8186)

232 Physico-chemical parameters

The physico-chemical parameters such as salinity and temperature of the water at each station

were measured using the maQual equipment The salinity were measured using Atago Hand

Refractometer and the temperature were measured using CyberScan (Waterproof) DO

300310

24 Data analysis

The mean concentrations of silicate in the water column (ie surface middle and bottom) at

each station were obtained from the triplicate samples (n=3) The means for salinity and

temperature for each station were obtained from triplicate readings (n=3) Differences

6

between mean silicate concentration at each station and at each depth at ebbing tide and

flooding tide were tested using a two-way ANOV A (SPSS software statistical package for

Windows Release 115) Where necessary data were transformed prior to analysis to satisfy

the ANOVA requirement of normality and homogeneity

The relationship between silicate concentration with temperature salinity number of

diatom cells and chlorophyll a concentrations were determined by a Pearson correlation

method Methods of statistical analysis as proposed by Watts amp Halliwell (1996) were used

as a guideline

BOAT shy~

SUBSURFACE ROPE I N=3FOR

EACH DEPTH

MIDDLE

LABORATORY ANALYSIS

BOTIOM

VAN DORN SAMPLER

Figure 2 Water sampling at each station (5 stations) using the Van Dom bottle

7

30 RESULTS

31 Silicate concentrations during flooding tide

The mean silicate concentration at the study site was 8604 IJM with a minimum of 6345 IJM

in midwater of Station 3 and a maximum of 11369 IJM in midwater of Station 5 (Figure 3)

Generally there was no significant difference in the silicate concentration at different depths

and stations (two-way ANOVA Tukey Test pgt005)

120

~ 100 2 3 80 c o ~ 60 8 c 408

j 20

rJJ 0 -

o Subsurface

bull Middle

bull Bottom

1 2 3 4 5

Station

Figure 3 Silicate concentration in each station and depth during flooding tide

Table 1 Two-way ANOVA analysis between different depth and station during flooding tide

Sum of Squares dfSource of plt005Mean Square F variation Station 2222081 4 555520 I 0712 0590 Depth 173403 86702 II 01112 0895 Station DeQth 8261313 8 780145 1324 0270I

32 Silicate concentrations during ebbing tide

The mean concentration of silicate at study site during ebbing tide was 8200 11M with a

rnl urn of 6452 11M in subsurface water of Station 2 and a maximum of 11714 11M in

rnidwater os Station 1 (Figure 4) Statistical analyses indicated that the concentrations of 8

I

silicate at different depths and stations were not significantly different (two-way ANOYA

Tukey Test pgt005)

120

100 i ~ 80 c 0 ~

2 60

8 c 0 40 lt)

J 20 CIl

0 1 2 3

Station

4

o Subsurface

bull Middle

bull Bottom

5

Figure 4 Silicate concentration in each depth and station duirng ebbing tide

I b d a etween I erent ept anT ble 2 Two-way ANOYA ana YSIS d h d statIOn unng e 10ghde Source of variation

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value plt005 II

Station 1632332 4 408083 0726 0582 Depth 1142866 2 571433 1016 0376 Station Depth 5721240 6 953540 1696 0162

33 Correlation Analysis

331 Correlation between parameters during flooding tide

There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of

diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 3) However the

number of diatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity

9

orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters

-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate

-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom

0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a

Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102

Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II

Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)

332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide

There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of

diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the

number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity

e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T

Silicate

Diatom

Chlorophyll a

Salinity

Temperature

1000

-0009

0140

-0164

-0236

-0009

1000

0300

0586

-0230

0140

0300

1000

0434

-0398

-0164

0586

0434

1000

-0605

-0236

-0230

-0398

-0605

1000

Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)

10

40 DISCUSSION

Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has

become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally

come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of

sedimentations and siltations

The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between

subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also

not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and

salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with

diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell

walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)

The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy

11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment

of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate

concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of

Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general

the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different

in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study

The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged

approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s

(Benjamin 2002)

11

so CONCLUSION

The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However

there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations

temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate

concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous

The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species

composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future

should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in

estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity

60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the

completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for

his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty

of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr

Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En

Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed

trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my

beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life

REFERENCES

ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and

The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine

cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur

12

American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard

Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton

Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The

Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring

Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London

Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston

Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London

Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of

Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc

Report

Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis

Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances

University of Otago Press Otago

Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and

species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560

Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of

phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50

Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy

Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)

487-496

Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc

United State

z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera

36 (2) 273-282

13

The temperature is one of the physico-chemical parameter that must be measured in

silu because a water sample will gradually reach the same temperature as the surrounding air

(Bartram amp Ballance 1996) Raymont (1980) stated that increasing of heating at the surface

water might cause the increasing in phytoplankton density where the water column was

stable

Chester (1990) reported that diatoms can be a dominant phytoplankton communities

when the concentrations of silicate in the water in excess 22 JlM If the concentrations of

silicate were less than this value the dominancy of diatoms became more variable (Chester

1990)

The objectives of this research were to describe the distribution of silicate to

determine the range of silicate concentrations and to relate the silicate concentrations with the

number of diatoms cell at study site

20 MATERIALS AND METHODS

21 Location

The study was carried out in Batang Saribas (Figure 1) There were five sampling stations

each 2 km apart beginning from upstream to downstream of Batang Saribas The samplings

were carried out at Kg Supa (Station 1 Latitude 01 0 3 N and Longitude 111 0 18 E)

Tanjung Keranji (Station 2 Latitude 01 0 52 N and Longitude 111 0 32 E) Kg Manggut

(Station 3 Latitude 01 0 51 N and Longitude 111 0 35 E) Tanjung Baring (Station 4 Latitude

01 0 30 N and Longitude Ill o 23 E) and Kg Serembang (Station 5 Latitude 01 0 48 Nand

Longitude 111 0 39 E) These stations were determined prior to the samplings using a map

and Global Positioning System (GPS) with the accuracy of approximately 30 m The

3

samplings were carried out at high tide and low tide level during a drought season in August

2003

22 Background of the study site

Batang Saribas has a large river basin with over 200 tributaries and enters into the South

China Sea There were several villages occur along the study area such as Kampung Sila

Kampung San Kampung Supa and Kampung Manggut The riverbanks were composed of

recent sediments mainly mud The surrounding brackish water and mangrove swamps are

dominated by Rhizophora spp Avicennia spp and Nipa fruticans These forests are a main

source of complex detritus formation and maintain the productivity of mangrove systems

around the study area

Batang Sari bas is popular as a breeding ground for golden puffer fish of the Arothon

sp which normally occur in July until September

4

SOUTH 0I8IA SEA

Figure 1 The study site at Batang Saribas Sri Aman

5

23 Field sampling

231 Silicate

Triplicate water samples were taken at three different depths (ie subsurface middle and

bottom) using a 2-litre Van Dom water sampler two-way valve (Figure 2) at each sampling

stations

All water samples were immediately filtered through a 120 lm sieve to remove any

unwanted matter such as zooplankton and detritors and they were kept in acid washed 500

mL polypropylene or polyethylene bottles These samples were kept at 4degC At shore they

were filtered through 045 lm membrane filter to remove particles (Bartram amp Ballance

1996) using vacuum filtration system The filtered samples were kept at 4 degc in cooler box

without preservation and brought back to the laboratory in UNIMAS The samples were

frozen at -20degC in laboratory until further analysis Analysis for silicate was done within 28

days of sampling using Heteropoly Blue Method (Hach System Method 8186)

232 Physico-chemical parameters

The physico-chemical parameters such as salinity and temperature of the water at each station

were measured using the maQual equipment The salinity were measured using Atago Hand

Refractometer and the temperature were measured using CyberScan (Waterproof) DO

300310

24 Data analysis

The mean concentrations of silicate in the water column (ie surface middle and bottom) at

each station were obtained from the triplicate samples (n=3) The means for salinity and

temperature for each station were obtained from triplicate readings (n=3) Differences

6

between mean silicate concentration at each station and at each depth at ebbing tide and

flooding tide were tested using a two-way ANOV A (SPSS software statistical package for

Windows Release 115) Where necessary data were transformed prior to analysis to satisfy

the ANOVA requirement of normality and homogeneity

The relationship between silicate concentration with temperature salinity number of

diatom cells and chlorophyll a concentrations were determined by a Pearson correlation

method Methods of statistical analysis as proposed by Watts amp Halliwell (1996) were used

as a guideline

BOAT shy~

SUBSURFACE ROPE I N=3FOR

EACH DEPTH

MIDDLE

LABORATORY ANALYSIS

BOTIOM

VAN DORN SAMPLER

Figure 2 Water sampling at each station (5 stations) using the Van Dom bottle

7

30 RESULTS

31 Silicate concentrations during flooding tide

The mean silicate concentration at the study site was 8604 IJM with a minimum of 6345 IJM

in midwater of Station 3 and a maximum of 11369 IJM in midwater of Station 5 (Figure 3)

Generally there was no significant difference in the silicate concentration at different depths

and stations (two-way ANOVA Tukey Test pgt005)

120

~ 100 2 3 80 c o ~ 60 8 c 408

j 20

rJJ 0 -

o Subsurface

bull Middle

bull Bottom

1 2 3 4 5

Station

Figure 3 Silicate concentration in each station and depth during flooding tide

Table 1 Two-way ANOVA analysis between different depth and station during flooding tide

Sum of Squares dfSource of plt005Mean Square F variation Station 2222081 4 555520 I 0712 0590 Depth 173403 86702 II 01112 0895 Station DeQth 8261313 8 780145 1324 0270I

32 Silicate concentrations during ebbing tide

The mean concentration of silicate at study site during ebbing tide was 8200 11M with a

rnl urn of 6452 11M in subsurface water of Station 2 and a maximum of 11714 11M in

rnidwater os Station 1 (Figure 4) Statistical analyses indicated that the concentrations of 8

I

silicate at different depths and stations were not significantly different (two-way ANOYA

Tukey Test pgt005)

120

100 i ~ 80 c 0 ~

2 60

8 c 0 40 lt)

J 20 CIl

0 1 2 3

Station

4

o Subsurface

bull Middle

bull Bottom

5

Figure 4 Silicate concentration in each depth and station duirng ebbing tide

I b d a etween I erent ept anT ble 2 Two-way ANOYA ana YSIS d h d statIOn unng e 10ghde Source of variation

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value plt005 II

Station 1632332 4 408083 0726 0582 Depth 1142866 2 571433 1016 0376 Station Depth 5721240 6 953540 1696 0162

33 Correlation Analysis

331 Correlation between parameters during flooding tide

There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of

diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 3) However the

number of diatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity

9

orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters

-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate

-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom

0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a

Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102

Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II

Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)

332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide

There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of

diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the

number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity

e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T

Silicate

Diatom

Chlorophyll a

Salinity

Temperature

1000

-0009

0140

-0164

-0236

-0009

1000

0300

0586

-0230

0140

0300

1000

0434

-0398

-0164

0586

0434

1000

-0605

-0236

-0230

-0398

-0605

1000

Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)

10

40 DISCUSSION

Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has

become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally

come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of

sedimentations and siltations

The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between

subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also

not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and

salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with

diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell

walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)

The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy

11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment

of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate

concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of

Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general

the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different

in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study

The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged

approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s

(Benjamin 2002)

11

so CONCLUSION

The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However

there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations

temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate

concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous

The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species

composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future

should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in

estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity

60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the

completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for

his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty

of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr

Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En

Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed

trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my

beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life

REFERENCES

ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and

The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine

cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur

12

American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard

Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton

Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The

Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring

Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London

Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston

Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London

Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of

Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc

Report

Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis

Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances

University of Otago Press Otago

Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and

species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560

Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of

phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50

Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy

Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)

487-496

Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc

United State

z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera

36 (2) 273-282

13

samplings were carried out at high tide and low tide level during a drought season in August

2003

22 Background of the study site

Batang Saribas has a large river basin with over 200 tributaries and enters into the South

China Sea There were several villages occur along the study area such as Kampung Sila

Kampung San Kampung Supa and Kampung Manggut The riverbanks were composed of

recent sediments mainly mud The surrounding brackish water and mangrove swamps are

dominated by Rhizophora spp Avicennia spp and Nipa fruticans These forests are a main

source of complex detritus formation and maintain the productivity of mangrove systems

around the study area

Batang Sari bas is popular as a breeding ground for golden puffer fish of the Arothon

sp which normally occur in July until September

4

SOUTH 0I8IA SEA

Figure 1 The study site at Batang Saribas Sri Aman

5

23 Field sampling

231 Silicate

Triplicate water samples were taken at three different depths (ie subsurface middle and

bottom) using a 2-litre Van Dom water sampler two-way valve (Figure 2) at each sampling

stations

All water samples were immediately filtered through a 120 lm sieve to remove any

unwanted matter such as zooplankton and detritors and they were kept in acid washed 500

mL polypropylene or polyethylene bottles These samples were kept at 4degC At shore they

were filtered through 045 lm membrane filter to remove particles (Bartram amp Ballance

1996) using vacuum filtration system The filtered samples were kept at 4 degc in cooler box

without preservation and brought back to the laboratory in UNIMAS The samples were

frozen at -20degC in laboratory until further analysis Analysis for silicate was done within 28

days of sampling using Heteropoly Blue Method (Hach System Method 8186)

232 Physico-chemical parameters

The physico-chemical parameters such as salinity and temperature of the water at each station

were measured using the maQual equipment The salinity were measured using Atago Hand

Refractometer and the temperature were measured using CyberScan (Waterproof) DO

300310

24 Data analysis

The mean concentrations of silicate in the water column (ie surface middle and bottom) at

each station were obtained from the triplicate samples (n=3) The means for salinity and

temperature for each station were obtained from triplicate readings (n=3) Differences

6

between mean silicate concentration at each station and at each depth at ebbing tide and

flooding tide were tested using a two-way ANOV A (SPSS software statistical package for

Windows Release 115) Where necessary data were transformed prior to analysis to satisfy

the ANOVA requirement of normality and homogeneity

The relationship between silicate concentration with temperature salinity number of

diatom cells and chlorophyll a concentrations were determined by a Pearson correlation

method Methods of statistical analysis as proposed by Watts amp Halliwell (1996) were used

as a guideline

BOAT shy~

SUBSURFACE ROPE I N=3FOR

EACH DEPTH

MIDDLE

LABORATORY ANALYSIS

BOTIOM

VAN DORN SAMPLER

Figure 2 Water sampling at each station (5 stations) using the Van Dom bottle

7

30 RESULTS

31 Silicate concentrations during flooding tide

The mean silicate concentration at the study site was 8604 IJM with a minimum of 6345 IJM

in midwater of Station 3 and a maximum of 11369 IJM in midwater of Station 5 (Figure 3)

Generally there was no significant difference in the silicate concentration at different depths

and stations (two-way ANOVA Tukey Test pgt005)

120

~ 100 2 3 80 c o ~ 60 8 c 408

j 20

rJJ 0 -

o Subsurface

bull Middle

bull Bottom

1 2 3 4 5

Station

Figure 3 Silicate concentration in each station and depth during flooding tide

Table 1 Two-way ANOVA analysis between different depth and station during flooding tide

Sum of Squares dfSource of plt005Mean Square F variation Station 2222081 4 555520 I 0712 0590 Depth 173403 86702 II 01112 0895 Station DeQth 8261313 8 780145 1324 0270I

32 Silicate concentrations during ebbing tide

The mean concentration of silicate at study site during ebbing tide was 8200 11M with a

rnl urn of 6452 11M in subsurface water of Station 2 and a maximum of 11714 11M in

rnidwater os Station 1 (Figure 4) Statistical analyses indicated that the concentrations of 8

I

silicate at different depths and stations were not significantly different (two-way ANOYA

Tukey Test pgt005)

120

100 i ~ 80 c 0 ~

2 60

8 c 0 40 lt)

J 20 CIl

0 1 2 3

Station

4

o Subsurface

bull Middle

bull Bottom

5

Figure 4 Silicate concentration in each depth and station duirng ebbing tide

I b d a etween I erent ept anT ble 2 Two-way ANOYA ana YSIS d h d statIOn unng e 10ghde Source of variation

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value plt005 II

Station 1632332 4 408083 0726 0582 Depth 1142866 2 571433 1016 0376 Station Depth 5721240 6 953540 1696 0162

33 Correlation Analysis

331 Correlation between parameters during flooding tide

There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of

diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 3) However the

number of diatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity

9

orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters

-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate

-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom

0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a

Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102

Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II

Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)

332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide

There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of

diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the

number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity

e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T

Silicate

Diatom

Chlorophyll a

Salinity

Temperature

1000

-0009

0140

-0164

-0236

-0009

1000

0300

0586

-0230

0140

0300

1000

0434

-0398

-0164

0586

0434

1000

-0605

-0236

-0230

-0398

-0605

1000

Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)

10

40 DISCUSSION

Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has

become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally

come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of

sedimentations and siltations

The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between

subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also

not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and

salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with

diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell

walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)

The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy

11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment

of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate

concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of

Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general

the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different

in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study

The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged

approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s

(Benjamin 2002)

11

so CONCLUSION

The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However

there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations

temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate

concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous

The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species

composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future

should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in

estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity

60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the

completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for

his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty

of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr

Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En

Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed

trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my

beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life

REFERENCES

ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and

The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine

cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur

12

American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard

Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton

Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The

Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring

Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London

Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston

Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London

Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of

Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc

Report

Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis

Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances

University of Otago Press Otago

Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and

species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560

Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of

phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50

Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy

Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)

487-496

Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc

United State

z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera

36 (2) 273-282

13

SOUTH 0I8IA SEA

Figure 1 The study site at Batang Saribas Sri Aman

5

23 Field sampling

231 Silicate

Triplicate water samples were taken at three different depths (ie subsurface middle and

bottom) using a 2-litre Van Dom water sampler two-way valve (Figure 2) at each sampling

stations

All water samples were immediately filtered through a 120 lm sieve to remove any

unwanted matter such as zooplankton and detritors and they were kept in acid washed 500

mL polypropylene or polyethylene bottles These samples were kept at 4degC At shore they

were filtered through 045 lm membrane filter to remove particles (Bartram amp Ballance

1996) using vacuum filtration system The filtered samples were kept at 4 degc in cooler box

without preservation and brought back to the laboratory in UNIMAS The samples were

frozen at -20degC in laboratory until further analysis Analysis for silicate was done within 28

days of sampling using Heteropoly Blue Method (Hach System Method 8186)

232 Physico-chemical parameters

The physico-chemical parameters such as salinity and temperature of the water at each station

were measured using the maQual equipment The salinity were measured using Atago Hand

Refractometer and the temperature were measured using CyberScan (Waterproof) DO

300310

24 Data analysis

The mean concentrations of silicate in the water column (ie surface middle and bottom) at

each station were obtained from the triplicate samples (n=3) The means for salinity and

temperature for each station were obtained from triplicate readings (n=3) Differences

6

between mean silicate concentration at each station and at each depth at ebbing tide and

flooding tide were tested using a two-way ANOV A (SPSS software statistical package for

Windows Release 115) Where necessary data were transformed prior to analysis to satisfy

the ANOVA requirement of normality and homogeneity

The relationship between silicate concentration with temperature salinity number of

diatom cells and chlorophyll a concentrations were determined by a Pearson correlation

method Methods of statistical analysis as proposed by Watts amp Halliwell (1996) were used

as a guideline

BOAT shy~

SUBSURFACE ROPE I N=3FOR

EACH DEPTH

MIDDLE

LABORATORY ANALYSIS

BOTIOM

VAN DORN SAMPLER

Figure 2 Water sampling at each station (5 stations) using the Van Dom bottle

7

30 RESULTS

31 Silicate concentrations during flooding tide

The mean silicate concentration at the study site was 8604 IJM with a minimum of 6345 IJM

in midwater of Station 3 and a maximum of 11369 IJM in midwater of Station 5 (Figure 3)

Generally there was no significant difference in the silicate concentration at different depths

and stations (two-way ANOVA Tukey Test pgt005)

120

~ 100 2 3 80 c o ~ 60 8 c 408

j 20

rJJ 0 -

o Subsurface

bull Middle

bull Bottom

1 2 3 4 5

Station

Figure 3 Silicate concentration in each station and depth during flooding tide

Table 1 Two-way ANOVA analysis between different depth and station during flooding tide

Sum of Squares dfSource of plt005Mean Square F variation Station 2222081 4 555520 I 0712 0590 Depth 173403 86702 II 01112 0895 Station DeQth 8261313 8 780145 1324 0270I

32 Silicate concentrations during ebbing tide

The mean concentration of silicate at study site during ebbing tide was 8200 11M with a

rnl urn of 6452 11M in subsurface water of Station 2 and a maximum of 11714 11M in

rnidwater os Station 1 (Figure 4) Statistical analyses indicated that the concentrations of 8

I

silicate at different depths and stations were not significantly different (two-way ANOYA

Tukey Test pgt005)

120

100 i ~ 80 c 0 ~

2 60

8 c 0 40 lt)

J 20 CIl

0 1 2 3

Station

4

o Subsurface

bull Middle

bull Bottom

5

Figure 4 Silicate concentration in each depth and station duirng ebbing tide

I b d a etween I erent ept anT ble 2 Two-way ANOYA ana YSIS d h d statIOn unng e 10ghde Source of variation

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value plt005 II

Station 1632332 4 408083 0726 0582 Depth 1142866 2 571433 1016 0376 Station Depth 5721240 6 953540 1696 0162

33 Correlation Analysis

331 Correlation between parameters during flooding tide

There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of

diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 3) However the

number of diatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity

9

orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters

-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate

-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom

0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a

Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102

Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II

Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)

332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide

There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of

diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the

number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity

e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T

Silicate

Diatom

Chlorophyll a

Salinity

Temperature

1000

-0009

0140

-0164

-0236

-0009

1000

0300

0586

-0230

0140

0300

1000

0434

-0398

-0164

0586

0434

1000

-0605

-0236

-0230

-0398

-0605

1000

Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)

10

40 DISCUSSION

Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has

become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally

come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of

sedimentations and siltations

The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between

subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also

not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and

salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with

diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell

walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)

The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy

11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment

of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate

concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of

Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general

the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different

in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study

The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged

approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s

(Benjamin 2002)

11

so CONCLUSION

The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However

there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations

temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate

concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous

The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species

composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future

should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in

estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity

60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the

completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for

his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty

of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr

Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En

Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed

trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my

beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life

REFERENCES

ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and

The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine

cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur

12

American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard

Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton

Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The

Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring

Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London

Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston

Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London

Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of

Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc

Report

Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis

Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances

University of Otago Press Otago

Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and

species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560

Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of

phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50

Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy

Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)

487-496

Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc

United State

z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera

36 (2) 273-282

13

23 Field sampling

231 Silicate

Triplicate water samples were taken at three different depths (ie subsurface middle and

bottom) using a 2-litre Van Dom water sampler two-way valve (Figure 2) at each sampling

stations

All water samples were immediately filtered through a 120 lm sieve to remove any

unwanted matter such as zooplankton and detritors and they were kept in acid washed 500

mL polypropylene or polyethylene bottles These samples were kept at 4degC At shore they

were filtered through 045 lm membrane filter to remove particles (Bartram amp Ballance

1996) using vacuum filtration system The filtered samples were kept at 4 degc in cooler box

without preservation and brought back to the laboratory in UNIMAS The samples were

frozen at -20degC in laboratory until further analysis Analysis for silicate was done within 28

days of sampling using Heteropoly Blue Method (Hach System Method 8186)

232 Physico-chemical parameters

The physico-chemical parameters such as salinity and temperature of the water at each station

were measured using the maQual equipment The salinity were measured using Atago Hand

Refractometer and the temperature were measured using CyberScan (Waterproof) DO

300310

24 Data analysis

The mean concentrations of silicate in the water column (ie surface middle and bottom) at

each station were obtained from the triplicate samples (n=3) The means for salinity and

temperature for each station were obtained from triplicate readings (n=3) Differences

6

between mean silicate concentration at each station and at each depth at ebbing tide and

flooding tide were tested using a two-way ANOV A (SPSS software statistical package for

Windows Release 115) Where necessary data were transformed prior to analysis to satisfy

the ANOVA requirement of normality and homogeneity

The relationship between silicate concentration with temperature salinity number of

diatom cells and chlorophyll a concentrations were determined by a Pearson correlation

method Methods of statistical analysis as proposed by Watts amp Halliwell (1996) were used

as a guideline

BOAT shy~

SUBSURFACE ROPE I N=3FOR

EACH DEPTH

MIDDLE

LABORATORY ANALYSIS

BOTIOM

VAN DORN SAMPLER

Figure 2 Water sampling at each station (5 stations) using the Van Dom bottle

7

30 RESULTS

31 Silicate concentrations during flooding tide

The mean silicate concentration at the study site was 8604 IJM with a minimum of 6345 IJM

in midwater of Station 3 and a maximum of 11369 IJM in midwater of Station 5 (Figure 3)

Generally there was no significant difference in the silicate concentration at different depths

and stations (two-way ANOVA Tukey Test pgt005)

120

~ 100 2 3 80 c o ~ 60 8 c 408

j 20

rJJ 0 -

o Subsurface

bull Middle

bull Bottom

1 2 3 4 5

Station

Figure 3 Silicate concentration in each station and depth during flooding tide

Table 1 Two-way ANOVA analysis between different depth and station during flooding tide

Sum of Squares dfSource of plt005Mean Square F variation Station 2222081 4 555520 I 0712 0590 Depth 173403 86702 II 01112 0895 Station DeQth 8261313 8 780145 1324 0270I

32 Silicate concentrations during ebbing tide

The mean concentration of silicate at study site during ebbing tide was 8200 11M with a

rnl urn of 6452 11M in subsurface water of Station 2 and a maximum of 11714 11M in

rnidwater os Station 1 (Figure 4) Statistical analyses indicated that the concentrations of 8

I

silicate at different depths and stations were not significantly different (two-way ANOYA

Tukey Test pgt005)

120

100 i ~ 80 c 0 ~

2 60

8 c 0 40 lt)

J 20 CIl

0 1 2 3

Station

4

o Subsurface

bull Middle

bull Bottom

5

Figure 4 Silicate concentration in each depth and station duirng ebbing tide

I b d a etween I erent ept anT ble 2 Two-way ANOYA ana YSIS d h d statIOn unng e 10ghde Source of variation

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value plt005 II

Station 1632332 4 408083 0726 0582 Depth 1142866 2 571433 1016 0376 Station Depth 5721240 6 953540 1696 0162

33 Correlation Analysis

331 Correlation between parameters during flooding tide

There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of

diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 3) However the

number of diatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity

9

orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters

-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate

-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom

0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a

Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102

Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II

Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)

332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide

There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of

diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the

number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity

e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T

Silicate

Diatom

Chlorophyll a

Salinity

Temperature

1000

-0009

0140

-0164

-0236

-0009

1000

0300

0586

-0230

0140

0300

1000

0434

-0398

-0164

0586

0434

1000

-0605

-0236

-0230

-0398

-0605

1000

Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)

10

40 DISCUSSION

Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has

become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally

come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of

sedimentations and siltations

The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between

subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also

not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and

salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with

diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell

walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)

The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy

11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment

of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate

concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of

Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general

the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different

in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study

The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged

approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s

(Benjamin 2002)

11

so CONCLUSION

The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However

there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations

temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate

concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous

The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species

composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future

should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in

estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity

60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the

completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for

his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty

of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr

Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En

Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed

trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my

beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life

REFERENCES

ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and

The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine

cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur

12

American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard

Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton

Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The

Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring

Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London

Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston

Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London

Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of

Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc

Report

Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis

Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances

University of Otago Press Otago

Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and

species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560

Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of

phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50

Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy

Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)

487-496

Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc

United State

z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera

36 (2) 273-282

13

between mean silicate concentration at each station and at each depth at ebbing tide and

flooding tide were tested using a two-way ANOV A (SPSS software statistical package for

Windows Release 115) Where necessary data were transformed prior to analysis to satisfy

the ANOVA requirement of normality and homogeneity

The relationship between silicate concentration with temperature salinity number of

diatom cells and chlorophyll a concentrations were determined by a Pearson correlation

method Methods of statistical analysis as proposed by Watts amp Halliwell (1996) were used

as a guideline

BOAT shy~

SUBSURFACE ROPE I N=3FOR

EACH DEPTH

MIDDLE

LABORATORY ANALYSIS

BOTIOM

VAN DORN SAMPLER

Figure 2 Water sampling at each station (5 stations) using the Van Dom bottle

7

30 RESULTS

31 Silicate concentrations during flooding tide

The mean silicate concentration at the study site was 8604 IJM with a minimum of 6345 IJM

in midwater of Station 3 and a maximum of 11369 IJM in midwater of Station 5 (Figure 3)

Generally there was no significant difference in the silicate concentration at different depths

and stations (two-way ANOVA Tukey Test pgt005)

120

~ 100 2 3 80 c o ~ 60 8 c 408

j 20

rJJ 0 -

o Subsurface

bull Middle

bull Bottom

1 2 3 4 5

Station

Figure 3 Silicate concentration in each station and depth during flooding tide

Table 1 Two-way ANOVA analysis between different depth and station during flooding tide

Sum of Squares dfSource of plt005Mean Square F variation Station 2222081 4 555520 I 0712 0590 Depth 173403 86702 II 01112 0895 Station DeQth 8261313 8 780145 1324 0270I

32 Silicate concentrations during ebbing tide

The mean concentration of silicate at study site during ebbing tide was 8200 11M with a

rnl urn of 6452 11M in subsurface water of Station 2 and a maximum of 11714 11M in

rnidwater os Station 1 (Figure 4) Statistical analyses indicated that the concentrations of 8

I

silicate at different depths and stations were not significantly different (two-way ANOYA

Tukey Test pgt005)

120

100 i ~ 80 c 0 ~

2 60

8 c 0 40 lt)

J 20 CIl

0 1 2 3

Station

4

o Subsurface

bull Middle

bull Bottom

5

Figure 4 Silicate concentration in each depth and station duirng ebbing tide

I b d a etween I erent ept anT ble 2 Two-way ANOYA ana YSIS d h d statIOn unng e 10ghde Source of variation

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value plt005 II

Station 1632332 4 408083 0726 0582 Depth 1142866 2 571433 1016 0376 Station Depth 5721240 6 953540 1696 0162

33 Correlation Analysis

331 Correlation between parameters during flooding tide

There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of

diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 3) However the

number of diatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity

9

orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters

-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate

-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom

0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a

Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102

Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II

Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)

332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide

There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of

diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the

number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity

e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T

Silicate

Diatom

Chlorophyll a

Salinity

Temperature

1000

-0009

0140

-0164

-0236

-0009

1000

0300

0586

-0230

0140

0300

1000

0434

-0398

-0164

0586

0434

1000

-0605

-0236

-0230

-0398

-0605

1000

Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)

10

40 DISCUSSION

Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has

become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally

come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of

sedimentations and siltations

The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between

subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also

not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and

salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with

diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell

walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)

The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy

11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment

of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate

concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of

Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general

the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different

in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study

The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged

approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s

(Benjamin 2002)

11

so CONCLUSION

The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However

there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations

temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate

concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous

The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species

composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future

should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in

estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity

60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the

completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for

his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty

of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr

Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En

Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed

trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my

beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life

REFERENCES

ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and

The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine

cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur

12

American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard

Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton

Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The

Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring

Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London

Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston

Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London

Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of

Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc

Report

Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis

Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances

University of Otago Press Otago

Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and

species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560

Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of

phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50

Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy

Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)

487-496

Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc

United State

z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera

36 (2) 273-282

13

30 RESULTS

31 Silicate concentrations during flooding tide

The mean silicate concentration at the study site was 8604 IJM with a minimum of 6345 IJM

in midwater of Station 3 and a maximum of 11369 IJM in midwater of Station 5 (Figure 3)

Generally there was no significant difference in the silicate concentration at different depths

and stations (two-way ANOVA Tukey Test pgt005)

120

~ 100 2 3 80 c o ~ 60 8 c 408

j 20

rJJ 0 -

o Subsurface

bull Middle

bull Bottom

1 2 3 4 5

Station

Figure 3 Silicate concentration in each station and depth during flooding tide

Table 1 Two-way ANOVA analysis between different depth and station during flooding tide

Sum of Squares dfSource of plt005Mean Square F variation Station 2222081 4 555520 I 0712 0590 Depth 173403 86702 II 01112 0895 Station DeQth 8261313 8 780145 1324 0270I

32 Silicate concentrations during ebbing tide

The mean concentration of silicate at study site during ebbing tide was 8200 11M with a

rnl urn of 6452 11M in subsurface water of Station 2 and a maximum of 11714 11M in

rnidwater os Station 1 (Figure 4) Statistical analyses indicated that the concentrations of 8

I

silicate at different depths and stations were not significantly different (two-way ANOYA

Tukey Test pgt005)

120

100 i ~ 80 c 0 ~

2 60

8 c 0 40 lt)

J 20 CIl

0 1 2 3

Station

4

o Subsurface

bull Middle

bull Bottom

5

Figure 4 Silicate concentration in each depth and station duirng ebbing tide

I b d a etween I erent ept anT ble 2 Two-way ANOYA ana YSIS d h d statIOn unng e 10ghde Source of variation

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value plt005 II

Station 1632332 4 408083 0726 0582 Depth 1142866 2 571433 1016 0376 Station Depth 5721240 6 953540 1696 0162

33 Correlation Analysis

331 Correlation between parameters during flooding tide

There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of

diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 3) However the

number of diatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity

9

orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters

-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate

-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom

0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a

Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102

Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II

Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)

332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide

There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of

diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the

number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity

e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T

Silicate

Diatom

Chlorophyll a

Salinity

Temperature

1000

-0009

0140

-0164

-0236

-0009

1000

0300

0586

-0230

0140

0300

1000

0434

-0398

-0164

0586

0434

1000

-0605

-0236

-0230

-0398

-0605

1000

Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)

10

40 DISCUSSION

Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has

become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally

come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of

sedimentations and siltations

The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between

subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also

not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and

salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with

diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell

walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)

The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy

11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment

of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate

concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of

Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general

the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different

in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study

The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged

approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s

(Benjamin 2002)

11

so CONCLUSION

The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However

there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations

temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate

concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous

The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species

composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future

should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in

estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity

60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the

completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for

his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty

of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr

Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En

Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed

trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my

beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life

REFERENCES

ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and

The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine

cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur

12

American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard

Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton

Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The

Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring

Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London

Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston

Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London

Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of

Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc

Report

Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis

Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances

University of Otago Press Otago

Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and

species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560

Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of

phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50

Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy

Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)

487-496

Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc

United State

z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera

36 (2) 273-282

13

silicate at different depths and stations were not significantly different (two-way ANOYA

Tukey Test pgt005)

120

100 i ~ 80 c 0 ~

2 60

8 c 0 40 lt)

J 20 CIl

0 1 2 3

Station

4

o Subsurface

bull Middle

bull Bottom

5

Figure 4 Silicate concentration in each depth and station duirng ebbing tide

I b d a etween I erent ept anT ble 2 Two-way ANOYA ana YSIS d h d statIOn unng e 10ghde Source of variation

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value plt005 II

Station 1632332 4 408083 0726 0582 Depth 1142866 2 571433 1016 0376 Station Depth 5721240 6 953540 1696 0162

33 Correlation Analysis

331 Correlation between parameters during flooding tide

There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of

diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 3) However the

number of diatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity

9

orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters

-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate

-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom

0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a

Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102

Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II

Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)

332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide

There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of

diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the

number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity

e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T

Silicate

Diatom

Chlorophyll a

Salinity

Temperature

1000

-0009

0140

-0164

-0236

-0009

1000

0300

0586

-0230

0140

0300

1000

0434

-0398

-0164

0586

0434

1000

-0605

-0236

-0230

-0398

-0605

1000

Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)

10

40 DISCUSSION

Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has

become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally

come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of

sedimentations and siltations

The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between

subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also

not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and

salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with

diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell

walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)

The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy

11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment

of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate

concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of

Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general

the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different

in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study

The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged

approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s

(Benjamin 2002)

11

so CONCLUSION

The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However

there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations

temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate

concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous

The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species

composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future

should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in

estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity

60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the

completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for

his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty

of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr

Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En

Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed

trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my

beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life

REFERENCES

ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and

The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine

cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur

12

American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard

Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton

Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The

Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring

Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London

Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston

Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London

Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of

Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc

Report

Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis

Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances

University of Otago Press Otago

Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and

species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560

Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of

phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50

Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy

Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)

487-496

Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc

United State

z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera

36 (2) 273-282

13

orre a IOn e ween parame ers mg 1 eTable 3 CIt b t t dunng f100d td Chlo a I Si Diatom S TParameters

-02161000 -0326 0145 0219Silicate

-0326 1000 0124 0695 -0288Diatom

0145 0124 1000 -0399 -0069Chlorophyll a

Salinity -0216 I 0695 -0399 1000 -0102

Temperature 0219 -0288 -0069 -0102 1000 II

Correlation is significant at the 001 level (2-tailed)

332 Correlation between parameters during ebbing tide

There were no significant correlations between the silicate concentrations with the number of

diatoms cell chlorophyll a concentrations salinity and temperature (Table 4) However the

number ofdiatoms cell was positively correlated with the salinity

e I dT bl a 4 C orre ation between parameters durmgebbmg tl e Parameters Si Diatom Chlo a S T

Silicate

Diatom

Chlorophyll a

Salinity

Temperature

1000

-0009

0140

-0164

-0236

-0009

1000

0300

0586

-0230

0140

0300

1000

0434

-0398

-0164

0586

0434

1000

-0605

-0236

-0230

-0398

-0605

1000

Correlation is significant at the 005 level (2-tailed)

10

40 DISCUSSION

Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has

become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally

come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of

sedimentations and siltations

The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between

subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also

not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and

salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with

diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell

walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)

The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy

11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment

of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate

concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of

Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general

the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different

in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study

The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged

approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s

(Benjamin 2002)

11

so CONCLUSION

The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However

there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations

temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate

concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous

The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species

composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future

should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in

estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity

60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the

completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for

his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty

of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr

Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En

Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed

trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my

beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life

REFERENCES

ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and

The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine

cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur

12

American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard

Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton

Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The

Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring

Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London

Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston

Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London

Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of

Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc

Report

Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis

Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances

University of Otago Press Otago

Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and

species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560

Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of

phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50

Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy

Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)

487-496

Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc

United State

z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera

36 (2) 273-282

13

40 DISCUSSION

Batang Saribas is important for local fisheries and transportation Lately Batang Saribas has

become increasingly popular for its golden coloured puffer fish Arothon sp which normally

come to that area in July until September for breeding However there are a lot of

sedimentations and siltations

The silicate concentrations in Batang Saribas were not significantly different between

subsurface middle and bottom water and between stations Silicate concentrations were also

not significantly correlated with diatom density chlorophyll a concentration temperature and

salinity However other studies showed that silicate concentrations were correlated with

diatoms density because the diatoms depend on silicate in the water column for their cell

walls (Millero amp Sobn 1992)

The mean concentrations of silicate found at the study site were in range 6345 shy

11714 pM This is higher than the silicate concentration recorded in the marine environment

of the west coast of Sabah (2419 pM) (Abentin ef ai 2002) The range of silicate

concentrations at the study area is higher than previous studies carried out at the west coast of

Sabah because the sedimentations and siltations Rajendran et ai (1980) stated that in general

the silicate concentrations increased with depth In contrary there was no significant different

in silicate concentrations at different depth found in the present study

The silicate concentrations for the Coastal Texas-Louisiana coast averaged

approximately 53 pM in the late 1980s but averaged about 90 pM during lately 1960s

(Benjamin 2002)

11

so CONCLUSION

The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However

there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations

temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate

concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous

The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species

composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future

should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in

estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity

60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the

completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for

his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty

of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr

Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En

Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed

trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my

beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life

REFERENCES

ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and

The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine

cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur

12

American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard

Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton

Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The

Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring

Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London

Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston

Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London

Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of

Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc

Report

Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis

Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances

University of Otago Press Otago

Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and

species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560

Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of

phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50

Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy

Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)

487-496

Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc

United State

z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera

36 (2) 273-282

13

so CONCLUSION

The concentration of silicate in Batang Saribas ranged from 6345 - 11714 11M However

there was no correlation between silicates and diatoms density chlorophyll a concentrations

temperature and salinity in the water column This way indicates that the silicate

concentrations in the water column were almost homogeneous

The role of silicate concentration may be more important to diatom species

composition and food quality as future research may document More attention in the future

should be given to the measurement and assessment of the role of silicate concentration in

estuaries and near shore coastal primary productivity

60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my appreciation to many individuals who assisted me in the

completion of this paper First and foremost thanks to Dr Norhadi Ismail my supervisor for

his guidance encouragement and patience Many thanks go to other lecturers of the Faculty

of Science and Technology Prof Madya Dr Shabdin Mohd Long Dr Lee Nyanti and Dr

Othman Bojo for their advice and assistance And not forgetting for the lab assistants En

Sabrol En Zaidi and En Zul who never failed to lend support and assistance during the filed

trip Also to my friends thanks for your help in my sampling and research Finally to my

beloved family thanks a lot for being understanding and supporting of my goals in life

REFERENCES

ntin E Anton A and Ridzwan A R 2002 Dissolved Silica (Si02-S0 in Estuaries and

The Coastal Areas of The Coast of Sabah Asia- Pacific Conference on Marine

cience amp Technology Kuala Lumpur

12

American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard

Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton

Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The

Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring

Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London

Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston

Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London

Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of

Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc

Report

Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis

Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances

University of Otago Press Otago

Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and

species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560

Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of

phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50

Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy

Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)

487-496

Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc

United State

z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera

36 (2) 273-282

13

American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM 1997 Annual Book ofASTM Standard

Water amp Environmental Technology Section I Volii Oi Water (1) ASTM Easton

Bartram 1 and Ballance R 1996 Water Quality Monitoring A Practical Guide to The

Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality studies and Monitoring

Programmes lSI EditionChapman amp Hall London

Benjamin M M 2002 Water Chemistry lSI Edition Mc Graw Hill Boston

Chester R 1990 Marine Geochemistry Chapman amp Hall London

Choong T S 1998 Water Quality Study of Sungai Bakong Miri Sarawak Fakulty of

Science Resource and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Bsc

Report

Cole G A 1975 Textbook ofLimnology C V Mosby St Louis

Hanaway 1 1992 Introductory Statistical Methods and the Analysis of Variances

University of Otago Press Otago

Harris G P amp Baxter G 1996 Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and

species composition in a SUbtropical reservoir Freshwater Biology 35 545-560

Hashimoto T amp Nakano S 2003 Effects of nutrient limitation on abundance and growth of

phytoplankton in a Japanese pearl farm Marine Ecology Progress Press 258 43-50

Koh C H 1995 Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyungshy

Dongjin tidal flat west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea) Marine Biology 122 (3)

487-496

Libes S M 1992 An Introduction to Marine Biogeochemistry John Wiley amp Sons Inc

United State

z B M 1972 Silica in the water of the Bay of Vigo Santiago Investigation Pesquera

36 (2) 273-282

13

Millero F J and Sohn M L 1992 Chemical Oceanography CRC Press Inc Florida

Morel F M M and Hering J G 1993 Principles and Applications ofAquatic Chemistry

John Wiley amp Sons Inc New York

Mujahid A 2002 Changes in physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton biomass in

Sg Sibu Laut Sarawak Fakulty of Science Resource and Technology University

Malaysia Sarawak Unpublished Ssc Report

Muniz K Villa C R de and Cruzado A 1996 Statistical study of the silicate variability

in the Western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions and Catalan Sea) Trabalhos

Oceanography University Federal Pernambuco 24 1-17

Parsons T R Maita Y and Lalli C M 1992 A Manual of Chemical and Biological

Methodsfor Seawater Analysis Pergamon Press New York

Procedures Manual of Spectrophotometer DR2010 1996-2000 Hach System USA

Rajendran A Rajagopal M D and C Reddy V G 1980 Distribution of Dissolved

Silicate in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal Indian Journal of Marine Science 9

(3) 172-178

Raymont E G 1980 Phytoplankton Pargamon Press London

Round F E Crawford R M and Mann DG 1990 The Diatoms Biology amp Morphology of

The Genera Cambridge University Press New York

Watts S and Halliwell L 1996 Essential Environmental Science Methods and

Techniques Routledge London

World Health Organization WHO 1978 Water Quality Survey Studies and Reports in

Hydrology 23 UNESCO-WHO Geneva

14