ss2 - 2nd quarter reviewer

8/3/2019 SS2 - 2nd Quarter Reviewer

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SOCIAL SCIENCE 22nd Quarter

HISTORY OF INDIASouth Asia North - Indo-Gangetic Plain South - Deccan PlateauI. THE FIRST EMPIRESIndia by the End of the Axial Age

1500 BCE - The Aryans migratedinto the Indus River Valley

1000-500 BCE The Indio-Aryans moved further eastward

into the rest of the Indo-

Gangetic Plain

Sixteen great realms emerged tocompete for supremacy.

- Kamboja- Gandhatra- Kuru- Pachala- Churasena- Matsya- Avanti- Assaka- Chetiya- Vatsa- Magadha- Kashi- Malla- Kosala- Vrijji- Anga

The power of Kshatriya increased,the rights of common man

diminished.

The Mauryans (321 184 BCE) Greatest extent under Dhana

Nanda at 323 BCE.

Founded by Chandragupta Maruyaat 320 BCE after conquering the

Nanda Empire.

Extension of Borders: Extended borders towards Seleucid

Persia afther defeating Seleucus

at 305 BCE.

Extended borders southward intoDeccan Plateau during 300 BCE.

Kautilya favors an autocraticwelfare state (no ingdom can

survive without a good and

efficient economy).

Chandragupat Maurya Firstemperor of India

ChanakyaThe King Maker, TheIndian Michiavelli; wrote

Arthashastra

Rajarishi as the ideal leader:1. Has self-control.2. Cultivates intellect with

association with the elders.

3. Keeps his eyes open throughspies.

4. Active in promoting thesecurity & welfare of the

people.

5. Ensures the observance oftheir dharma by authority


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& example.

6. Improves his own disciplineby learning in all branches

of knowledge.

7. Endears himself to hispeople by enriching them &

doing good to them.

Chandragupat Maurya Firstemperor of India

1. Established GovernmentBureaucracy.

2. Controlled Economic Activityin Mines, Forest, Pear

Fisheries, and salt fields.

3. Operated farms, shipyards,and arsenals.

4. Maintained a formidablemilitary:

o 600,000 infantryo 30,000 cavalryo 9,000 elephants

5. Constructed and improvedinfrastructures such as roads

and irrigations.

6. Funded his works through aland tax (1/4 of 1/2 of

crops produced)

Ashoka- patron of Buddhism Stupaliterally meaning heap;

mound-like structure containing

Buddhist relics, typically the

remains of a Buddha; used by

Buddhists as a place of worship

o Dhamek Stupa inSarnath, Northeastern

India; oldest Supta in

existence.

The Spread of Buddhism Mahayana emphasizes belief in

the Buddha and the bodhisattvaas compassionate gods.

Bodhisattva future Buddha TheravadaDoctrine of the

Elders; closest to the original

version of the Buddha, their focus

is on individual salvation and the

importance of monastic life

VajrayanaDiamond Vehicle orTrue Word Sect; stresses the

importance of a close relationship

between a guru and disciples;

symbolized by Dalai Lama

After the Maurya After the death of Ashoka, the

Mauryans lost their territories

and north India dissolved into anumber of smaller states ruled by

local dynasties.

Savatahana on kingdom thatestablished its own empire that

would last for 400 years

The Kushans (100 300) Originates from Chinese Central

Asia

Built an Empire supported by theSilk Road

Had diplomatic ties with:o Romeo Persia


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o Han China Their art was a synthesis of

Buddhist and Hellinistic (Greek)

styles.

Kanishka greatest king of theKushans

II. THE GOLDEN AGEThe Gupta (320 500) Nalanda ancient center of

higher learning in Bihar, India

Ajanta Caves in Maharashtra,India are comprised of 31 rock-cut

cave monuments which date from

the 2nd Century BC; includes

paintings and sculptures

considered to be masterpieces of

both Buddhist religious art

Key Cultural Advancements:1. Indian culture was

crystallized. Fromarchitecture to poetry,

expressions were very rich

and detailed.

2. Art forms were plentiful:the Panchahantra, the

sanskrit drama,

architecture, sculpture, and

so on

3. The cults of Vishnu andShiva became popular.

4. Buddhists patronizededucation, leading the

Gupta to become the

center of learning at that

time.

The Cholans (871 1279) Most prominent empire of the

Tamil. There have been early mentions

of the Cholans as early as 300

BCE in the works of Asoka but it

was during the 9th Century that

they achieved new heights as an

empire.

Meenakshi Temple in Madurai;the oldest city in South India.

The Cholan, at its height, was acultural superpower in Southeast

Asia.

Angkor Wat built in the 12thCentury by King Suryavarman II;

fusion of Khmer architecture and

South Indian style; dedicated to

Vishnu

Pura Bekasi built in the 14th

Century; most prominent Hindu

temple in Bali

In mostly Muslim Indonesia, Bali is93% Hindu.

III. ISLAM IN INDIAIslam Enters India712 850: Muslim Raiders from

Persia are stopped by Rajputs

997 1030: Mahmud of Ghazni

raided India and destroyed looted

temples

1210 1526: The Delhi Sultanate


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and its various dynasties implemented

a monetary system, and required

non-Muslims to pay jizyah

Hinduism: Fundamental Beliefs:

o Complete freedom ofBelief

o Brahman is the Supremebeing with many

manifestations

Society and Culture:o Bhakti (devotion) can be

personal

o Deities are renderedthrough idols

o Duties and social statusare ascribed by caste

Government:o Brahmin and Kshatriya

are separate

Islam: Fundamental Beliefs:

o Strictly monotheistico There is only one God

(Allah) and Muhammad

is His prophet

Society and Culture:o Worship is congregationalo God has no face; no

idols or images

o Social status is definedby birth; duties are in

the 5 pillars; egalitarian

Government:o The state is theocratic

(ruled by God)

Sikhism Founded by Guru Nanak in the

last 15th Century as a synthesisof Hinduism and Islam

He preached:1. The unity of God2. The brotherhood of man3. Te reflection of caste4. The futility of idol worship

The Mughals (1526 1707) Founded by Babur in 1526. Akbar the Great has one of the

longest reigns in history. (1543

1605)

Highlights of the MughalAdministration during the reign of

Akbar:

1. Implemented the mansabdarisystem where officials werepaid salaries.

2. Appointed Hindus topositions of power,

particularly as samindars

(tax collectors).

3. Abolished by the jizya.4. Not just tolerated other

faiths, but showed genuine

interest in them.

5. Had a personal approach togovernment and would visit

the provinces personally.

Under Akbans rule, Mughal Indiawas truly an Indian empire.


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Taj Mahal built by Shah Janand completed in 1648 for his

wife, Mumtaz Mahal.

Aurangzebs reign begins thedecline of India.

Aurangzeb was an orthodoxMuslim; reinstituted the jizyah

and attempted to conquer the

Deccan;; notorious for reversing

the gains under his predecessors.

Mughals aspired to make India ajewel in the East. They

accomplished it, but at great

expense.

Trading towns in the coastal areaswere unchecked, local rulers were

left to fend for themselves, and

a deep animosity began to brew

between Hindi and Muslim.

This left them ripe for thetaking, an opportunity not to be

missed by the British.

HISTORY OF CHINAChinaMajor Dynasties:

- Shang (1750 1100 BCE)- Zhou/Chou (1100 256

BCE)

- Qin/Chin (221 206 BCE)- Han (206 BCE 220 CE)- Sui (589 618 CE)- Tang (618 907 CE)- Song (960 1279 CE)

- Yuan/Mongol (1279 1368CE)

- Ming (1368 1644 CE)- Qin/Ching/Manchu (1644

1912 CE)

I. THE FIRST EMPIRESQin Dynasty (221 206 BCE) Qin Shih Huang DiThe First

August God of the Qin

Li Si First Emperor thatutilized Legalism

Legalism Law that states thatall people were equal under law.

Rewarding all those who obey and

punish all those who dont.

Li Sis Accomplishments:- Centralized all power to

himself by only giving power

to those loyal to him.

- Established network or roadsand canals.

- Built Great Wall of China forprotection.

- Unified currency, system ofwriting, and philosophical

thought (by burning books)

throughout the empire.

Han Dynasty (206 BCE 220 CE) 1338 BCE Zhang Qian was sent

on a Diplomatic Mission to form

an alliance with the Yueshi

against Xiognu.


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125 BCE Zhang Qian returns tothe capital with information

about the grand civilizations to

the west.

Silk Road:o China - silk, clothing,

lacquerware, spices

o Indo-China - spices, ivory,timber, pearls

o North India - preciousstones, ivory, tortoise

shell, incense, spices, cloth,

timber

o South India - ivory,tortoiseshell, spices,

precious stones, cloth,

timber

o Arabia - spices, slaves,precious stones

o East Africa - gold, ivory,exotic animals, slaves,

incenseo Trans-Sahara - ivory, gold,

slaves

o North Africa - graino South Europe - olive oil,

wine, glassware, coinage

o West Europe - silver, tino North Europe - slaves,

amber

o Asia Minor - silver,precious stones, timber,

wine

Empires:o Roman Empire (27 BCE

47 CE)

o Parthian Empire (247 BCE 224 CE)

Society during Han Dynasty:o Confucianism became the

state philosophy.

o Men of wisdom andvirtue were put in place

through civil service

examinations. Women were

not allowed to take the

exam.

o Scholar-officials wereexpected to be junzi.

o Junzi nobleman, idealhuman

o Han was the highestcivilization of its age in

science and technology.

o Has a seismograph inventedby Zhang Feng in the year

132.

II. PATTERNS IN CHINESE HISTORY1. Territorial Pressure- States that China sinicizes

its conquerors.

- Means that the conqueror willbe the one to adapt to

Chinas traditions because of

the wealth of the settled,

agricultural civilization of

China.

2. Cultural Continuity


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- States that dynasties riseand fall but China is still

intact.

o Bureaucratic structurecivil service examinationsystem, scholar-gentry

who sit for exams, staff

of civil administration

o Confucian Classics basisof education and elite

selection

- Political unification andreunification emerged as a

tendency in China.

- Another factor waspopulation density.

3. Strengthening of the ImperialCenter

- The emperors of Chinacontinued a trend of

concentrating power toward

the center.- But, during moments in which

power is too concentrated at

the expense of the rest of

the Chinese society that a

dynasty becomes more

vulnerable to rebellion.

III. THE GOLDEN AGETang Dynasty (618 907 CE)

- The ruler depends on thestate and the state depends

on its people. Therefore, the

ruler depends on its people.

Changan imperial centerdesigned to show off the power

of his emperor and the majesty

of his court.

Song Dynasty (960 1279 CE)- Northern Song (960 1127)- Southern Song (1127 1279)

Changes:o Traditional aristocracy

weakened even further

after Tang. Shifted in

favor of a money tax.

o Economic base shifted tothe South. Food

production increased, led to

spike in population growth.

o Government startedgetting more commoners as

officials and became more

funded.

Zhu Xi (1130 1200 CE) Introduced a philosophy the

synthesized Daoism, Buddhism and

Confucianism; Advocated the

selection of officials through

school, not just examinitions.

Society during the Song Dynasty:o Two main classes of

Chinese society: the gentry

and the peasants.

o Women played animportant role in the

family, but shifted to

their subordinate role later

in the Song Dynasty.


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IV. THE EAST ASIAN SUPERPOWERYuan Dynasty (1279 1368 CE)

- Where the Mongolian Empirewas at its height.

- Where Marco Polo stayedduring his travel at China.

Ming Dynasty (1368 1644 CE)- Built the Forbidden City.

HISTORY OF ISLAMI. SETTING THE STAGE

- Islam was born in a deserttown.

- Incense Road Where tradein aromatics, such as

frankincense and myrrh, and

spices with Arabia, Egypt,

India and Africa- Mecca was one of the key

cities along this route the

route of the Incense Road.

- The three wise men wereastronomers and were

followers of Zoroaster, they

came from Judea and the

gifts they gave Jesus were

traded along the Incense

Road.

II. THE PROPHET: The Birth ofIslam

600 CEThe Dawn of IslamsBirth

- Christian Byzantine Empire(Europe) and Zoroastrian

Sasanid Empire wereexhausting each other through

a rivalry that would end at

627 CE.

- The caravan town of Meccawas becoming a prosperous

trading center.

- Bedousin tribes who lived onherding and sporadic raids

(ghazu) lived throughout

Arabia on settlements and

caravans.

Muruwah spirit that boundstribes together which emphasized

courage in battle, patience in

suffering and vengeance to

protect the tribe.

Kabah where Mecca peoplehouse their idols

Bedousin gifted poets Oral recitation a sacred ritualMuhammad (570 632 CE) Quraysh small less well-to-do

tribe where Muhammad was raised

an orphan

KhadijhaMuhammads wife Opened the religion upon being

increasingly troubled by the

idolatry, worldliness, and lack of

social conscience.

Started Islam at the age of 40.


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He wasnt accepted at hishometown, Mecca, because:

o It violated their ancestralways.

o The Meccan pilgrimageshrine and the lucrative

trade it attracted.

622 CE Year he left Mecca forYathrib/Medina who asked for his

advise to resolve a conflict.

Hijrah migration from Mecca toMedina; start of the Muslim

calendar

Ummah Islamic Nationo Allegiance to the ummaho Honesty in public and

personal affairs

o Modesty in personal habitso Abstention from alcohol

and pork

o Fair division of inheritanceso Improved treatment of

women

o Careful regulation ofmarriage and divorce

Five Pillars of the Muslim Faith:o Shahadah profession of

faith

o Zakat charityo Sawm fastino Salat ritual prayero Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca

According to Muhammad, faith isaccessible as longas they submit

to Allah.

Muhammad finds himself as therestorer of the original message

of god, not the initiator of the

new faith.

They regarded Jews andChristians as the People of the

Book who were spiritually

superior over the polytheists.

630 CE Muhammadtriumphantly returns to Mecca

and declares the supremacy of the

one true God.

III. AN EMPIRE OF FAITH 632 CE The year Muhammad

dies

Abu BakrMuhammads mostgifted student

Caliph leader of the ummah Ali cousin of Muhammad 656 CE Ali became caliph 661 CE Ali gets murdered HusaynAlis son 68 CE Kusayn gets murdered

at Karbala, Iraq

Loyalists of Ali claim he is thetrue imam.

Imam true leader of a moqueand/or a Muslim community

Expanding the empire:1. The Byzantine and Persian

empires were weak and

vulnerable.

2. Islam bound the onceseparated tribes together.


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Coupled with their experience

in warfare, this contributed

to incredibly high asabiya.

3. Other people were ready toaccept Islam, especially withits emphasis on having no

clergy and focus on social

justice.

4. Muslims were tolerant andprotected their subjects. They

did not force conversion and

allowed others to continue

with their own faith and laws

provided they pay a tax

(jizyah).

5. Muslims adopted existingsystems of government and

trade.

IV. THE GOLDEN OF ISLAM Umayyad and Abbasid periods

considered The High Caliphate

which led to Islams Golden Age

The following emerged during theAbbasid Dynasty:

o UlamaPerson of rightknowledge; stated that

the Muslim Law should be

derived from the practices

and saying of Muhammad.

o Sunnah practiceso Hadith sayingso Shariah LawMuslims

definitive guide for legal,

social, commercial, political,

ritual and moral concerns.

o Sunni Islam Principles: The umma is a

theocracy, ruled byshariah law.

The caliph is chargedwith administering the

ummah and protecting

the Dar al-Islam.

A person who professesthat shahadah Is a

Muslim, and those who

commit a mortal sin is

excluded from the

ummah.

In the final years to the Abbasid,the caliphate weakened so they

had to transfer their power to

lower levels like the amir and the

ulama.

Islam is egalitarian; the Qurannever really talks about

centralized authority.

Muslims were an inherentlymercantile people. Trade and

commerce would flourish with or

without the state.

1095 1291 CE Holy RomanEmpire fought to seize control of

Jerusalem

1216 CE Genghis Khan ledMongols into Persia and

Mesopotamia

1258 CE Baghdad is burned andlooted.


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Three Islamic states thatemerged in between 1450 and

1650:

o Ottoman Empire in theMiddle East

o Safavid Empire in Irano Mughal Empire in India

* 1700 CE Islam becomes strong

and vital in Europe, Ming in China

and Tokugwa in Japan.

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